The fraction of cancer attributable to modifiable risk factors in England, Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, and the United Kingdom in 2015

British Journal of Cancer

Volumn 118, Issue 8, 2018, Pages 1130-1141

  Brown, Katrina F ^a   Rumgay, Harriet ^a   Dunlop, Casey ^a   Ryan, Margaret ^a   Quartly, Frances ^a   Cox, Alison ^a   Deas, Andrew ^b   Elliss Brookes, Lucy ^c   Gavin, Anna ^d   Hounsome, Luke ^c   Huws, Dyfed ^e   Ormiston Smith, Nick ^a   Shelton, Jon ^a   White, Ceri ^e   Parkin, D Max ^f  

^a IMPERIAL CANCER RESEARCH FUND   (United Kingdom)

^b INFORMATION SERVICES DIVISION   (United Kingdom)

^c PUBLIC HEALTH ENGLAND   (United Kingdom)

^d QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

^e PUBLIC HEALTH WALES   (United Kingdom)

^f QUEEN MARY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA; ANUS CANCER; ARTICLE; ATTRIBUTABLE RISK; BLADDER CANCER; BRAIN CANCER; BRAIN TUMOR; BREAST CANCER; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER RISK; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CANCER; COLLOID CARCINOMA; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONJUNCTIVA TUMOR; ENGLAND; ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA; ESOPHAGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; EYE CANCER; FEMALE; GALLBLADDER CANCER; HODGKIN DISEASE; HUMAN; INTESTINE CANCER; KAPOSI SARCOMA; KIDNEY CANCER; LARYNX CANCER; LEUKEMIA; LIVER CANCER; LUNG CANCER; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MALIGNANT NEOPLASM; MARGINAL ZONE LYMPHOMA; MELANOMA; MELANOMA SKIN CANCER; MENINGIOMA; MESOTHELIOMA; MOUTH CANCER; MOUTH CARCINOMA; MYELOMA; NASOPHARYNX CANCER; NON MELANOMA SKIN CANCER; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; NORTHERN IRELAND; OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD; OVARY CANCER; OVARY CARCINOMA; PANCREAS CANCER; PARANASAL SINUS CANCER; PENIS CANCER; PHARYNX CANCER; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SALIVARY GLAND CANCER; SCOTLAND; SEX DIFFERENCE; SKIN CANCER; SMOKING; STOMACH CANCER; THYROID CANCER; UNITED KINGDOM; UTERINE CERVIX CANCER; UTERUS CANCER; VAGINA CANCER; VULVA CANCER; WALES; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; EXERCISE; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; INCIDENCE; LIFESTYLE; NEOPLASM; OBESITY; OCCUPATION; PHYSIOLOGY; RISK FACTOR; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

EFFECT MODIFIER, EPIDEMIOLOGIC; ENGLAND; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; LIFE STYLE; MALE; NEOPLASMS; NORTHERN IRELAND; OBESITY; OCCUPATIONS; OVERWEIGHT; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; SCOTLAND; UNITED KINGDOM; WALES;

EID: 85044267928     PISSN: 00070920     EISSN: 15321827     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0029-6     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. 10th revision (WHO, Geneva, 2015).
2. Cancer Research UK. Cancer Awareness Measure (CAM) Key Findings Report; 2014 &Trends Analysis (2008-2014) (Cancer Research UK, London 2016).
3. Cancer Research UK. Incidence trends over time for all cancers combined. http:// www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/incidence/allcancers-combined (Accessed October 2017).
4. Smittenaar, C. R., Petersen, K. A., Stewart, K. &Moitt, N. Cancer incidence and mortality projections in the UK until 2035. Br. J. Cancer 115, 1147-1155 (2016).
5. Parkin, D. M. et al. The fraction of cancer attributable to lifestyle and environmental factors in the UK in 2010. Br. J. Cancer 105, Si-S81 (2011).
6. Whiteman, D. C. et al. Cancers in Australia in 2010 attributable to modifiable factors: introduction and overview. Aust. NZ J. Public Health 39, 403-407 (2015).
7. Parkin, D. M. The fraction of cancer attributable to lifestyle and environmental factors in the UK in 2010. Br. J. Cancer 105(S2), S2-S5 (2011).
8. Bromley, C. &Shelton, N. The Scottish Health Survey Topic Report: UK Comparisons (The Scottish Government, Edinburgh, 2010)
9. International Agency for Research on Cancer. List of classifications by cancer sites with sufficient or limited evidence in humans, Volumes 1 to 118. https:// monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Classification/ (Accessed October 2017).
10. World Cancer Research Fund. Continuous Update Project (CUP) Matrix. http:// www.wcrf.org/int/research-we-fund/continuous-update-project-findings-reports/ continuous-update-project-cup-matrix (Accessed October 2017).
11. Lauby-Secretan, B. et al. for the International Agency for Research on Cancer Handbook Working Group. Body fatness and cancer-viewpoint of the IARC Working Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 375, 794-798 (2016).
12. Khan, G. &Hashim, M. J. Global burden of deaths from Epstein-Barr virus attributable malignancies 1990-2010. Infect. Agent Cancer 9, 38 (2014).
13. Saraiya, M. et al. HPV Typing of Cancers Workgroup. US assessment of HPV types in cancers: implications for current and 9-valent HPV vaccines. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 107, djv086 (2015).
14. Walboomers, J. M. et al. Human papillomavirus is a necessary cause of invasive cervical cancer worldwide. J. Pathol. 189, 12-19 (1999).
15. Parkin, D. M. Cancers attributable to infection in the UK in 2010. Br. J. Cancer 105, S49-S56 (2011).
16. Berrington de González, A. &Darby, S. Risk of cancer from diagnostic X-rays: estimates for the UK and 14 other countries. Lancet 363, 345-351 (2004).
17. Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition. Carbohydrates and Health (TSO, London, 2015).
18. Kyu H. H. et al. Physical activity and risk of breast cancer, colon cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke events: systematic review and doseresponse meta-analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. BMJ 354 (2016) doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i3857.
19. Department of Health. Infant Feeding Recommendation (TSO, London, 2003).
20. Department of Health. UK Chief Medical Officers' Low Risk Drinking Guidelines. (TSO., London, 2016).
21. Public Health England. The Eatwell Guide (TSO, London, 2016).
22. Information Services Division Scotland. Cancer incidence and mortality in Scotland; by site/type of cancer, sex and age; year of diagnosis/registration of death: 2015. http://www.isdscotland.org/Health-Topics/Cancer/Cancer-Statistics/ (Accessed October 2017).
23. Northern Ireland Cancer Registry. Cancer Information: Official Statistics: By Site. https://www.qub.ac.uk/research-centres/nicr/CancerInformation/officialstatistics/ BySite/ (Accessed October 2017).
24. Office for National Statistics. Cancer Registration Statistics, England: 2015. Cancer diagnoses and age-standardised incidence rates for all cancer sites by age, sex and region. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/ healthandsocialcare/conditionsanddiseases/bulletins/cancerregistration statisticsengland/2015 (Accessed October 2017).
25. Welsh Cancer Intelligence and Surveillance Unit. Incidence by age band and gender (Wales and health boards). http://www.wcisu.wales.nhs.uk/dashboarddata (Accessed October 2017).
26. Parkin, D. M., Boyd, L. &Walker, L. C. 16. The fraction of cancer attributable to lifestyle and environmental factors in the UK in 2010. Br. J. Cancer 105(S2), S77-S81 (2011).
27. NHS Digital. Health Survey for England, 2015: Trend tables-Adult tables. http://www.content.digital.nhs.uk/catalogue/PUB22616 (Accessed October 2017).
28. Scottish Government. Scottish Health Survey 2015 trend tables. http://www.gov. scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/Health/scottish-health-survey/Publications (Accessed October 2017).
29. Welsh Government. Welsh Health Survey. Tables-Health-related lifestyle trends, 2003/04-2015. http://gov.wales/statistics-and-research/welsh-health-survey/? lang=en (Accessed October 2017).
30. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Continuous Household Survey Results: 9. Smoking. http://www.csu.nisra.gov.uk/survey.asp140.htm (Accessed October 2017).
31. Office for National Statistics. Adult smoking habits in the UK: 2015. https://www. ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/ healthandlifeexpectancies/bulletins/adultsmokinghabitsingreatbritain/2015 (Accessed October 2017).
32. Office for National Statistics. Adult drinking habits in Great Britain: 2005 to 2016. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/healthandsocialcare/ drugusealcoholandsmoking/bulletins/opinionsandlifestylesurveyadultdrinking habitsingreatbritain/2005to2016.
33. McGill, R. et al. Are interventions to promote healthy eating equally effective for all? Systematic review of socioeconomic inequalities in impact. BMC Public Health 15, 457 (2015).
34. Khalifa, M. M., Sharaf, R. R. &Aziz, R. K. Helicobacter pylori: a poor man's gut pathogen?. Gut Pathog. 2, 2 (2010).
35. Islami F. et al. Proportion and number of cancer cases and deaths attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors in the United States. CA Cancer J. Clin. doi: https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21440 (2017).
36. Whiteman, D. C. et al. Cancers in Australia in 2010 attributable to modifiable factors: summary and conclusions. Aust. NZ J. Public Health 39, 477-484 (2015).
37. Arnold, M. et al. Obesity and cancer: an update of the global impact. Cancer Epidemiol. 41, 8-15 (2016).
38. Peto, R., Lopez, A., Boreman, J., Thun, M. &Heath, C. Mortality from tobacco in developed countries: indirect estimation from national vital statistics. Lancet 339, 1268-1278 (1992).
39. Tachfouti, N., Raherison, C., Obtel, M. &Nejjari, C. Mortality attributable to tobacco: review of different methods. Arch. Publ. Health 72, 22 (2014).
40. Weyers, W. The 'epidemic' of melanoma between under-and overdiagnosis. J. Cutan. Pathol. 39, 9-16 (2012).
41. World Health Organization. What is moderate-intensity and vigorous-intensity physical activity? http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/physicalactivity intensity/en/ (Accessed October 2017)
42. Hutchings, S. &Rushton, L. Estimating the burden of occupational cancer: assessing bias and uncertainty. Occup. Environ. Med. 74, 604-611 (2017).
43. Perez-Cornago, A. et al. Tall height and obesity are associated with an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer: results from the EPIC cohort study. BMC Med. 15, 115-125 (2017).
44. World Cancer Research Fund. International systematic literature review: the associations between food, nutrition and physical activity and the risk of prostate cancer. http://www.wcrf.org/int/research-we-fund/ continuous-update-project-findings-reports/prostate-cancer (Accessed January 2018).
45. Bagnardi, V. et al. Alcohol consumption and site-specific cancer risk: a comprehensive dose-response meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 112, 580-593 (2015).
46. Prabhu, A., Obi, K. O. &Rubenstein, J. H. The synergistic effects of alcohol and tobacco consumption on the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 109, 822-827 (2014).
47. Darby, S. et al. Radon in homes and risk of lung cancer: collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 European case-control studies. BMJ 330, 223-228 (2005).
48. Boniface, S. &Shelton, N. How is alcohol consumption affected if we account for under-reporting? A hypothetical scenario. Eur. J. Publ Health 23, 1076-1081 (2013).
49. Air Quality Expert Group. Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in the United Kingdom (TSO, London, 2012).
50. Public Health England. Ionising Radiation Exposure of the UK Population: 2010 Review (TSO, London, 2016).
51. Frazer K. et al. Legislative smoking bans for reducing harms from secondhand smoke exposure, smoking prevalence and tobacco consumption. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005992.pub3 (2016).
52. McManus, S., Bebbington, P., Jenkins, R. &Brugha, T. (eds) Mental Health and Wellbeing in England: Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2014 (NHS Digital, Leeds, 2016)
53. Hiscock, R., Judge, K. &Bauld, L. Social inequalities in quitting smoking: what factors mediate the relationship between socioeconomic position and smoking cessation? J. Publ. Health 33, 39-47 (2011).
54. Briggs, A. D. M. et al. Health impact assessment of the UK soft drinks industry levy: a comparative risk assessment modelling study. Lancet Publ. Health 2, e15-e22 (2017).
55. Public Health England. Sugar Reduction. The Evidence for Action (PHE, London, 2015).
56. Ilic D., Neuberger M. M., Djulbegovic M. &Dahm P. Screening for prostate cancer. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.1. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004720. pub3. (2013)
57. Manser R. et al. Screening for lung cancer. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001991.pub3 (2013).
58. Mosch C. G., Jaschinski T. &Eikermann M. Impact of epithelial ovarian cancer screening on patient-relevant outcomes in average-risk postmenopausal women (Protocol). Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 7. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858. CD011210 (2014).