An intervention delivered by app instant messaging to increase acceptability and use of effective contraception among young women in bolivia: Protocol of a randomized controlled trial

JMIR Research Protocols

Volumn 6, Issue 12, 2017, Pages

  McCarthy, Ona L ^a   Osorio, Veronica Calderon ^b   Makleff, Shelly ^c   Huaynoca, Silvia ^c   Leurent, Baptiste ^a   Edwards, Phil ^a   Gallardo Lopez, Jhonny ^b   Free, Caroline ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^b Centro de Investigación   (Bolivia)

^c International Planned Parenthood Federation/Western Hemisphere Region ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescent; Behavior change; Bolivia; Cell phone; Contraception behavior; Reproductive health; Smartphone; Young adult

Indexed keywords

EID: 85042011270     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19290748     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2196/resprot.8679     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Darroch JE. Trends in contraceptive use. Contraception 2013 Mar;87(3):259-263. [doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2012.08.029] [Medline: 23040137]
2. Brown S, Eisenberg L, editors. The Best Intentions: Unintended Pregnancy and the Well-Being of Children and Families. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 1995.
3. Hardee K, Eggleston E, Wong EL, Irwanto, Hull TH. Unintended pregnancy and women's psychological well-being in Indonesia. J Biosoc Sci 2004 Sep;36(5):617-626. [Medline: 15446355]
4. Khajehpour M, Simbar M, Jannesari S, Ramezani-Tehrani F, Majd HA. Health status of women with intended and unintended pregnancies. Public Health 2013 Jan;127(1):58-64. [doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2012.08.011] [Medline: 23200101]
5. Gipson JD, Koenig MA, Hindin MJ. The effects of unintended pregnancy on infant, child, and parental health: a review of the literature. Stud Fam Plann 2008 Mar;39(1):18-38. [Medline: 18540521]
6. Najman JM, Morrison J, Williams G, Andersen M, Keeping JD. The mental health of women 6 months after they give birth to an unwanted baby: a longitudinal study. Soc Sci Med 1991;32(3):241-247. [Medline: 2024133]
7. Barber JS, Axinn WG, Thornton A. Unwanted childbearing, health, and mother-child relationships. J Health Soc Behav 1999 Sep;40(3):231-257. [Medline: 10513146]
8. Nakku JEM, Nakasi G, Mirembe F. Postpartum major depression at six weeks in primary health care: prevalence and associated factors. Afr Health Sci 2006 Dec;6(4):207-214 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.5555/afhs.2006.6.4.207] [Medline: 17604509]
9. Lau Y, Keung DWF. Correlates of depressive symptomatology during the second trimester of pregnancy among Hong Kong Chinese. Soc Sci Med 2007 May;64(9):1802-1811. [doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.01.001] [Medline: 17316942]
10. Orr ST, Miller CA. Unintended pregnancy and the psychosocial well-being of pregnant women. Womens Health Issues 1997;7(1):38-46. [Medline: 9009862]
11. Cheng D, Schwarz EB, Douglas E, Horon I. Unintended pregnancy and associated maternal preconception, prenatal and postpartum behaviors. Contraception 2009 Mar;79(3):194-198. [doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2008.09.009] [Medline: 19185672]
12. Eggleston E. Unintended pregnancy and women's use of prenatal care in Ecuador. Soc Sci Med 2000 Oct;51(7):1011-1018. [Medline: 11005389]
13. Marston C, Cleland J. Do unintended pregnancies carried to term lead to adverse outcomes for mother and child? An assessment in five developing countries. Popul Stud (Camb) 2003;57(1):77-93. [doi: 10.1080/0032472032000061749] [Medline: 12745811]
14. Kost K, Landry DJ, Darroch JE. Predicting maternal behaviors during pregnancy: does intention status matter? Fam Plann Perspect 1998;30(2):79-88 [FREE Full text] [Medline: 9561873]
15. Magadi MA, Madise NJ, Rodrigues RN. Frequency and timing of antenatal care in Kenya: explaining the variations between women of different communities. Soc Sci Med 2000 Aug;51(4):551-561. [Medline: 10868670]
16. Shah PS, Balkhair T, Ohlsson A, Beyene J, Scott F, Frick C. Intention to become pregnant and low birth weight and preterm birth: a systematic review. Matern Child Health J 2011 Feb;15(2):205-216. [doi: 10.1007/s10995-009-0546-2] [Medline: 20012348]
17. Mohllajee AP, Curtis KM, Morrow B, Marchbanks PA. Pregnancy intention and its relationship to birth and maternal outcomes. Obstet Gynecol 2007 Mar;109(3):678-686. [doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000255666.78427.c5] [Medline: 17329520]
18. Sedgh G, Henshaw S, Singh S, Ahman E, Shah IH. Induced abortion: estimated rates and trends worldwide. Lancet 2007 Oct 13;370(9595):1338-1345. [doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61575-X] [Medline: 17933648]
19. World Health Organization. Unsafe Abortion. Global and Regional Estimates of the Incidence of Unsafe Abortion and Associated Mortality in 2008. 6th edition. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2011.
20. Sedgh G, Ashford L, Hussain R. Unmet need for contraception in developing countries: examining women's reasons for not using a method. New York, NY: Guttmacher Institute; 2016. URL:https://www.guttmacher.org/report/ unmet-need-for-contraception-in-developing-countries [accessed 2017-10-20] [WebCite Cache ID 6uM9CHue0]
21. World Bank. Bolivia World Development Indicators 2015. URL:http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/ world-development-indicators [accessed 2017-12-06] [WebCite Cache ID 6vVjnVrMz]
22. Patrinos H, Skoufias E, Lunde T. Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: Economic Opportunities and Social Networks. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4227. Washington, DC: World Bank; 2007.
23. Bertrand J. USAID graduation from family planning assistance: implications for Latin America. New Orleans, LA: Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine; 2011 Oct. URL:http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pcaac430.pdf [accessed 2017-12-07] [WebCite Cache ID 6vXTRwoAf]
24. Cleland J, Ali MM. Reproductive consequences of contraceptive failure in 19 developing countries. Obstet Gynecol 2004 Aug;104(2):314-320. [doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000134789.73663.fd] [Medline: 15292005]
25. Trussell J. Contraceptive efficacy. In: Hatcher R, Trussell J, Nelson A, Cates W, Kowal D, Policar M, editors. Contraceptive Technology. New York, NY: Ardent Media; 2011.
26. Trussell J. Global Library of Women's Medicine. 2014 Feb. Contraceptive efficacy URL:http://www.glowm.com/ section_view/heading/Contraceptive%20Efficacy/item/374 [accessed 2017-12-07] [WebCite Cache ID 6vXTkiIRu]
27. UNFPA. Independent Country Programme Evaluation-Bolivia. 2012. URL:http://www.unfpa.org/admin-resource/ bolivia-country-programme-evaluation [accessed 2017-10-20] [WebCite Cache ID 6uMCeXjpk]
28. Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud 2008. 2009. URL:http://evaw-global-database.unwomen.org/-/media/files/ un%20women/vaw/vaw%20survey/bolivia%20vaw%20survey.pdf [accessed 2017-10-20] [WebCite Cache ID 6uMCS3nz4]
29. Center for Reproductive Rights. Bolivia's abortion provisions. Penal Code (1972), Title VIII, Chapter II, Articles 263-269. 2017. URL:https://www.reproductiverights.org/world-abortion-laws/bolivia%E2%80%99s-abortion-provisions [accessed 2017-10-20] [WebCite Cache ID 6uMCAQFOC]
30. Free C, Knight R, Robertson S, Whittaker R, Edwards P, Zhou W, et al. Smoking cessation support delivered via mobile phone text messaging (txt2stop): a single-blind, randomised trial. Lancet 2011 Jul 2;378(9785):49-55 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60701-0] [Medline: 21722952]
31. Lester RT, Ritvo P, Mills EJ, Kariri A, Karanja S, Chung MH, et al. Effects of a mobile phone short message service on antiretroviral treatment adherence in Kenya (WelTel Kenya1): a randomised trial. Lancet 2010 Nov 27;376(9755):1838-1845. [doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61997-6] [Medline: 21071074]
32. Pop-Eleches C, Thirumurthy H, Habyarimana JP, Zivin JG, Goldstein MP, de Walque D, et al. Mobile phone technologies improve adherence to antiretroviral treatment in a resource-limited setting: a randomized controlled trial of text message reminders. AIDS 2011 Mar 27;25(6):825-834 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834380c1] [Medline: 21252632]
33. Zurovac D, Sudoi RK, Akhwale WS, Ndiritu M, Hamer DH, Rowe AK, et al. The effect of mobile phone text-message reminders on Kenyan health workers' adherence to malaria treatment guidelines: a cluster randomised trial. Lancet 2011 Aug 27;378(9793):795-803 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60783-6] [Medline: 21820166]
34. Orr JA, King RJ. Mobile phone SMS messages can enhance healthy behaviour: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Health Psychol Rev 2015 Dec;9(4):397-416. [doi: 10.1080/17437199.2015.1022847] [Medline: 25739668]
35. Hall CS, Fottrell E, Wilkinson S, Byass P. Assessing the impact of mHealth interventions in low- and middle-income countries-what has been shown to work? Glob Health Action 2014;7:25606 [FREE Full text] [Medline: 25361730]
36. Aranda-Jan CB, Mohutsiwa-Dibe N, Loukanova S. Systematic review on what works, what does not work and why of implementation of mobile health (mHealth) projects in Africa. BMC Public Health 2014;14:188 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-188] [Medline: 24555733]
37. Free C, Phillips G, Galli L, Watson L, Felix L, Edwards P, et al. The effectiveness of mobile-health technology-based health behaviour change or disease management interventions for health care consumers: a systematic review. PLoS Med 2013;10(1):e1001362 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001362] [Medline: 23349621]
38. Head KJ, Noar SM, Iannarino NT, Grant HN. Efficacy of text messaging-based interventions for health promotion: a meta-analysis. Soc Sci Med 2013 Nov;97:41-48. [doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.08.003] [Medline: 24161087]
39. Hall AK, Cole-Lewis H, Bernhardt JM. Mobile text messaging for health: a systematic review of reviews. Annu Rev Public Health 2015 Mar 18;36:393-415 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031914-122855] [Medline: 25785892]
40. World Health Organization. mHealth: New Horizons for Health Through Mobile Technologies: Second Global Survey on eHealth. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2011.
41. L'Engle KL, Mangone ER, Parcesepe AM, Agarwal S, Ippoliti NB. Mobile phone interventions for adolescent sexual and reproductive health: a systematic review. Pediatrics 2016 Sep;138(3). [doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-0884] [Medline: 27553221]
42. Berenson AB, Rahman M. A randomized controlled study of two educational interventions on adherence with oral contraceptives and condoms. Contraception 2012 Dec;86(6):716-724 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2012.06.007] [Medline: 22840278]
43. Castaño PM, Bynum JY, Andrés R, Lara M, Westhoff C. Effect of daily text messages on oral contraceptive continuation: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2012 Jan;119(1):14-20. [doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31823d4167] [Medline: 22143257]
44. Trent M, Thompson C, Tomaszewski K. Text messaging support for urban adolescents and young adults using injectable contraception: outcomes of the DepoText Pilot Trial. J Adolesc Health 2015 Jul;57(1):100-106 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.03.008] [Medline: 26002432]
45. Hall KS, Westhoff CL, Castaño PM. The impact of an educational text message intervention on young urban women's knowledge of oral contraception. Contraception 2013 Apr;87(4):449-454 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1016/j.contraception.2012.09.004] [Medline: 23062523]
46. Smith C, Gold J, Ngo TD, Sumpter C, Free C. Mobile phone-based interventions for improving contraception use. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015 Jun 26(6):CD011159. [doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011159.pub2] [Medline: 26115146]
47. Smith C, Ngo TD, Gold J, Edwards P, Vannak U, Sokhey L, et al. Effect of a mobile phone-based intervention on post-abortion contraception: a randomized controlled trial in Cambodia. Bull World Health Organ 2015 Dec 01;93(12):842-50A [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.2471/BLT.15.160267] [Medline: 26668436]
48. World Bank. International Telecommunication Union, World Telecommunication/ICT Development Report and database. 2015. Mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 people URL:https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IT.CEL.SETS.P2 [accessed 2017-12-06] [WebCite Cache ID 6vVjdv6qy]
49. Montaño D, Kasprzyk D. Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, and the integrated behavioral model. In: Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath K, editors. Health Behaviour: Theory, Research and Practice. 5th edition. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2015.
50. Kok G, Gottlieb N, Peters G, Mullen P, Parcel G, Ruiter R, et al. A taxonomy of behaviour change methods: an intervention mapping approach. Health Psychol Rev 2016 Sep;10(3):297-312 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1080/17437199.2015.1077155] [Medline: 26262912]
51. Bartholomew Eldredge LK, Markham C, Ruiter R, Fernandez M, Kok G, Parcel G. Planning Health Promotion Programs: An Intervention Mapping Approach. 4th edition. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons; 2016.
52. Francis J, Eccles M, Johnston M, Walker A, Grimshaw J, Foy R, et al. Constructing Questionnaires Based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour. A Manual for Health Services Researchers. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Centre for Health Services Research, University of Newcastle upon Tyne; 2004.
53. Montaño DE, Kasprzyk D, Hamilton DT, Tshimanga M, Gorn G. Evidence-based identification of key beliefs explaining adult male circumcision motivation in Zimbabwe: targets for behavior change messaging. AIDS Behav 2014 May;18(5):885-904 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1007/s10461-013-0686-7] [Medline: 24443147]
54. Unidad de Análisis de Políticas Sociales y Económicas. Encuesta de evaluación de salud y nutrición 2012: informe de resultados. 2014. URL:http://www.udape.gob.bo/portales_html/docsociales/Libroesnut.pdf [accessed 2017-12-06] [WebCite Cache ID 6vVh3fzBS]
55. O'Kelly M, Ratitch B. Clinical Trials With Missing Data: A Guide for Practitioners. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2014.
56. Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D. CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ 2010;340:c332 [FREE Full text] [Medline: 20332509]
57. European Medicines Agency, Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. Guideline on adjustment for baseline covariates in clinical trials. London, UK: EMA; 2015. URL:http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/ Scientific_guideline/2015/03/WC500184923.pdf [accessed 2017-10-20] [WebCite Cache ID 6uMBJ7WVw]
58. Pocock SJ, Assmann SE, Enos LE, Kasten LE. Subgroup analysis, covariate adjustment and baseline comparisons in clinical trial reporting: current practice and problems. Stat Med 2002 Oct 15;21(19):2917-2930. [doi: 10.1002/sim.1296] [Medline: 12325108]
59. Kasenda B, Schandelmaier S, Sun X, von Elm E, You J, Blümle A, DISCO Study Group. Subgroup analyses in randomised controlled trials: cohort study on trial protocols and journal publications. BMJ 2014 Jul 16;349:g4539 [FREE Full text] [Medline: 25030633]
60. Gabler NB, Duan N, Liao D, Elmore JG, Ganiats TG, Kravitz RL. Dealing with heterogeneity of treatment effects: is the literature up to the challenge? Trials 2009 Jun 19;10:43 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-10-43] [Medline: 19545379]
61. Kent DM, Rothwell PM, Ioannidis JPA, Altman DG, Hayward RA. Assessing and reporting heterogeneity in treatment effects in clinical trials: a proposal. Trials 2010 Aug 12;11:85 [FREE Full text] [doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-11-85] [Medline: 20704705]
62. Brookes ST, Whitely E, Egger M, Smith GD, Mulheran PA, Peters TJ. Subgroup analyses in randomized trials: risks of subgroup-specific analyses; power and sample size for the interaction test. J Clin Epidemiol 2004 Mar;57(3):229-236. [doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2003.08.009] [Medline: 15066682]