Radiocarbon chronology of Manot Cave, Israel and Upper Paleolithic dispersals

Science Advances

Volumn 3, Issue 11, 2017, Pages

  Alex, Bridget ^a   Barzilai, Omry ^b   Hershkovitz, Israel ^c   Marder, Ofer ^d   Berna, Francesco ^e   Caracuta, Valentina ^f,g   Abulafia, Talia ^d   Davis, Lauren ^d   Goder Goldberger, Mae ^d   Lavi, Ron ^h   Mintz, Eugenia ^g   Regev, Lior ^g   Mayer, Daniella Bar Yosef ^a,c   Tejero, José Miguel ^i,j   Yeshurun, Reuven ^k   Ayalon, Avner ^l   Bar Matthews, Mira ^l   Yasur, Gal ^l   Frumkin, Amos ^m   Latimer, Bruce ⁿ   Hans, Mark G ⁿ   Boaretto, Elisabetta ^g   more..

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b ISRAEL ANTIQUITIES AUTHORITY   (Israel)

^c TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^d BEN GURION UNIVERSITY OF THE NEGEV   (Israel)

^e SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^f UNIVERSITY OF SALENTO   (Italy)

^g WEIZMANN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE   (Israel)

^h ArScAn équipe Ethnologie préhistorique ^*  (Israel)

ⁱ CNRS   (France)

^j UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^k UNIVERSITY OF HAIFA   (Israel)

^l Geo logical Survey of Israel   (Israel)

^m HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM   (Israel)

ⁿ CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HIGH RESOLUTION;

CAVES;

EID: 85041893824     PISSN: None     EISSN: 23752548     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701450     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. J.-J. Hublin, The modern human colonization of western Eurasia: When and where? Quat. Sci. Rev. 118, 194–210 (2015).
2. A. N. Goring-Morris, A. Belfer-Cohen, More Than Meets the Eye: Studies on Upper Palaeolithic Diversity in the Near East (Oxbow Books, 2003).
3. K. Douka, Exploring “the great wilderness of prehistory”: The chronology of the Middle to the Upper Paleolithic transition in the northern Levant. Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Urgeschichte 22, 11–40 (2013).
4. A. E. Marks, in Préhistoire du Levant: Chronologie et organisation de l’espace depuis les origines jusqu’au VIe millénaire, J. Cauvin, P. Sanlaville, Eds. (Éditions du CNRS, 1981), pp. 287–298.
5. I. Gilead, in Préhistoire du Levant: Chronologie et organisation de l’espace depuis les origines jusqu’au VIe millénaire, J. Cauvin, P. Sanlaville, Eds. (Éditions du CNRS, 1981), pp. 331–333.
6. P. Mellars, Archeology and the dispersal of modern humans in Europe: Deconstructing the “Aurignacian.” Evol. Anthropol. 15, 167–182 (2006).
7. N. Goring-Morris, A. Belfer-Cohen, in Towards a Definition of the Aurignacian, O. Bar-Yosef, J. Zilhão, Eds. (Instituto Portugues de Arqueologia, 2006), pp. 297–316.
8. N. R. Rebollo, S. Weiner, F. Brock, L. Meignen, P. Goldberg, A. Belfer-Cohen, O. Bar-Yosef, E. Boaretto, New radiocarbon dating of the transition from the Middle to the Upper Paleolithic in Kebara Cave, Israel. J. Archaeol. Sci. 38, 2424–2433 (2011).
9. K. Douka, C. A. Bergman, R. E. M. Hedges, F. P. Wesselingh, T. F. G. Higham, Chronology of Ksar Akil (Lebanon) and implications for the colonization of Europe by anatomically modern humans. PLOS ONE 8, e72931 (2013).
10. O. Barzilai, I. Hershkovitz, O. Marder, The Early Upper Paleolithic Period at Manot Cave, Western Galilee, Israel. J. Hum. Evol. 31, 85–100 (2016).
11. I. Hershkovitz, O. Marder, A. Ayalon, M. Bar-Matthews, G. Yasur, E. Boaretto, V. Caracuta, B. Alex, A. Frumkin, M. Goder-Goldberger, P. Gunz, R. L. Holloway, B. Latimer, R. Lavi, A. Matthews, V. Slon, D. B.-Y. Mayer, F. Berna, G. Bar-Oz, R. Yeshurun, H. May, M. G. Hans, G. W. Weber, O. Barzilai, Levantine cranium from Manot Cave (Israel) foreshadows the first European modern humans. Nature 520, 216–219 (2015).
12. I. Hershkovitz, B. Latimer, O. Barzilai, O. Marder, Manot 1 calvaria and recent modern human evolution: An anthropological perspective. BMSAP 29, 119–130 (2017).
13. M. I. Bird, V. Levchenko, P. L. Ascough, W. Meredith, C. M. Wurster, A. Williams, E. L. Tilston, C. E. Snape, D. C. Apperley, The efficiency of charcoal decontamination for radiocarbon dating by three pre-treatments—ABOX, ABA and hypy. Quat. Geochronol. 22, 25–32 (2014).
14. R. E. Wood, K. Douka, P. Boscato, P. Haesaerts, A. Sinitsyn, T. F. G. Higham, Testing the ABOx-SC method: Dating known-age charcoals associated with the Campanian Ignimbrite. Quat. Geochronol. 9, 16–26 (2012).
15. F. Brock, T. F. G. Higham, AMS radiocarbon dating of Paleolithic-aged charcoal from Europe and the Mediterranean rim using ABOx-SC. Radiocarbon 51, 839–846 (2009).
16. M. I. Bird, P. L. Ascough, Isotopes in pyrogenic carbon: A review. Org. Geochem. 42, 1529–1539 (2012).
17. S. L. Kuhn, M. C. Stiner, E. Güleç, I. Özer, H. Yilmaz, I. Baykara, A. Açikkol, P. Goldberg, K. M. Molina, E. Ünay, F. Suata-Alpaslan, The early Upper Paleolithic occupations at Üçağizli Cave (Hatay, Turkey). J. Hum. Evol. 56, 87–113 (2009).
18. M. D. Bosch, M. A. Mannino, A. L. Prendergast, T. C. O’Connell, B. Demarchi, S. M. Taylor, L. Niven, J. van der Plicht, J.-J. Hublin, New chronology for Ksâr ‘Akil (Lebanon) supports Levantine route of modern human dispersal into Europe. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, 7683–7688 (2015).
19. A. J. Stutz, J. J. Shea, J. A. Rech, J. S. Pigati, J. Wilson, M. Belmaker, R. M. Albert, T. Arpin, D. Cabanes, J. L. Clark, G. Hartman, F. Hourani, C. E. White, L. Nilsson Stutz, Early upper Paleolithic chronology in the Levant: New ABOx-SC accelerator mass spectrometry results from the Mughr el-Hamamah site, Jordan. J. Hum. Evol. 85, 157–173 (2015).
20. J. L. Phillips, in Late Quaternary Chronology and Paleoclimates of the Eastern Mediterranean, O. Bar-Yosef, R. S. Kra, Eds. (Radiocarbon and American School of Prehistoric Research, 1994), pp. 169–176.
21. A. N. Goring-Morris, A. Belfer-Cohen, Appendix: radiometric dates for the Upper Palaeolithic of the Levant, in More than Meets the Eye: Studies on Upper Palaeolitic Diversity in the Near East, A. N. Goring-Morris, A. Belfer-Cohen, Eds. (Oxbow Books, 2003), pp. 281–287.
22. L. Copeland, The Middle and Upper Palaeolithic of Lebanon and Syria in the light of recent research, in Problems in Prehistory: North African and the Levant, F. Wendorf, A. E. Marks, Eds. (Southern Methodist Univ. Press, 1975), pp. 317–350.
23. A. Belfer-Cohen, A. N. Goring-Morris, The Upper Palaeolithic in Cisjordan, in Quaternary of the Levant: Environments, Climate Change, and Humans, Y. Enzel, O. Bar-Yosef, Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2017), pp. 627–638.
24. O. Bar-Yosef, A. Belfer-Cohen, The Levantine Upper Palaeolithic and Epipalaeolithic, in South-Eastern Mediterranean Peoples Between 130,000 and 10,000 Years Ago, E. A. A. Garcea, Ed. (Oxbow Books, 2010), pp. 144–167.
25. S. Kadowaki, T. Omori, Y. Nishiaki, Variability in Early Ahmarian lithic technology and its implications for the model of a Levantine origin of the Protoaurignacian. J. Hum. Evol. 82, 67–87 (2015).
26. S. L. Kuhn, Questions of complexity and scale in explanations for cultural transitions in the Pleistocene: A case study from the Early Upper Paleolithic. J. Archaeol. Method Theory 20, 194–211 (2013).
27. A. E. Marks, The upper and middle palaeolithic of the Near East and the Nile Valley: The problem of cultural transformations, in The Emergence of Modern Humans: An Archaeological Perspective, P. Mellars, Ed. (Cornell Univ. Press, 1990), pp. 56–80.
28. M. Yizhaq, G. Mintz, I. Cohen, H. Khalaily, S. Weiner, E. Boaretto, Quality controlled radiocarbon dating of bones and charcoal from the early Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) of Motza (Israel). Radiocarbon 47, 193–206 (2005).
29. 14C dating of charcoal. Radiocarbon 44, 1–11 (2002).
30. 14C sample preparation and charcoal preservation. Radiocarbon 50, 289–307 (2008).
31. F. S. Busschers, F. P. Wesselingh, R. H. Kars, M. Versluijs-Helder, J. Wallinga, J. H. A. Bosch, J. Timmner, K. G. J. Nierop, T. Meijer, F. P. M. Bunnik, H. De Wolf, Radiocarbon dating of Late Pleistocene marine shells from the Southern North Sea. Radiocarbon 56, 1151–1166 (2014).
32. T. Higham, European Middle and Upper Palaeolithic radiocarbon dates are often older than they look: Problems with previous dates and some remedies. Antiquity 85, 235–249 (2011).
33. R. Wood, From revolution to convention: The past, present and future of radiocarbon dating. J. Archaeol. Sci. 56, 61–72 (2015).
34. C. Bronk Ramsey, Radiocarbon dating: Revolutions in understanding. Archaeometry 50, 249–275 (2008).
35. O. Bar-Yosef, A. Belfer-Cohen, Following Pleistocene road signs of human dispersals across Eurasia. Quat. Int. 285, 30–43 (2013).
36. G. B. Tostevin, Seeing Lithics: A Middle-Range Theory for Testing for Cultural Transmission in the Pleistocene (American School of Prehistoric Research Monograph) (Oxbow Books, 2013).
37. D. A. E. Garrod, The relations between Southwest Asia and Europe in the Later Palaeolithic Age. J. World Hist. 1, 13–38 (1953).
38. A. Belfer-Cohen, O. Bar-Yosef, The levantine aurignacian: 60 years of research, in Dorothy Garrod and the Progress of the Palaeolithic: Studies in the Prehistoric Archaeology of the Near East and Europe, W. Davies, R. Charles, Eds. (Oxbow Books, 1999), pp. 118–134.
39. A. Belfer-Cohen, A. N. Goring-Morris, The earlier Upper Palaeolithic: A view from the Southern Levant, in The Aurignacian of Yafteh Cave and its Context (2005–2008 Excavations), M. Otte, S. Shidrang, D. Flas, Eds. (ERAUL, 2012), pp. 127–136.
40. J. K. Williams, C. A. Bergman, Upper Paleolithic levels XIII-VI (A and B) from the 1937-1938 and 1947-1948 Boston college excavations and the Levantine Aurignacian at Ksar Akil, Lebanon. Paléorient 36, 117–161 (2010).
41. J. J. Shea, Stone Tools in the Paleolithic and Neolithic Near East: A Guide (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2013).
42. A. Belfer-Cohen, O. Bar-Yosef, The Aurignacian at Hayonim Cave. Paléorient 7, 19–42 (1981).
43. A. Belfer-Cohen, A. N. Goring-Morris, On the rebound—A Levantine view of Upper Palaeolithic dynamics, in Modes de Contacts et de Déplacements au Paléolithique Eurasiatique, M. Otte, F. Le Brun-Ricalens, Eds. (ERAUL, 2014), pp. 27–38.
44. J.-G. Bordes, News from the West: A reevaluation of the classical Aurignacian sequence of the Périgord, in Towards a Definition of the Aurignacian: Proceedings of the Symposium Held in Lisbon, Portugal, June 25-30, 2002, O. Bar-Yosef, J. Zilhão, Eds. (Instituto Português de Arqueologia, 2006), pp. 147–172.
45. F. Bon, L’Aurignacien entre Mer et Océan: Réflexion sur l‘unité des phases anciennes de l’Aurignacien dans le sud de la France (Société Préhistorique Française, 2002).
46. F. Bon, N. Teyssandier, J.-G. Bordes, in Les Aurignaciens (Civilisations et Cultures), M. Otte, Ed. (Errance, 2010), pp. 49–72.
47. J.-M. Tejero, R. Yeshurun, O. Barzilai, M. Goder-Goldberger, I. Hershkovitz, R. Lavi, N. Schneller-Pels, O. Marder, The osseous industry from Manot Cave (Western Galilee, Israel): Technical and conceptual behaviours of bone and antler exploitation in the Levantine Aurignacian. Quat. Int. 403, 90–106 (2016).
48. R. E. Wood, A. Arrizabalaga, M. Camps, S. Fallon, M.-J. Iriarte-Chiapusso, R. Jones, J. Maroto, M. de la Rasilla, D. Santamaría, J. Soler, N. Soler, A. Villaluenga, T. F. G. Higham, The chronology of the earliest Upper Palaeolithic in northern Iberia: New insights from L’Arbreda, Labeko Koba and La Viña. J. Hum. Evol. 69, 91–109 (2014).
49. P. R. Nigst, P. Haesaerts, F. Damblon, C. Frank-Fellner, C. Mallol, B. Viola, M. Götzinger, L. Niven, G. Trnka, J.-J. Hublin, Early modern human settlement of Europe north of the Alps occurred 43,500 years ago in a cold steppe-type environment. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111, 14394-14399 (2014).
50. N. Teyssandier, F. Bon, J.-G. Bordes, Within projectile range: Some thoughts on the appearance of the Aurignacian in Europe. J. Anthropol. Res. 66, 209-229 (2010).
51. J. Riel-Salvatore, thesis, Arizona State University (2007).
52. E. Boaretto, X. Wu, J. Yuan, O. Bar-Yosef, V. Chu, Y. Pan, K. Liu, D. Cohen, T. Jiao, S. Li, H. Gu, P. Goldberg, S. Weiner, Radiocarbon dating of charcoal and bone collagen associated with early pottery at Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan Province, China. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 9595-9600 (2009).
53. L. Regev, E. M. Wild, W. Kutschera, E. Boaretto, D-REAMS: A new compact AMS system for radiocarbon measurements at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. Radiocarbon 59, 775-784 (2017).
54. P. Bullock, Handbook for Soil Thin Section Description (Waine Research Publications, 1985).
55. G. Stoops, Guidelines for Analysis and Description of Soil and Regolith Thin Sections (Soil Science Society of America, 2003).
56. S. Weiner, Microarchaeology: Beyond the Visible Archaeological Record (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2010).
57. M. Toffolo, A. M. Maeir, J. R. Chadwick, E. Boaretto, Characterization of contexts for radiocarbon dating: Results from the Early Iron Age at Tell Es-Safi/Gath, Israel. Radiocarbon 54, 371-390 (2012).
58. F. Berna, A. Behar, R. Shahack-Gross, J. Berg, E. Boaretto, A. Gilboa, I. Sharon, S. Shalev, S. Shilstein, N. Yahalom-Mack, J. R. Zorn, S. Weiner, Sediments exposed to high temperatures: Reconstructing pyrotechnological processes in Late Bronze and Iron Age Strata at Tel Dor (Israel). J. Archaeol. Sci. 34, 358-373 (2007).
59. C. Bronk Ramsey, Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 51, 337-360 (2009).
60. P. J. Reimer, E. Bard, A. Bayliss, J. Warren Beck, P. G. Blackwell, C. Bronk Ramsey, C. E. Buck, H. Cheng, R. Lawrence Edwards, M. Friedrich, P. M. Grootes, T. P. Guilderson, H. Haflidason, I. Hajdas, C. Hatté, T. J. Heaton, D. L. Hoffmann, A. G. Hogg, K. A. Hughen, K. Felix Kaiser, B. Kromer, S. W. Manning, M. Niu, R. W. Reimer, D. A. Richards, E. Marian Scott, J. R. Southon, R. A. Staff, C. S. M. Turney, J. van der Plicht, IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0-50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 55, 1869-1887 (2013).
61. P. Mellars, J. Tixier, Radiocarbon-accelerator dating of Ksar ‘Aqil (Lebanon) and the chronology of the Upper Palaeolithic sequence in the Middle East. Antiquity 63, 761-768 (1989).
62. A. Belfer-Cohen, A. N. Goring-Morris, Current issues in Levantine Upper Palaeolithic research, in More Than Meets the Eye: Studies on Upper Paleolithic Diversity in the Near East, A. N. Goring-Morris, A. Belfer-Cohen, Eds. (Oxbow Books, 2003), pp. 1-12.
63. L. Meignen, Levantine perspectives on the Middle to Upper Paleolithic “transition.” Archaeol. Ethnol. Anthropol. Eurasia 40, 12-21 (2012).
64. A. E. Marks, Reflections on Levantine Upper Palaeolithic studies: Past and present, in More than Meets the Eye: Studies on Upper Palaeolithic Diversity in the Near East, N. Goring-Morris, A. Belfer-Cohen, Eds. (Oxbow Books, 2003), pp. 249-264.
65. M. H. Newcomer, Study and replication of bone tools from Ksar Akil (Lebanon). World Archaeol. 6, 138-153 (1974).
66. I. Azoury, Ksar Akil, Lebanon: A Technological and Typological Analysis of the Transitional and Early Upper Paleolithic levels at Ksar Akil and Abu Halka (British Archaeological Reports, 1986), vol. 289.
67. K. Ohnuma, Ksar Akil, Lebanon: A Technological Analysis of the Earlier Paleolithic Levels of Ksar Akil. Volume III: Levels XXV-XIV (British Archaeological Reports, 1988), vol. 3.
68. O. Bar-Yosef, M. Arnold, N. Mercier, A. Belfer-Cohen, P. Goldberg, R. A. Housley, H. Laville, L. Meignen, J. C. Vogel, B. Vandermeersch, The dating of the Upper Paleolithic layers in Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel. J. Archaeol. Sci. 23, 297-306 (1996).
69. K. Monigal, Technology, economy and mobility at the beginning of the Levantine Upper Palaeolithic, in More than Meets the Eye: Studies on Upper Palaeolithic Diversity in the Near East, A. N. Goring-Morris, A. Belfer-Cohen, Eds. (Oxbow Books, 2003), pp. 118-133.
70. N. Goring-Morris, A. Davidzon, Straight to the point: Upper Paleolithic Ahmarian lithic technology in the Levant. Anthropologie 44, 93-111 (2006).
71. J. L. Phillips, The Upper Paleolithic of the Wadi Feiran, Southern Sinai. Paléorient 14, 183-200 (1988).
72. I. Gilead, O. Bar-Yosef, Early Upper Paleolithic sites in the Qadesh Barnea area, NE Sinai. J. Field Archaeol. 20, 265-280 (1993).
73. O. Bar-Yosef, J. L. Phillips, Prehistoric Investigations in the Gebel Maghara, Northern Sinai (Institute of Archaeology, Hebrew Univ. of Jerusalem, 1977), vol. 7.
74. I. Gilead, Upper Palaeolithic occurrences in Sinai and the transition to the Epi-palaeolithic in the Southern Levant. Paléorient 9, 39-53 (1983).
75. J. R. Fox, The Tor Sadaf lithic assemblages: A technological study of the Early Upper Palaeolithic in the Wadi al-Hasa, in More than Meets the Eye: Studies on Upper Palaeolithic Diversity in the Near East, A. N. Goring-Morris, A. Belfer-Cohen, Eds. (Oxbow Books, 2003), pp. 80-94.
76. C. B. Stringer, C. A. Bergman, Fifty years after: Egbert, an early Upper Palaeolithic juvenile from Ksar Akil, Lebanon. Paléorient 15, 99-111 (1989).
77. J. Williams, An examination of Upper Palaeolithic flake technologies in the marginal zone of the Levant, in More than Meets the Eye: Studies on Upper Palaeolithic Diversity in the Near East, A. N. Goring-Morris, A. Belfer-Cohen, Eds. (Oxbow Books, 2003), pp. 196-208.
78. O. Bar-Yosef, A. Belfer-Cohen, Another look at the Levantine Aurignacian, in The Upper Paleolithic: Colloquia, XIII International Congress of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences, A. Montet-White, A. Palma di Cesnola, K. Valoch, Eds. (Abaco, 1996), pp. 139-150.
79. R. Shimelmitz, D. E. Friesem, J. L. Clark, I. Groman-Yaroslavski, L. Weissbrod, N. Porat, A. W. Kandel, The Upper Paleolithic and Epipaleolithic of Sefunim Cave, Israel. Quat. Int. 1-20 (2017).
80. A. E. Marks, The Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in the Levant. Adv. World Archaeol. 2, 51-98 (1983).
81. A. E. Marks, Ed. Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel. Vol 1: The Avdat/Aqev Area, Part 1 (Southern Methodist Univ. Press, 1976).
82. A. Belfer-Cohen, L. Grosman, Tools or cores? And why does it matter: Carinated artifacts in Levantine Late Upper Palaeolithic assemblages, in Tools versus Cores: Alternative Approaches to Stone Tool Analysis, S. P. McPherron, Ed. (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2007), pp. 143-163.
83. M. Ofer, B. Alex, A. Ayalon, M. Bar-Matthews, G. Bar-Oz, D. Bar, Y. Mayer, F. Berna, E. Boaretto, V. Caracuta, A. Frumkin, M. Goder-Goldberger, I. Hershkovitz, B. Latimer, R. Lavi, A. Matthews, S. Weiner, U. Weiss, G. Yas ‘ur, O. Barzilai, The Upper Palaeolithic of Manot Cave, Western Galilee, Israel: The 2011-12 excavations. Antiquity 87 (2013).
84. O. Barzilai, I. Hershkovitz, O. Marder, A. Ayalon, M. Bar-Mathews, G. Bar-Oz, E. Boaretto, F. Berna, A. Frumkin, H. Khalaily, S. Weiner, R. Yeshurun, “Manot Cave, preliminary report,” Hadashot Arkheologiyot (2012); www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.asp?id=2183&mag_id=119.
85. O. Barzilai, O. Marder, I. Hershkovitz, “Manot Cave, Seasons 2011–2012, preliminary report,” Hadashot Arkheologiyot (2014); www.hadashot-esi.org.il/Report_Detail_eng.aspx?print=all&id=6470&mag_id=121.
86. A. L. Kuhn, A. Belfer-Cohen, O. Barzilai, M. C. Stiner, K. W. Kerry, N. Munro, D. B.-Y. Mayer, The last glacial maximum at Meged Rockshelter, Upper Galilee, Israel. J. Israel Prehist. Soc. 34, 5–47 (2004).
87. A. Belfer-Cohen, A. Davidzon, A. N. Goring-Morris, D. Lieberman, M. Spiers, Nahal Ein Gev I: A Late Upper Palaeolithic site by the sea of Galilee, Israel. Paléorient 30, 25–45 (2004).
88. C. A. Bergman, Ksar Akil, Lebanon: A Technological and Typological Analysis of the Later Paleolithic Levels of Ksar Akil. Volume II: Levels XIII-VI (British Archaeological Reports, 1987).
89. M. Vanhaeren, F. d’Errico, Aurignacian ethno-linguistic geography of Europe revealed by personal ornaments. J. Archaeol. Sci. 33, 1105–1128 (2006).
90. R. White, Systems of personal ornamentation in the Early Upper Palaeolithic: Methodological challenges and new observations, in Rethinking the Human Revolution: New Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans, P. Mellars, K. Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef, C. Stringer, Eds. (McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2007), pp. 287–302.
91. G. Lengyel, Upper Palaeolithic and Epipalaeolithic Lithic Technologies at Raqefet Cave, Mount Carmel East, Israel (British Archaeological Reports, 2007).
92. O. Bar-Yosef, A. Belfer-Cohen, The Qafzeh Upper Palaeolithic assemblages: 70 years late. Eurasian Prehist. 2, 145–180 (2004).
93. L. Regev, K. M. Poduska, L. Addadi, S. Weiner, E. Boaretto, Distinguishing between calcites formed by different mechanisms using infrared spectrometry: Archaeological applications. J. Archaeol. Sci. 37, 3022–3029 (2010).
94. K. Douka, T. Higham, A. Sinitsyn, The influence of pretreatment chemistry on the radiocarbon dating of Campanian Ignimbrite-aged charcoal from Kostenki 14 (Russia). Quat. Res. 73, 583–587 (2010).
95. R. Yeshurun, J.-M. Tejero, O. Barzilai, I. Hershkovitz, O. Marder, Upper Palaeolithic bone retouchers from Manot Cave (Israel): A preliminary analysis of a (yet) rare phenomenon in the Levant, in The Origins of Bone Tool Technologies, J. H. Hutson, S. Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Eds. (Römish-Germanisches Zentralmuseums, 2017), pp. 1–9.
96. 14C dating of old (40–60 ka) samples. Quat. Int. 166, 4–14 (2007).
97. M. I. Bird, L. K. Ayliffe, L. K. Fifield, C. S. M. Turney, R. G. Cresswell, T. T. Barrows, B. David, Radiocarbon dating of “old” charcoal using a wet oxidation, stepped-combustion procedure. Radiocarbon 41, 127–140 (1999).
98. I. Cohen-Ofri, L. Weiner, E. Boaretto, G. Mintz, S. Weiner, Modern and fossil charcoal: Aspects of structure and diagenesis. J. Archaeol. Sci. 33, 428–439 (2006).
99. F. Braadbaart, I. Poole, Morphological, chemical and physical changes during charcoalification of wood and its relevance to archaeological contexts. J. Archaeol. Sci. 35, 2434–2445 (2008).
100. C. Bronk Ramsey, Dealing with outliers and offsets in radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon 51, 1023–1045 (2009).
101. K. Douka, T. F. G. Higham, C. A. Bergman, Statistical and archaeological errors invalidate the proposed chronology for the site of Ksar Akil. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, E7034 (2015).
102. P. J. Reimer, F. G. McCormac, Marine radiocarbon reservoir corrections for the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas. Radiocarbon 44, 159–166 (2002).
103. P. J. Reimer, M. G. L. Baillie, E. Bard, A. Bayliss, J. W. Beck, P. G. Blackwell, C. Bronk Ramsey, C. E. Buck, G. S. Burr, R. L. Edwards, M. Friedrich, P. M. Grootes, T. P. Guilderson, I. Hajdas, T. J. Heaton, A. G. Hogg, K. A. Hughen, K. F. Kaiser, B. Kromer, F. G. McCormac, S. W. Manning, R. W. Reimer, D. A. Richards, J. R. Southon, S. Talamo, C. S. M. Turney, J. van der Plicht, C. E. Weyhenmeyer, IntCal09 and Marine09 radiocarbon age calibration curves, 0–50,000 years cal BP. Radiocarbon 51, 1111–1150 (2009).
104. S. L. Kuhn, From initial Upper Paleolithic to Ahmarian at Üçagizli cave, Turkey. Anthropologie 42, 249–262 (2004).
105. S. L. Kuhn, M. C. Stiner, K. W. Kerry, E. Güleç, The early Upper Paleolithic at Üçağızlı Cave (Hatay, Turkey): Preliminary results, in More than Meets the Eye: Studies on Upper Palaeolithic Diversity in the Near East, A. N. Goring-Morris, A. Belfer-Cohen, Eds. (Oxbow Books, 2003), pp. 106–117.
106. J. F. Ewing, Preliminary note on the excavations at the Palaeolithic site of Ksâr ‘Akil, Republic of Lebanon. Antiquity 21, 186–196 (1947).
107. J. Tixier, Fouille à Ksar ‘Aqil, Liban (1969–1974). Paléorient 2, 183–185 (1974).
108. A. E. Marks, P. Volkman, The Mousterian of Ksar Akil: Levels XXVIA through XXVIIIB. Paléorient 12, 5–20 (1986).
109. C. A. Bergman, Ksar Akil and the Upper Palaeolithic of the Levant. Paléorient 14, 201–210 (1988).
110. J. F. Ewing, A probable neanderthaloid from Ksar ‘Akil, Lebanon. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 21, 101–104 (1963).
111. M. D. Bosch, M. A. Mannino, A. L. Prendergast, T. C. O’Connell, B. Demarchi, S. M. Taylor, L. Niven, J. van der Plicht, J.-J. Hublin, Reply to Douka et al.: Critical evaluation of the Ksâr ‘Akil chronologies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 112, E7035 (2015).
112. O. Bar-Yosef, B. Vandermeersch, B. Arensburg, A. Belfer-Cohen, P. Goldberg, H. Laville, L. Meignen, Y. Rak, J. D. Speth, E. Tchernov, A.-M. Tillier, S. Weiner, G. A. Clark, A. Garrard, D. O. Henry, F. Hole, D. Roe, K. R. Rosenberg, L. A. Schepartz, J. J. Shea, F. H. Smith, E. Trinkaus, N. M. Whalen, L. Wilson, The excavations in Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel [and comments and replies]. Curr. Anthropol. 33, 497–550 (1992).
113. H. Valladas, J. L. Joron, G. Valladas, B. Arensburg, O. Bar-Yosef, A. Belfer-Cohen, P. Goldberg, H. Laville, L. Meignen, Y. Rak, E. Tchernov, A. M. Tillier, B. Vandermeersch, Thermoluminescence dates for the Neanderthal burial site at Kebara in Israel. Nature 330, 159–160 (1987).
114. S. L. Kuhn, N. Zwyns, Rethinking the initial Upper Paleolithic. Quat. Int. 347, 29–38 (2014).
115. A. J. Stutz, L. Nilsson-Stutz, T. Arpin, J. L. Clark, J. Rech, J. Robinson, Mughr el-Hamamah. Am. J. Archaeol. 116, 697–699 (2012).
116. 14C age calibration curve for the last 60 ka: The Greenland-Hulu U/Th timescale and its impact on understanding the Middle to Upper Paleolithic transition in Western Eurasia. J. Hum. Evol. 55, 772–781 (2008).