Assessing PTSD and comorbidity: Issues in differential diagnosis

Broken Spirits: The Treatment of Traumatized Asylum Seekers, Refugees and War and Torture Victims

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 81-103

  McFarlane, Alexander C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85041274306     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (49)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (1996). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
3. Andrews G. (1996). Comorbidity and the general neurotic syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168(suppl. 30), 76-84.
4. Andrews, G., & Peters, L. (1998). Psychometric properties of the CIDI. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 33, 80-88.
5. Asukai, N., Kato, H., Kawamura, N., Kim, Y., Yamamoto, K., Kishimoto, J., et al. (2002). Reliability and validity of the Japanese-language version of the impact of event scale-revised (IES-R-J): Four studies of different traumatic events. Journal Nervous Mental Disorders, 190, 175-182.
6. Basoglu, M., Paker, M., Ozmen, E., Tasdemir, O., & Sahin, D. (1994, August 3). Factors related to long-term traumatic stress responses in survivors of torture in Turkey. JAMA, 5, 357-363
7. Bayard-Burfield, L., Sundquist, J., & Johansson, S. E. (2001). Ethnicity, self reported psychiatric illness, and intake of psychotropic drugs in five ethnic groups in Sweden. Journal of Epidemiolog and Community Health, 55(9), 657-664.
8. Beiser, M., Cargo, M., & Woodbury, M. A. (1994). A comparison of psychiatric disorder in different cultures: Depressive typologies in Southeast Asian refugees and resident Canadians. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 4(3), 157-172.
9. Breslau, N. (1998). Epidemiology of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder. In R. Yehuda (Ed.), Psychological trauma (Vol. 17, pp. 1-29). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
10. Brown, G. W., Harris, T. O., & Eales, M. J. (1996). Social factors and comorbidity of depressive and anxiety disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168(suppl. 30), 50-57.
11. Burnett, A., & Peel, M. (2001). Asylum seekers and refugees in Britain: The health of survivors of torture and organised violence. British Medical Journal, 322(7286), 606-609.
12. Cao, H., McFarlane, A. C., & Klimidis, S. (2003). Prevalence of psychiatric disorder following the 1988 Yun Nan (China) earthquake - the first 5-month period. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 38(4), 204-212.
13. Chemtob, C. M., Roitblat, H. L., Hamada, R. S., Muraoka, M. Y., Carlson, J. G., & Bauer, G. B. (1999). Compelled attention: The effects of viewing trauma-related stimuli on concurrent task performance in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Trauma and Stress, 12, 309-326.
14. Creamer, M., Burgess, P., & McFarlane, A.C. (2001). Post-traumatic stress disorder: Findings from the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing. Psychological Medicine, 31 (7), 1237-1247.
15. Feinstein, A. R. (1970). The pre-therapeutic classification of comorbidity in chronic disease. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 23, 455-468.
16. Glass, A. J. (1974). Mental health programs in the armed services. In S. Arieti (Ed.), American handbook of psychiatry (pp. 800-809). New York: Basic Books.
17. Green, B. L., Lindy, J. D., Grace, M. C., & Gleser, G. C. (1989, June). Multiple diagnosis in posttraumatic stress disorder. The role of war stressors. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorder 177(6), 329-335.
18. Ignatieff, M. (1998). The warrior's honor: Ethnic war and the modern conscience. New York: Vintage.
19. Ignatieff, M. (2001). The secret war: Kosovo and beyond. New York: Vintage.
20. Hodes, M. (2000). Psychological distressed refugee children in the United Kingdom. Child Psychohggy and Psychiatry Review, 5(2), 57-68.
21. Hubbard, J., Realmuto, G. M., Northwood, A. K., & Masten, A. S. (1995). Comorbidity of psychiatric diagnoses with posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of childhood trauma. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34(9), 1167-1173.
22. Kulka, R. A., Schlenger, W. E., Fairbank, J. A., Hough, R. L., Jordan, B. K., Marmar, C. R., et al. (1990). Trauma and the Vietnam war generation: Report of the findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
23. Maser, J. D., & Cloninger, C. R. (1990). Comorbidity of anxiety and mood disorders. Washington DC: APP.
24. McFarlane, A. C. (1992). Avoidance and intrusion in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180(7), 439-445.
25. McFarlane, A. C. (2000). Ethnocultural issues. In D. Nutt, J. R. T. Davidson, & J. Zohar (Eds.), Posttraumatic stress disorder: Diagnosis, management and treatment (pp. 187-198). London: Martin Dunitz.
26. McFarlane, A. C. (2001). Dual diagnosis and treatment of PTSD. In J. Wilson, M. Friedman, & J. Lindy (Eds.), Treating psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 237-254). New York: Guilford Publications, 2001.
27. McFarlane, A. C. (2003). Early reactions to traumatic events: The diversity of diagnostic formulations. In R. Orner, & U. Schnyder (Eds.), Reconstructing early intervention after trauma: Innovations in the care of survivors (pp. 237-254). New York: Oxford University Press.
28. McFarlane, A. C., & Papay, P. (1992). Multiple diagnoses in posttraumatic stress disorder in the victims of a natural disaster. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 498-504.
29. Mghir, R., Freed, W., Raskin, A., & Katon, W. (1995, January). Depression and posttraumatic stress disorder among a community sample of adolescent and young adult Afghan refugees. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 183(1), 24-30.
30. Miller, K. E., Weine, S. M., Ramic, A., Brkic, N., Bjedic, Z. D., Smajkic, A., et al. (2002, October). The relative contribution of war experiences and exile-related stressors to levels of psychological distress among Bosnian refugees. Journal of Trauma and Stress, 15(5), 377-387.
31. Mollica, R. F., Caspi-Yavin, Y., Bollini, P., Truong, T., Tor, S., & Lavelle, J. (1992). The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire. Validating a cross-cultural instrument for measuring torture, trauma, and posttraumatic stress disorder in Indochinese refugees. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 180, 111-116.
32. Mollica, R. F., McInnes, K., Sarajlic, N., Lavelle, J., Sarajlic, I., & Massagli, M. P. (1999, August). Disability associated with psychiatric comorbidity and health status in Bosnian refugees living in Croatia. JAMA, 282(5), 433-439.
33. Peters, L., Slade, T., & Andrews, G. (1999). A comparison of ICD10 and DSM-IV criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12(2), 335-343.
34. Pejovic, M., & Jovanovic, A. (1996, April-June). Depressive disorders in refugees and war veterans from Bosnia and Croatia. Psychiatriki, 7(2), 124-129.
35. Pitman, R. K., Orr, S. P., & Shalev, A. Y. (1993). Once bitten, twice shy: Beyond the conditioning model of PTSD [editorial]. Biological Psychiatry, 33(3), 145-146.
36. Raphael, B. (1977). Preventive intervention with the recently bereaved. Archives of General Pyschiatry, 34, 1450-1454.
37. Schnyder, U., Moergeli, H., Trentz, O., Klaghofer, R., & Buddeberg, C. (2001). Prediction of psychiatric morbidity in severely injured accident victims at one-year follow-up. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, 164, 653-656.
38. Shalev, A. Y., Freedman, A., Peri, T., Brandes, D., Sahara, T., Orr, S., et al. (1998). Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 630-637.
39. Shepard, B. (2001). A war of nerves: Soldiers and psychiatrists in the 20th century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
40. Solomon, Z., Laor, N., & McFarlane, A. C. (1996). Acute posttraumatic reactions in soldiers and civilians. In B. A. van der Kolk, A. C. McFarlane, & L. Weisaeth (Eds.), Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body and society (pp. 102-114). New York: Guilford Publications.
41. Steel, Z., Silove, D., Phan, T., & Bauman, A. (2002, October). Long-term effect of psychological trauma on the mental health of Vietnamese refugees resettled in Australia: A population-based study. Lancet, 360(9339), 1056-1062.
42. Summerfield, D. (1997). The impact of war and atrocity on civilian populations. In D. Black, M. Newman, J. Harris-Hendriks, & G. Mezey (Eds.), Psychological trauma: A developmental approach (pp. 148-155). London: Gaskell.
43. Tennant, C. (1983). Life events and psychological morbidity: The evidence from prospective studies. Psychological Medicine, 13, 483-486.
44. Van Ommeren, M., Sharma, B., Sharma, G. K., Komproe, I., Cardena, E., & de Jong, J. T. (2002, October). The relationship between somatic and PTSD symptoms among Bhutanese refugee torture survivors: Examination of comorbidity with anxiety and depression. Journal of Trauma and Stress, 15(5), 415-421.
45. Vermetten, E., & Bremner, J. D. (2002). Circuits and systems in stress. II. Applications to neurobiology and treatment in posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 16(1), 14-38.
46. Watters, C. (2001, January). Emerging paradigms in the mental health care of refugees. Social Science and Medicine, 52(11), 1709-1718.
47. Weine, S. M., Razzano, L., Brkic, N., Ramic, A., Miller, K., Smajkic, A., et al. (2000, July). Profiling the trauma related symptoms of Bosnian refugees who have not sought mental health services. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188(7), 416-421.
48. Weinstein, C. S., Fucetola, R., & Mollica, R. (2001, September). Neuropsychological issues in the assessment of refugees and victims of mass violence. Neuropsychology Review, 11(3), 131-141.
49. World Health Organization. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: Author.