Microalgal biomass pretreatment for bioethanol production: A review

Biofuel Research Journal

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2018, Pages 780-791

  Velazquez Lucio, Jesús ^a,b   Rodríguez Jasso, Rosa M ^a,b   Colla, Luciane M ^c   Sáenz Galindo, Aide ^a   Cervantes Cisneros, Daniela E ^a,b   Aguilar, Cristóbal N ^a   Fernandes, Bruno D ^d   Ruiz, Héctor A ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE COAHUILA   (Mexico)

^b Mexican Centre for Innovation in Bioenergy   (Mexico)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PASSO FUNDO   (Brazil)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MINHO   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Bioethanol; Biomass; Biorefinery; Carbohydrates; Microalgae; Pretreatment

Indexed keywords

BIOETHANOL; BIOMASS; CHEMICAL MODIFICATION; ETHANOL; FOSSIL FUELS; MICROORGANISMS; SACCHARIFICATION; SUGARS;

ALTERNATIVE TO FOSSIL FUELS; BIO-ETHANOL PRODUCTION; BIO-ETHANOLS; BIOMASS PRE TREATMENTS; BIOREFINERIES; FERMENTABLE SUGARS; HIGH POTENTIAL; MICRO-ALGAE; MICROALGAL BIOMASS; PRE-TREATMENTS;

MICROALGAE;

EID: 85042765339     PISSN: None     EISSN: 22928782     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.18331/BRJ2018.5.1.5     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Aguilar-Reynosa, A., Romaní, A., Rodríguez-Jasso, R.M., Aguilar, C.N., Garrote, G., Ruiz, H.A., 2017. Microwave heating processing as alternative of pretreatment in second-generation biorefinery: an overview. Energy Convers. Manag. 136, 50-65
2. Alaswad, A., Dassisti, M., Prescott, T., Olabi, A.G., 2015. Technologies and developments of third generation biofuel production. Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 51, 1446-1460
3. Ali, M., Watson, I.A., 2016. Microwave, thermolysis and lipid recovery from dried microalgae powder for biodiesel production. Energy Technol. 4(2), 319-330
4. Ando, Y., Maeda, Y., Mizutani, K., Wakatsuki, N., Hagiwara, S., Nabetani, H., 2016. Impact of blanching and freeze-thaw pretreatment on drying rate of carrot roots in relation to changes in cell membrane function and cell wall structure. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 71, 40-46
5. Baroukh, C., Muñoz-Tamayo, R., Bernard, O., Steyer, J.P., 2015. Mathematical modeling of unicellular microalgae and cyanobacteria metabolism for biofuel production. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 33, 198-205
6. Borines, M.G., de Leon, R.L., Cuello, J.L., 2013. Bioethanol production from the macroalgae Sargassum spp. Bioresour. Technol. 138, 22-29
7. Brányiková, I., Marsálkova, B., Doucha, J., Brányik, T., Bisová, K., Zachleder, V., Vítová, M., 2011. Microalgae-novel highly efficient starch producers. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 108(4), 766-776
8. Brienzo, M., Carvalho, W., Milagres, A.M., 2010. Xylooligosaccharides production from alkali-pretreated sugarcane bagasse using xylanases from Thermoascus aurantiacus. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 162(4), 1195-1205
9. Carbonell, S., Oliveira, J.C., Kelly, A.L., 2006. Effect of pretreatments and freezing rate on the firmness of potato tissue after a freeze-thaw cycle. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 41(7), 757-767
10. Carvalho, A.F.A., de Oliva Neto, P., Da Silva, D.F., Pastore, G.M., 2013. Xylo-oligosaccharides from lignocellulosic materials: chemical structure, health benefits and production by chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis. Food. Res. Int. 51(1), 75-85
11. Castrillón, L.J.R., Carmona, M.E.R., Salazar, Y.V., 2013. Microalgas para la industria alimenticia. Editorial Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana. Colombia
12. Castro, Y.A., Ellis, J.T., Miller, C.D., Sims, R.C., 2015. Optimization of wastewater microalgae saccharification using dilute acid hydrolysis for acetone, butanol, and ethanol fermentation. Appl. Energy. 140, 14-19
13. Cervantes-Cisneros, D.E., Ruiz, H.A., Aguilar, C.N., Galindo, A.S., Rodríguez-Jasso, R.M., 2015. Evaluación del perfil de compuestos bioactivos de Macrocystis pyryfera extraíos por microondas y ultrasonido. Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Coahuila Undergraduate Thesis (In Spanish)
14. Chen, C.Y., Zhao, X.Q., Yen, H.W., Ho, S.H., Cheng, C.L., Lee, D.J., Bai, F.W., Chang, J.S., 2013. Microalgae-based carbohydrates for biofuel production. Biochem. Eng. J. 78, 1-10
15. Chen, W.H., Huang, M.Y., Chang, J.S., Chen, C.Y., 2014. Thermal decomposition dynamics and severity of microalgae residues in torrefaction. Bioresour. Technol. 169, 258-264
16. Chen, W.H., Lin, B.J., Huang, M.Y., Chang, J.S., 2015. Thermochemical conversion of microalgal biomass into biofuels: a review. Bioresour. Technol. 184, 314-327
17. Chen, W.H., Wu, Z.Y., Chang, J.S., 2014. Isothermal and non-isothermal torrefaction characteristics and kinetics of microalga Scenedesmus obliquus CNW-N. Bioresour. Technol. 155, 245-251
18. Cheng, J., Huang, R., Yu, T., Li, T., Zhou, J., Cen, K., 2014. Biodiesel production from lipids in wet microalgae with microwave irradiation and bio-crude production from algal residue through hydrothermal liquefaction. Bioresour. Technol. 151, 415-418
19. Cheng, J., Sun, J., Huang, Y., Feng, J., Zhou, J., Cen, K., 2013. Dynamic microstructures and fractal characterization of cell wall disruption for microwave irradiation-assisted lipid extraction from wet microalgae. Bioresour. Technol. 150, 67-72
20. Choi, S.P., Nguyen, M.T., Sim, S.J., 2010. Enzymatic pretreatment of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii biomass for ethanol production. Bioresour. Technol. 101(14). 5330-5336
21. 2: an approach on flue gases utilization for third generation biofuels. J. Cleaner Prod. 98, 53-65
22. Cyanotech Corp, 2016. USA
23. de Farias Silva, C.E., Bertucco, A., 2016. Bioethanol from microalgae and cyanobacteria: a review and technological outlook. Process Biochem. 51(11), 1833-1842
24. de Vries, S.C., van de Ven, G.W.J., van Ittersum, M.K., 2014. First or second generation biofuel crops in Brandenburg, Germany? a model-based comparison of their production-ecological sustainability. Eur. J. Agron. 52, 166-179
25. Demuez, M., Mahdy, A., Tomás-Pejó, E., González-Fernández, C., Ballesteros, M., 2015. Enzymatic cell disruption of microalgae biomass in biorefinery processes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 112(10), 1955-1966
26. DEO: Department of Energy, 2016. Alternative Fuels Data Center. USA
27. Dreywood, R., 1946. Qualitative test for carbohydrate material. Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed. 18(8), 499-499
28. Duarte, L.C., Silva-Fernandes, T., Carvalheiro, F., Gírio, F.M., 2009. Dilute acid hydrolysis of wheat straw oligosaccharides. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 153(1-3), 116
29. DuBois, M., Gilles, K.A., Hamilton, J.K., Rebers, P.T., Smith, F., 1956. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal. Chem. 28(3), 350-356
30. Emami, S., Perera, A., Meda, V., Tyler, R.T., 2012. Effect of microwave treatment on starch digestibility and physico-chemical properties of three barley types. Food Bioprocess Technol. 5(6), 2266-2274
31. Fernandes, B., Dragone, G., Abreu, A.P., Geada, P., Teixeira, J., Vicente, A., 2012. Starch determination in Chlorella vulgaris-a comparison between acid and enzymatic methods. J. Appl. Phycol. 24(5), 1203-1208
32. Ferreira, A.F., Dias, A.P.S., Silva, C.M., Costa, M., 2016. Effect of low frequency ultrasound on microalgae solvent extraction: analysis of products, energy consumption and emissions. Algal Res. 14, 9-16
33. Fu, C.C., Hung, T.C., Chen, J.Y., Su, C.H., Wu, W.T., 2010. Hydrolysis of microalgae cell walls for production of reducing sugar and lipid extraction. Bioresour. Technol. 101(22), 8750-8754
34. Gírio, F.M., Fonseca, C., Carvalheiro, F., Duarte, L.C., Marques, S., Bogel-Lukasik, R., 2010. Hemicelluloses for fuel ethanol: a review. Bioresour. Technol. 101(13), 4775-4800
35. Goettel, M., Eing, C., Gusbeth, C., Straessner, R., Frey, W., 2013. Pulsed electric field assisted extraction of intracellular valuables from microalgae. Algal Res. 2(4), 401-408
36. Günerken, E., Hondt, E.D., Eppink, M.H.M., Garcia-gonzalez, L., Elst, K., Wijffels, R.H., 2015. Cell disruption for microalgae biorefineries. Biotechnol. Adv. 33(2), 243-260
37. Han, Z., Zeng, X.A., Zhang, B.S., Yu, S.J., 2009. Effects of pulsed electric fields (PEF) treatment on the properties of corn starch. J. Food Eng. 93(3), 318-323
38. Halim, R., Harun, R., Danquah, M.K., Webley, P.A., 2012. Microalgal cell disruption for biofuel development. Appl. Energy. 91(1), 116-121
39. Harun, R., Danquah, M.K., 2011 Influence of acid pre-treatment on microalgal biomass for bioethanol production. Process. Biochem. 46(1), 304-309
40. Harun, R., Danquah, M.K., 2011. Enzymatic hydrolysis of microalgal biomass for bioethanol production. Chem. Eng. J. 168(3), 1079-1084
41. Harun, R., Jason, W.S.Y., Cherrington, T., Danquah, M.K., 2011. Exploring alkaline pre-treatment of microalgal biomass for bioethanol production. Appl. Energy. 88(10), 3464-3467
42. Harun, R., Yip, J.W., Thiruvenkadam, S., Ghani, W.A., Cherrington, T., Danquah, M.K., 2014. Algal biomass conversion to bioethanol-a step-by-step assessment. Biotechnol. J. 9(1), 73-86
43. Hernández, D., Riaño, B., Coca, M., García-González, M.C., 2015. Saccharification of carbohydrates in microalgal biomass by physical, chemical and enzymatic pre-treatments as a previous step for bioethanol production. Chem. Eng. J. 262, 939-945
44. Ho, S.H., Huang, S.W., Chen, C.Y., Hasunuma, T., Kondo, A., Chang, J.S., 2013. Bioethanol production using carbohydrate-rich microalgae biomass as feedstock. Bioresour. Technol. 135, 191-198
45. Ho, S.H., Huang, S.W., Chen, C.Y., Hasunuma, T., Kondo, A., Chang, J.S., 2013. Characterization and optimization of carbohydrate production from an indigenous microalga Chlorella vulgaris FSP-E. Bioresour. Technol. 135, 157-165
46. Hu, Z., Foston, M., Ragauskas, A.J., 2011. Comparative studies on hydrothermal pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification of leaves and internodes of alamo switchgrass. Bioresour. Technol. 102(14), 7224-7228
47. Huang, J., Wei, M., Ren, R., Li, H., Liu, S., Yang, D., 2017. Morphological changes of blocklets during the gelatinization processof tapioca starch. Carbohydr. Polym. 163, 324-329
48. Jambrak, A.R., Herceg, Z., Šubaric, D., Babic, J., Brncic, M., Brncic, S.R., Bosiljkov, T., Cvek, D., Tripalo, B., Gelo, J., 2010. Ultrasound effect on physical properties of corn starch. Carbohydr. Polym. 79(1), 91-100
49. Jena, U., Das, K.C., Kastner, J.R., 2011. Effect of operating conditions of thermochemical liquefaction on biocrude production from Spirulina platensis. Bioresour. Technol. 102(10), 6221-6229
50. Jeon, B.H., Choi, J, A., Kimm, H.C., Hwangm, J.H., Abou-Shanab, R.A.I., Dempsey, B.A., Regan, J.M., Kim, J.R., 2013. Ultrasonic disintegration of microalgal biomass and consequent improvement of bioaccessibility/bioavailability in microbial fermentation. Biotechnol. Biofuels. 6(1), 37
51. John, R.P., Anisha, G.S., Nampoothiri, K.M., Pandey, A., 2011. Micro and macroalgal biomass: a renewable source for bioethanol. Bioresour. Technol. 102(1), 186-193
52. Juárez, J.M., Hernando, A.L., Torre, R.M., Lanza, S.B., Rodriguez, S.B., 2016. Saccharification of microalgae biomass obtained from wastewater treatment by enzymatic hydrolysis. Effect of alkaline-peroxide pretreatment. Bioresour. Technol. 218, 265-271
53. Kee, L.M., Teong, L.K., 2015. Bioethanol production from microalgae, in: Kim, S.K. (Eds.), Handbook of marine microalgae. Biotechnol. Advannces, South Korea, pp. 197-208
54. Kim, K.H., Choi, I.S., Kim, H.M., Wi, S.G., Bae, H.J., 2014. Bioethanol production from the nutrient stress-induced microalga Chlorella vulgaris by enzymatic hydrolysis and immobilized yeast fermentation. Bioresour. Technol. 153, 47-54
55. Klöck, G., 2010. Internet Directory of the Microalgae Industry
56. Kuakpetoon, D., Wang, Y.J., 2007. Internal structure and physicochemical properties of corn starches as revealed by chemical surface gelatinization. Carbohydr. Res. 342(15), 2253-2263
57. Laurens, L.M., Dempster, T.A., Jones, H.D., Wolfrum, E.J., Van Wychen, S., McAllister, J.S., Recenberger, M., Parchert, K.J., Gloe, L.M., 2012. Algal biomass constituent analysis: method uncertainties and investigation of the underlying measuring chemistries. Anal. Chem. 84(4), 1879-1887
58. Lee, I., Han, J.I., 2015. Simultaneous treatment (cell disruption and lipid extraction) of wet microalgae using hydrodynamic cavitation for enhancing the lipid yield. Bioresour. Technol. 186, 246-251
59. Lee, O.K., Kim, A.L., Seong, D.H., Lee, C.G., Jung, Y.T., Lee, J.W., Lee, E.Y., 2013. Chemo-enzymatic saccharification and bioethanol fermentation of lipid-extracted residual biomass of the microalga, Dunaliella tertiolecta. Bioresour. Technol. 132, 197-201
60. Lenihan, P., Orozco, A., O'Neill, E., Ahmad, M.N.M., Rooney, D.W., Walker, G.M., 2010. Dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Chem. Eng. J. 156(2), 395-403
61. Liang, K., Zhang, Q., Cong, W., 2012. Enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of lipid from microalgae. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 60(47), 11771-11776
62. Luo, J., Fang, Z., Smith, R.L., 2014. Ultrasound-enhanced conversion of biomass to biofuels. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 41, 56-93
63. Ma, Y.A., Cheng, Y.M., Huang, J.W., Jen, J.F., Huang, Y.S., Yu, C.C., 2014. Effects of ultrasonic and microwave pretreatments on lipid extraction of microalgae. Bioprocess. Biosyst. Eng. 37(8), 1543-1549
64. Mahdy, A., Mendez, L., Ballesteros, M., González-fernández, C., 2014. Enhanced methane production of Chlorella vulgaris and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by hydrolytic enzymes addition. Energy Convers. Manag. 85, 551-557
65. Mahdy, A., Mendez, L., Tomás-Pejó, E., del Mar, M.M., Ballesteros, M., González-Fernández, C., 2015. Influence of enzymatic hydrolysis on the biochemical methane potential of Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus sp. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 91(5), 1299-1305
66. Margarites, A.C.F., Costa, J.A.V., 2014. Increment of carbohydrate concentration of Chlorella minutissima microalgae for bioethanol production. J. Eng. Res. Ind. Appl. 4(11), 80-86
67. Martínez, J.M., Luengo, E., Saldaña, G., álvarez, I., Raso, J., 2016. C-phycocyanin extraction assisted by pulsed electric field from Artrosphira platensis. Food. Res. Int. 99(3), 1024-1047
68. Megazyme Total starch assay procedure (Amyloglucosidase/a-amylase method), 2009
69. Mendez, L., Mahdy, A., Demuez, M., Ballesteros, M., González-Fernández, C., 2014. Effect of high pressure thermal pretreatment on Chlorella vulgaris biomass: organic matter solubilisation and biochemical methane potential. Fuel. 117, 674-679
70. Meyer, J., Schneider, B.U., Werk, K., Oren, R., Schulze, E.D., 1988. Performance of two Picea abies (L.) Karst. stands at different stages of decline. Oecologia. 77(1), 7-13
71. Milano, J., Chyuan, H., Masjuki, H.H., Chong, W.T., Kee, M., 2016. Microalgae biofuels as an alternative to fossil fuel for power generation. Renew. Sust. Energy. Rev. 58, 180-197
72. Miranda, J.R., Passarinho, P.C., Gouveia, L., 2012. Pre-treatment optimization of Scenedesmus obliquus microalga for bioethanol production. Bioresour. Technol. 104, 342-348
73. Montalescot, V., Rinaldi, T., Touchard, R., Jubeau, S., Frappart, M., Jaouen, P., Bourseau, P., Marchal, L., 2015. Optimization of bead milling parameters for the cell disruption of microalgae: process modeling and application to Porphyridium cruentum and Nannochloropsis oculata. Bioresour. Technol. 196, 339-346
74. Ometto, F., Quiroga, G., Pšenicka, P., Whitton, R., Jefferson, B., Villa, R., 2014. Impacts of microalgae pre-treatments for improved anaerobic digestion: thermal treatment, thermal hydrolysis, ultrasound and enzymatic hydrolysis. Water Res. 65, 350-361
75. Orr, V.C.A., Plechkova, N.V., Seddon, K.R., Rehmann, L., 2015. Disruption and wet extraction of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris using room-temperature ionic liquids. ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 4(2), 591-600
76. Parniakov, O., Barba, F.J., Grimi, N., Marchal, L., Jubeau, S., Lebovka, N., Vorobiev, E., 2015. Pulsed electric field and pH assisted selective extraction of intracellular components from microalgae Nannochloropsis. Algal Res. 8, 128-134
77. Pasquet, V., Chérouvrier, J.R., Farhat, F., Thiéry, V., Piot, J.M., Bérard, J.B., Kaas, R., Serive, B., Patrice, T., Cadoret, J.P., Picot, L., 2011. Be Study on the microalgal pigments extraction process: performance of microwave assisted extraction. Process Biochem. 46(1), 59-67
78. Passos, F., Ferrer, I., 2015. Influence of hydrothermal pretreatment on microalgal biomass anaerobic digestion and bioenergy production. Water Res. 68, 364-373
79. Picó, Y., 2013. Ultrasound-assisted extraction for food and environmental samples. TrAC, Trends Anal. Chem. 43, 84-99
80. Pirwitz, K., Rihko-Struckmann, L., Sundmacher, K., 2016. Valorization of the aqueous phase obtained from hydrothermally treated Dunaliella salina remnant biomass. Bioresour. Technol. 219, 64-71
81. Postma, P.R., Miron, T.L., Olivieri, G., Barbosa, M.J., Wijffels, R.H., Eppink, M.H.M., 2015. Mild disintegration of the green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris using bead milling. Bioresour. Technol. 184, 297-304
82. Postma, P.R., Pataro, G., Capitoli, M., Barbosa, M.J., Wijffels, R.H., Eppink, M.H.M., Olivieri, G., Ferrari, G., 2016. Selective extraction of intracellular components from the microalga Chlorella vulgaris by combined pulsed electric field-temperature treatment. Bioresour. Technol. 203, 80-88
83. Postma, P.R., Suarez-Garcia, E., Safi, C., Yonathan, K., Olivieri, G., Barbosa, M.J., Wijffels, R.H., Eppik, M.H.M., 2017. Energy efficient bead milling of microalgae: effect of bead size on disintegration and release of proteins and carbohydrates. Bioresour. Technol. 224, 670-679
84. RFA: Renewable Fuels Association, 2015. Industry Statistics. World Fuel Ethanol Production. USA
85. Rose, R., Rose, C.L., Omi, S.K., Forry, K.R., Durall, D.M., Bigg, W.L., 1991. Starch determination by perchloric acid vs enzymes: evaluating the accuracy and precision of six colorimetric methods. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 39(1), 2-11
86. Ross, A., Jones, J., Kubacki, M., Bridgeman, T., 2008. Classification of macroalgae as fuel and its thermochemical behaviour. Bioresour. Technol. 99(14), 6494-6504
87. Rozzi, N.L., Singh, R.K., 2000. The effect of selected salts on the microwave heating of starch solutions. J. Food Process. Preserv. 24(4), 265-273
88. Rubens, P., Heremans, K., 2000. Pressure-temperature gelatinization phase diagram of starch: an in situ fourier transform infrared study. Biopolymers. 54(7), 524-530
89. Ruiz, H.A., Rodríguez-Jasso, R.M., Aguedo, M., Kádár, Z., 2015. Hydrothermal pretreatments of macroalgal biomass for biorefineries, in: Prokop, A., Bajpai, R.K., Zappi, M.E. (Eds.), Algal biorefineries. Springer International Publishing, pp. 467-491
90. Ruiz, H.A., Rodríguez-Jasso, R.M., Fernandes, B.D., Vicente, A.A., Teixeira, J.A., 2013. Hydrothermal processing, as an alternative for upgrading agriculture residues and marine biomass according to the biorefinery concept: a review. Renew. Sust. Energy. Rev. 21, 35-51
91. Ruiz, H.A., Cerqueira, M.A., Silva, H.D., Rodríguez-Jasso, R.M., Vicente, A.A., Teixeira, J.A., 2013. Biorefinery valorization of autohydrolysis wheat straw hemicellulose to be applied in a polymer-blend film. Carbohydr. Polym. 92(2), 2154-2162
92. Ruiz, H.A., Romaní, A., Michelin, M., Teixeira, J.A., 2013. A importância dos pré-tratamentos no conceito das biorrefinarias. Biotecnologia. 3
93. SAGARPA: Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación. Generaciones de los biocombustibles, 2011. México
94. Sarker, S.D., Nahar, L., 2012. An Introduction to Natural Products Isolation. Nat. Prod. Isolation. Methods Mol. Biol. 864, 1-25
95. Scholz, M.J., Weiss, T.L., Jinkerson, R.E., Jing, J., Roth, R., Goodenough, U., Posewits, M.C., Gerken, H.G., 2014. Ultrastructure and composition of the Nannochloropsis gaditana cell wall. Eukaryotic Cell. 13(11), 1450-1464
96. Sheng, J., Vannela, R., Rittmann, B.E., 2011. Evaluation of cell-disruption effects of pulsed-electric-field treatment of Synechocystis PCC 6803. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45(8), 3795-3802
97. Shuping, Z., Yulong, W., Mingde, Y., Chun, L., Junmao, T., 2010. Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of the marine microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta using thermogravimetric analyzer. Bioresour. Technol. 101(1), 359-365
98. Sluiter, A., Hames, B., Ruiz, R., Scarlata, C., Sluiter, J., Templeton, D., Crocker, D., 2008. Determination of structural carbohydrates and lignin in biomass. Lab. Anal. Proced. 1617, 1-16
99. Smichi, N., Messaoudi, Y., Moujahed, N., Gargouri, M., 2016. Ethanol production from halophyte Juncus maritimus using freezing and thawing biomass pretreatment. Renew. Energy. 85, 1357-1361
100. Sjöqvist, M., Gatenholm, P., 2005. The effect of starch composition on structure of foams prepared by microwave treatment. J. Polym. Environ. 13(1), 29-37
101. Spiden, E.M., Yap, B.H., Hill, D.R., Kentish, S.E., Scales, P.J., Martin, G.J., 2013. Quantitative evaluation of the ease of rupture of industrially promising microalgae by high pressure homogenization. Bioresour. Technol. 140, 165-171
102. Sui, Z., Gizaw, Y., Bemiller, J.N., 2012. Extraction of polysaccharides from a species of Chlorella. Carbohydr. Polym. 90(1), 1-7
103. Talebnia, F., Karakashev, D., Angelidaki, I., 2010. Production of bioethanol from wheat straw: an overview on pretreatment, hydrolysis and fermentation. Bioresour. Technol. 101(13), 4744-4753
104. Tomaselli, L., 1997. Morphology, ultrastructure and taxonomy of Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima and Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis, in: Vonshak, A. (Eds.), Spirulina Platensis Arthrospira: Physiology, cell-biology and biotechnology. Taylor and Francis, USA, pp. 1-18
105. Total carbohydrate in microalgae biomass, 2017. Methods standardized by laboratory of fermentations (University of Passo Fundo, Brazil) and biorefinery group (food research department, Autonomous University of Coahuila, México). Results to be published
106. van Eijck, J., Batidzirai, B., Faaij, A., 2014. Current and future economic performance of first and second generation biofuels in developing countries. Appl. Energy. 135, 115-141
107. Velazquez-Lucio, J., Rodríguez-Jasso, R.M., Galindo, A.S., Contreras, J.C., Cantu, D.J., Ruiz, H.A., 2015. Producción de xilo-oligosacáridos por un proceso hidrotérmico por microondas usando el concepto de biorrefinería integrada. Biorefinery Group, Food Research Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Coahuila Undergraduate Thesis
108. Vorobiev, E., Lebovka, N., 2015. Selective Extraction from Food Plants and Residues by Pulsed Electric Field, in: Chemat, F., Strube, J. (Eds.), Green extraction of natural products: Theory and practice, Wiley-VCH., pp. 307-332
109. Wang, K., Brown, R.C., Homsy, S., Martinez, L., Sidhu, S.S., 2013. Fast pyrolysis of microalgae remnants in a fluidized bed reactor for bio-oil and biochar production. Bioresour. Technol. 127, 494-499
110. Wang, T.H., Lu, S., 2013. Production of xylooligosaccharide from wheat bran by microwave assisted enzymatic hydrolysis. Food Chem. 138(2-3), 1531-1535
111. Xie, Y., Ho, S.H., Chen, C.N.N., Chen, C.Y., Jing, K., Ng, I.S., Chen, J., Chang, J.S., Lu, Y., 2016. Disruption of thermo-tolerant Desmodesmus sp. F51 in high pressure homogenization as a prelude to carotenoids extraction. Biochem. Eng. J. 109, 243-251
112. Yaeyama Shokusan Co. Ltd., 2016. Japon
113. Yang, C., Liu, W., He, Z., Thangavel, S., Wang, L., Zhou, A., Wang, A., 2015. Freezing/thawing pretreatment coupled with biological process of thermophilic Geobacillus sp. G1: acceleration on waste activated sludge hydrolysis and acidification. Bioresour. Technol. 175, 509-516
114. Yap, B.H.J., Dumsday, G.J., Scales, P.J., Martin, G.J.O., 2015. Energy evaluation of algal cell disruption by high pressure homogenisation. Bioresour. Technol. 184, 280-285
115. Yuan, T., Li, X., Xiao, S., Guo, Y., Zhou, W., Xu, J., Yuan, Z., 2016. Microalgae pretreatment with liquid hot water to enhance enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. Bioresour. Technol. 220, 530-536
116. Zbinden, M.D.A., Sturm, B.S., Nord, R.D., Carey, W.J., Moore, D., Shinogle, H., Stagg-Williams, S.M., 2013. Pulsed electric field (PEF) as an intensification pretreatment for greener solvent lipid extraction from microalgae. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 110(6), 1605-1615
117. Zhao, G., Chen, X., Wang, L., Zhou, S., Feng, H., Chen, W.N., Lau, R., 2013. Ultrasound assisted extraction of carbohydrates from microalgae as feedstock for yeast fermentation. Bioresour. Technol. 128, 337-344
118. Zheng, Y., Xiao, R., Roberts, M., 2016. Polymer-enhanced enzymatic microalgal cell disruption for lipid and sugar recovery. Algal Res. 14, 100-108
119. Zheng, J., Li, Q., Hu, A., Yang, L., Lu, J., Zhang, X., Lin, Q., 2013. Dual-frequency ultrasound effect on structure and properties of sweet potato starch. Starch J. 65(7-8), 621-627
120. Zhou, J., Zhang, F., Meng, H., Bao, G., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., 2014. Development of a silicon carbide disruption method enables efficient extraction of proteins from cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Process Biochem. 49(12), 2199-2202
121. Zu, S., Li, W.Z., Zhang, M., Li, Z., Wang, Z., Jameel, H., Chang, H.M., 2014. Pretreatment of corn stover for sugar production using dilute hydrochloric acid followed by lime. Bioresour. Technol. 152, 364-370