Non-antipsychotic catecholaminergic drugs for antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2018, Issue 1, 2018, Pages

  El Sayeh, Hany G ^a   Rathbone, John ^b   Soares Weiser, Karla ^c   Bergman, Hanna ^c  

^a HARROGATE DISTRICT HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b BOND UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c Cochrane Editorial Unit ^*  (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMANTADINE; AMPHETAMINE; APOMORPHINE; BROMOCRIPTINE; CARBIDOPA PLUS LEVODOPA; CELIPROLOL; CF 25 397; CLONIDINE; DIHYDROERGOTOXINE MESILATE; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; FUSARIC ACID; HALOPERIDOL; LISURIDE; METHYLDOPA; METOCLOPRAMIDE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OXIPEROMIDE; OXPRENOLOL; OXYPERTINE; PAPAVERINE; PINDOLOL; PLACEBO; PROPRANOLOL; RESERPINE; TETRABENAZINE; TIAPRIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; YOHIMBINE; ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR AFFECTING AGENT; ANTIPARKINSON AGENT; TIAPAMIL;

COLLAPSE; CONSTIPATION; DEPRESSION; DIARRHEA; DIZZINESS; DOPAMINE RELEASE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DYSTONIA; HEADACHE; HEARTBURN; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; HYPOTENSION; INSOMNIA; LENGTH OF STAY; MENTAL HEALTH; NAUSEA; NORADRENERGIC SYSTEM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOSIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TARDIVE DYSKINESIA; TREATMENT DURATION; TREMOR; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DYSKINESIA; META ANALYSIS;

ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITORS; ANTI-DYSKINESIA AGENTS; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; CELIPROLOL; DISEASE PROGRESSION; DOPAMINE ANTAGONISTS; DYSKINESIA, DRUG-INDUCED; HALOPERIDOL; HUMANS; METHYLDOPA; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RESERPINE; TETRABENAZINE; TIAPAMIL HYDROCHLORIDE;

EID: 85040715305     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000458.pub3     Document Type: Review

References (144)

1. Buruma OJS, Roos RAC, Bruyn GW. Tiapride in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 1982;65(1):38-44. [MEDLINE: 82155989]7475913
2. Roos RAC, Buruma OJS, Bruyn GW, Kemp B, vd Velde EA, Zelvelder WG. Tiapride in Huntington's chorea and tardive dyskinesia. A double-blind, placebo controlled crossover clinical trial [Tiaprid bij chorea van Huntington en tardieve dyskinesie. Een dubbelblind, placebo-gecontroleerd cross-overonderzoek]. Tijdschrift voor Geneesmiddelenonderzoek 1982;7(2):1234-9. 7475914
3. Chen J, Zhong X, Cao Z. A double-blind auto-control study on the effect of bromocriptine on tardive dyskinesia. Chinese Journal of Pharmaco Epiolemiology 1995;4(4):203-5. [MEDI95S5]7475916
4. Hebenstreit GF, Hoffmann H, Hoffmann W, Pittner H. Beta blockade with celiprolol in tardive dyskinesia patients treated with neuroleptics [Betablockade mit Celiprolol bei Neuroleptikabehandelten Patienten mit Tardiver Dyskinesie]. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift 1986;98(12):388-92. [MEDLINE: 86291396]7475918
5. Huang CC, Wang RIH, Hasegawa A, Alverno L. Evaluation of reserpine and alpha-methyldopa in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1980;16:41-3. 7475920
6. Huang CC, Wang RIH, Hasegawa A, Alverno L. Reserpine and alpha-methyldopa in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology 1981;73:359-62. 7475921
7. Karniol G, Giampietro AC, Moura DSP, Vilela WA, Oliveira MA, Zuardi AW. A double-blind study of the effect of L-dopa in psychotic patients with tardive dyskinesia [Estudo duplo-cego sobre a ação de L-dopa em pacientes psicóticos com discinesia tardia]. Acta Psiquiatrica y Psicologica de America Latina 1983;29:261-6. 7475923
8. Kazamatsuri H, Chien CP, Cole JO. Long-term treatment of tardive dyskinesia with haloperidol and tetrabenazine. American Journal of Psychiatry 1973;130(4):479-83. 7475925
9. Pappa S, Tsouli S, Apostolou G, Mavreas V, Konitsiotis S. Effects of amantadine on tardive dyskinesia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clinical Neuropharmacology 2010;33(6):271-5. 7475927
10. Pappa S, Tsouli S, Apostolou G, Mavreas V, Konitsiotis S. Efficacy of amantadine in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. 9th World Congress of Biological Psychiatry; 28 June-2 July 2009; Paris, France. 2009:171. 7475928
11. Pappa S, Tzouli S, Mavreas V, Konitsiotis S. Efficacy of an NMDA receptor antagonist in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Schizophrenia Research 2012;136:S358. 7475929
12. Rust M. Tiapride treatment of tardive dyskinesia due to long-term neuroleptic treatment. Semaine des Hopitaux 1984;60(30):2195-6. 7475931
13. Simpson GM, Yadalam KG, Stephanos MJ. Double-blind carbidopa-levodopa and placebo study in tardive dyskinesia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1988;8(Suppl 4):S49-51. 7475933
14. Soni SD, Freeman HL, Bamrah JS, Sampath G. Oxypertine in tardive dyskinesia: a long-term controlled study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1986;74(5):446-50. 7475935
15. Adler LA, Angrist B, Rotrosen J. Metoprolol versus propranolol. Biological Psychiatry 1990;27(6):673-5. [MEDLINE: 90212774; PMID 1969753]7475937
16. Alpert M, Friedhoff AJ, Diamond F. Use of dopamine receptor agonists to reduce dopamine receptor number as treatment for tardive dyskinesia. Advances in Neurology 1983;37:253-8. 7475939
17. Angus S, Sugars J, Boltezar R, Koskewich S, Schneider NM. A controlled trial of amantadine hydrochloride and neuroleptics in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1997;17(2):88-91. 7475941
18. Asher S, Aminoff MJ. Tetrabenazine and movement disorders. Neurology 1981;31(8):1051-4. [MEDLINE: 81271166]7475943
19. Auberger S, Greil W, Ruther E. Tiapride in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. A double-blind study. Pharmacopsychiatry 1985;18(1):61-2. [MEDLINE: 82248457; PMID 6124989]7475945
20. Greil W, Auberger S, Haag H, Ruther E. Tiapride: effects on tardive dyskinesia and on prolactin plasma concentrations. Neuropsychobiology 1985;14(1):17-22. 7475946
21. Bateman DN, Dutta DK, McClelland HA, Rawlins MD. Metoclopramide and haloperidol in tardive dyskinesia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1979;135:505-8. 7475948
22. Bateman DN, Dutta DK, McClelland HA, Rawlins MD. The effect of metoclopramide and haloperidol on tardive dyskinesia. British Journal of Pharmacology 1979;66(3):475-6. 7475949
23. Braun A, Mouradian MM, Mohr E, Fabbrini G, Chase TN. Selective D-1 dopamine receptor agonist effects in hyperkinetic extrapyramidal disorders. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1989;52(5):631-5. 7475951
24. Browne J, Silver H, Martin R, Hart R, Mergener M, Williams P. The use of clonidine in the treatment of neuroleptic induced tardive dyskinesia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1986;6(2):88-92. 7475953
25. Chien CP, Jung K, Ross-Townsend A. Efficacies of agents related to GABA, dopamine, and acetylcholine in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1978;14(2):20-2. [MEDLINE: 78179481]7475955
26. Chouza C, Romero S, Lorenzo J, Camano JL, Fontana AP, Alterwain P, et al. Clinical trial of tiapride in patients with dyskinesia. Semaine des Hopitaux 1982;58:725-33. 7475957
27. Delwaide PJ, Desseilles M. Controlled therapeutic study of spontaneous bucco-linguo-facial dyskinesias (author's translation) [Etude therapeutique controlee des dyskinesies bucco-linguo-faciales spontanees]. Semaine des Hopitaux 1979;55(35-6):1585-9. [MEDLINE: 79178844]7475959
28. Delwaide P, Hurlet A. Bromocriptine and Buccolinguofacial Dyskinesias in Patients With Senile Dementia. Archives of Neurology 1980;37(7):441-3. 7475961
29. Diehl A, Braus DF, Buchel C, Krumm B, Medori, R, Gattaz WF. Tardive dyskinesia: pergolid, a possible therapeutic option [Tardive Dyskinesien: Pergolid als mögliche therapeutische Option]. Psychiatrische Praxis 2003;30:333-7. 7475963
30. Diehl A, Dittmann RW, Gattaz W, Rubin M, Hundemer HP. Low dose pergolide in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia (td): a double blind, placebo controlled randomised cross over trial. 11th World Congress of Psychiatry; 1999 Aug 6-11; Hamburg, Germany. 1999:243. 7475964
31. Diehl A, Hundemer HP, Rubin M, Dittmann RW, Gattaz W. Low-dose pergolide in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia (TD): a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized cross-over trial. Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999:S359. [MEDLINE: 21040493]7475965
32. DiMascio A, Bernardo DL, Greenblatt DJ, Marder JE. A controlled trial of amantadine in drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 1976;33(5):599-602. [MEDLINE: 76183605]7475967
33. DiMascio A, Bernardo DL, Greenblatt DJ, Marder JE. A controlled trial of amantadine in drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1977;13(3):31-3. 7475968
34. Doongaji DR, Jeste DV, Jape NM. Effects of intravenous metoclopramide in 81 patients with tardive dyskinesia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1982;2(6):376-9. 7475970
35. Fahn S. Long term treatment of tardive dyskinesia with presynaptically acting dopamine-depleting agents. In: Fahn S, Calne DB, Shoalson I editor(s). Advances in Neurology: Experimental Therapeutics of Movement Disorders. New York: Raven Press, 1983:267-76. 7475972
36. Fann WE, Lake CR. Amantadine versus trihexyphenidyl in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism. American Journal of Psychiatry 1976;133(8):940-3. 7475974
37. Ferrari P, Robotti E, Nardini M. Experimental design of a pilot study on amantadine in the extrapyramidal syndrome induced by neuroleptic drugs [Disegno sperimentale di uno studio pilota sull'amantadina nella sindrome extrapiramidale da farmaci neurolettici]. Bollettino Chimico Farmaceutico 1972;111(10):610-5. [MEDLINE: 73069847]7475976
38. Freeman HL, Soni SD, Carpenter L. A controlled trial of oxypertine in tardive dyskinesia. International Pharmacopsychiatry 1980;15(5):281-91. [MEDLINE: 81263210]7475978
39. Gardos G, Granacher RP, Cole JO, Sniffin C. The effects of papaverine in tardive dyskinesia. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 1979;3(5-6):543-50. 7475980
40. Gerlach J. The relationship betwen parkisonism and tardive dyskinesia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1977;134(7):781-4. 7475983
41. Gerlach J, Thorsen K. The movement pattern of oral tardive dyskinesia in relation to anticholinergic and antidopaminergic treatment. Internal Pharmacopsychiatry 1976;11(1):1-7. 7475982
42. Glover O. Alternative treatment modalities for drug induced psychomotor dysfunctions. PhD dissertation submitted to the Wright Institute 1980:150. 7475985
43. Godwin Austen RB, Clarke T. Persistant phenothiazine dyskinesia treated with tetrabenazine. British Medical Journal 1971;4:25-6. 7475987
44. Goff DC, Renshaw PF, Sarid-Segal O, Dreyfuss DA, Amico ET, Ciraulo DA. A placebo-controlled trial of selegiline (L-deprenyl) in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Biological Psychiatry 1993;33(10):700-6. 7475989
45. Greendyke RM, Webster JC, Kim J, Kim H. Lack of efficacy of pindolol in tardive dyskinesia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1988;145(10):1318-9. 7475991
46. Gutierrez M, Alpert M, Guimon J, Friedhoff AJ, Veramendi V. Controlled study on the possibilities of L-dopa in the residual extrapyramidal syndrome caused by neuroleptics [Un estudio controlado sobre las posibilidades de la L-dopa en el sindrome extrapiramidal residual producido por los neurolepticos]. Actas Luso Espanolas de Neurologia Psiquiatria y Ciencias Afines 1979;7(3):181-8. [MEDLINE: 86065776]7475993
47. Hemnani TJ, Dashputra PG, Sarda RN. Metoclopramide in tardive dyskinesia. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 1982;14(4):309-12. 7475996
48. Hemnani TJ, Dashputra PG, Sarda RN. Metoclopramide in tardive dyskinesia. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 1983;25(2):134-7. 7475995
49. Jankovic J. Treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders with tetrabenazine: a double-blind crossover study. Annals of Neurology 1982;11(1):41-7. 7475998
50. Jeste DV, Cutler NR, Kaufman CA, Karoum F. Low-dose apomorphine and bromocriptine in neuroleptic-induced movement disorders. Biological Psychiatry 1983;18(9):1085-91. 7476000
51. Kazamatsuri H, Chien C, Cole JO. Treatment of tardive dyskinesia. I. Clinical efficacy of a dopamine-depleting agent, tetrabenazine. Archives of General Psychiatry 1972;27(1):95-9. 7476002
52. Konig P, Chwatal K, Havelec L, Riedl F, Schubert H, Schultes H. Amantadine versus biperiden - a double-blind study of treatment efficacy in neuroleptic extrapyramidal movement disorders. Neuropsychobiology 1996;33(2):80-4. [MEDLINE: 8927233]7476004
53. Leblhuber F. Treatment of permanent tardive dyskinesia with tiapride, a selective D2-receptor blocking agent. Clinical Neuropharmacology 1987;10(5):458-61. 7476006
54. Levy MI, Davis BM, Mohs RC, Kendler KS, Mathe AA, Trigos G, et al. Apomorphine and schizophrenia. Treatment, CSF, and neuroendocrine responses. Archives of General Psychiatry 1984;41(5):520-4. 7476008
55. Lieberman J, Pollack S, Lesser M, Kane J. Pharmacologic characterization of tardive dyskinesia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1988;8(4):254-60. 7476010
56. Lieberman JA, Alvir J, Mukherjee S, Kane JM. Treatment of tardive dyskinesia with bromocriptine. A test of the receptor modification strategy. Archives of General Psychiatry 1989;46(10):908-13. 7476012
57. Perovich RM, Lieberman JA, Fleischhacker WW, Alvir J. The behavioral toxicity of bromocriptine in patients with psychiatric illness. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1989;9(6):417-22. 7476013
58. Ludatscher JI. Stable remission of tardive dyskinesia by L-dopa. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1989;9(1):39-41. 7476015
59. Nasrallah HA, Dunner FJ, McCalley-Whitters M, Smith RE. Pharmacologic probes of neurotransmitter systems in tardive dyskinesia: Implications for clinical management. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1986;47(2):56-9. 7476017
60. NCT00310661. A dual-centre, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study to determine the effects of various adjunctive doses of sarizotan in the treatment of patients with neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia. www.ClinicalTrials.gov (accessed on 29 May 2016). 7476019
61. NCT00845000. Acute effects of SCH 420814 on dyskinesia and Parkinsonism in levodopa treated patients. www.ClinicalTrials.gov (accessed on 29 May 2016). 7476021
62. O'Suilleabhain P, Dewey RB. A randomized trial of amantadine in Huntington disease. Archives of Neurology 2003;60(7):996-8. 7476023
63. Reker D, Anderson B, Yackulic C. Naloxone, tardive dyskinesia, and endogenous beta-endorphin. Psychiatry Research 1982;7(3):321-4. 7476025
64. Ringwald E. Dopamine-receptor stimulators and neuroleptic-induced dyskinesia (author's transl). Pharmakopsychiatrie und Neuropsychopharmakologie 1978;11:294-8. 7476027
65. Rondot P, Bathien N. Movement disorders in patients with coexistent neuroleptic-induced tremor and tardive dyskinesia: EMG and pharmacological study. Advances in Neurology 1987;45:361-6. [MEDLINE: 87152665; PMID 2881446]7476029
66. Silver H, Geraisy N, Schwartz M. No difference in the effect of biperiden and amantadine on Parkisonian- and tardive dyskinesia-type involuntary movements: a double-blind crossover, placebo-controlled study in medicated chronic schizophrenic patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1995;56(4):167-70. 7476031
67. Silver H, Geraisy N, Schwartz M. No difference in the effect of biperiden and amantadine on parkinsonian- and tardive dyskinesia-type involuntary movements: A double- blind crossover, PLACEBO-controlled study in medicated chronic schizophrenic patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1995;56(9):435. 7476032
68. Smith RC, Tamminga CA, Haraszti J, Pandey GN, Davis JM. Effects of dopamine agonists in tardive dyskinesia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1977;134(7):763-8. 7476034
69. Stearns AI, Sambunaris A, Elkashef AM, Issa F, Egan MF, Wyatt RJ. Selegiline for negative symptoms and tardive dyskinesia. Proceedings of the 149th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 1996 May 4-9; New York, USA. American Psychiatric Association, 1996. 7476036
70. Tamminga CA, Chase TN. Bromocriptine and CF 25-397 in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Archives of Neurology 1980;37(4):204-5. 7476038
71. Viukari M, Linnoila M. Effect of methyldopa on tardive dyskinesia in psychogeriatric patients. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental 1975;18(3):417-24. 7476040
72. Alabed S, Latifeh Y, Mohammad HA, Rifai A. Gamma-aminobutyric acid agonists for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000203.pub3]
73. Altman DG, Bland JM. Detecting skewness from summary information. BMJ 1996;313(7066):1200.
74. Tardive dyskinesia: a task force report of the American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association. Washington DC, 1992.
75. Armitage P. Should we cross off the crossover?. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1991;32:1-2.
76. Ascher-Svanum H, Zhu B, Faries D, Peng X, Kinon BJ, Tohen M. Tardive dyskinesia and the 3-year course of schizophrenia: results from a large, prospective, naturalistic study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2008;69(10):1580-8.
77. Ballesteros J, Gonzalez-Pinto A, Bulbena A. Tardive dyskinesia associated with higher mortality in psychiatric patients: results of a meta-analysis of seven independent studies. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2000;20(2):188-94.
78. Barnes TRE, Edwards JG. The side-effects of antipsychotic drugs. I. CNS and neuromuscular effects. In: Barnes TRE editor(s). Antipsychotic drugs and their side-effects. London: Academic Press. Harcourt Brace & Company, Publishers, 1993.
79. Begg C, Cho M, Eastwood S, Horton R, Moher D, Olkin I, et al. Improving the quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials. The CONSORT statement. JAMA 1996;276(8):637-9. [PUBMED: 8773637]
80. Bergen JA, Eyland EA, Campbell JA. The course of tardive dyskinesia in patients on long-term neuroleptics. British Journal of Psychiatry 1989;154:523-8.
81. Bergman H, Walker DM, Nikolakopoulou A, Soares-Weiser K, Adams CE. Systematic review of interventions for treating or preventing antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Health Technol Assess 2017 Aug;21(43):1-218.
82. Bhoopathi PS, Soares-Weiser K. Benzodiazepines for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000205.pub2]
83. Bland JM. Statistics notes. Trials randomised in clusters. BMJ 1997;315:600.
84. Boissel JP, Cucherat M, Li W, Chatellier G, Gueyffier F, Buyse M, et al. The problem of therapeutic efficacy indices. 3. Comparison of the indices and their use [Apercu sur la problematique des indices d'efficacite therapeutique, 3: comparaison des indices et utilisation. Groupe d'Etude des Indices D'efficacite]. Therapie 1999;54(4):405-11. [PUBMED: 10667106]
85. Browne J, Silver H, Martin R, Hart R, Mergener M, Willians P. The use of clonidine in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1986;6(2):88-92.
86. Cadet JL, Lohr JB. Possible involvement of free radical in neuroleptic-induced movement disorders. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1989;570:176-185.
87. Casey DE. Tardive dyskinesia: pathophysiology. In: Bloom FE, Kupfer DJ editor(s). Psychopharmacology. The Fourth Generation of Progress. New York: Raven Press, 1994.
88. Cavallaro R, Regazzetti MG, Mundo E, Brancato V, Smeraldi E. Tardive Dyskinesia Outcomes: Clinical and Pharmacologic Correlates of Remission and persistence. Neuropsychopharmacology 1993;8(3):233-9.
89. Chong SA, Tay JA, Subramaniam M, Pek E, Machin D. Mortality rates among patients with schizophrenia and tardive dyskinesia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2009;29:5-8.
90. Chouinard G, Chouinard VA. Atypical antipsychotics: CATIE study, drug-induced movement disorder and resulting iatrogenic psychiatric-like symptoms, supersensitivity rebound psychosis and withdrawal discontinuation syndromes. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2008;77(2):69-77.
91. Cloud LJ, Zutshi D, Factor SA. Tardive Dyskinesia: Therapeutic Options for an Increasingly Common Disorder. Neurotherapeutics 2014;11:166-176.
92. Correll CU, Leucht S, Kane JM. Lower risk for tardive dyskinesia associated with second-generation antipsychotics: a systematic review of 1-year studies. American Journal of Psychiatry 2004;161(3):414-25.
93. Correll CU, Schenka EM. Tardive dyskinesia and new antipsychotics. Current Opinion in Psychiatry 2008;21:151-6.
94. Deeks J. Issues in the selection for meta-analyses of binary data. Proceedings of the 8th International Cochrane Colloquium; 2000 Oct 25-28; Cape Town. Cape Town: The Cochrane Collaboration, 2000.
95. Divine GW, Brown JT, Frazier LM. The unit of analysis error in studies about physicians' patient care behavior. Journal of General Internal Medicine 1992;7(6):623-9.
96. Donner A, Klar N. Issues in the meta-analysis of cluster randomized trials. Statistics in Medicine 2002;21(19):2971-80.
97. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 1997;315:629-34.
98. Elbourne D, Altman DG, Higgins JPT, Curtina F, Worthingtond HV, Vaile A. Meta-analyses involving cross-over trials: methodological issues. International Journal of Epidemiology 2002;31(1):140-9.
99. Essali A, Deirawan H, Soares-Weiser K, Adams CE. Calcium channel blockers for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 11. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000206.pub3]
100. Fernandez HH, Krupp B, Friedman JH. The course of tardive dyskinesia and parkinsonism in psychiatric inpatients: 14-year follow-up. Neurology 2001;56:805-7.
101. Fleiss JL. The crossover study. The Design and Analysis of Clinical Experiments. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1984.
102. Friedhoff AJ. Receptor sensitivity modification (RSM): a new paradigm for the potential treatment of some hormonal and transmitter disturbances. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1977;18(4):309-17.
103. Furukawa TA, Barbui C, Cipriani A, Brambilla P, Watanabe N. Imputing missing standard deviations in meta-analyses can provide accurate results. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2006;59(7):7-10.
104. Glazer WM, Morgenstern H, Schooler N, Berkman CS, Moore DC. Predictors of improvement in tardive dyskinesia following discontinuation of neuroleptic medication. British Journal of Psychiatry 1990;157(4):585-92.
105. Glazer WM. Review of incidence studies of tardive dyskinesia associated with typical antipsychotics. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2000;61(suppl 4):15-20.
106. Gulliford MC. Components of variance and intraclass correlations for the design of community-based surveys and intervention studies: data from the Health Survey for England 1994. American Journal of Epidemiology 1999;149:876-83.
107. Guy W, Bonato RR, eds. Clinical Global Impressions. Manual for the ECDEU Assessment Battery 2. Rev ed. National Institute of Mental Health, 1970.
108. Guy W. ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology. Revised Edition. Washington, DC: Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1976.
109. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327(7414):557-60.
110. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from handbook.cochrane.org.
111. Jadad A, Moore A, Carroll D, Jenkinson C, Reynolds DJM, Gavanagh DJ, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary?. Controlled Clinical Trials 1996;17(1):1-12.
112. Jeste DV, Lohr JB, Clark K, Wyatt RJ. Pharmacological treatments of tardive dyskinesia in the 1980s. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1988;8(4):49S.
113. Jeste DV. Tardive dyskinesia in older patients. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2000;61(suppl 4):27-32.
114. Juoni P, Altman DG, Egger M. Systematic reviews in health care: assessing the quality of controlled clinical trials. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2001;323(7303):42-6. [PUBMED: 11440947]
115. Kane JM, Smith JM. Tardive dyskinesia: prevalence and risk factors, 1959 to 1979. Archives of General Psychiatry 1982;39(4):473-81.
116. Kay SR, Opler LA, Fiszbein A. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) Manual. North Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems, 1986.
117. Leon AC, Mallinckrodt CH, Chuang-Stein C, Archibald DG, Archer GE, Chartier K. Attrition in randomized controlled clinical trials: methodological issues in psychopharmacology. Biological Psychiatry 2006;59(11):1001-5. [PUBMED: 16905632]
118. Leucht S, Kane JM, Kissling W, Hamann J, Etschel E, Engel RR. What does the PANSS mean?. Schizophrenia Research 2005;79(2-3):231-8. [PUBMED: 15982856]
119. Leucht S, Kane JM, Kissling W, Hamann J, Etschel E, Engel R. Clinical implications of brief psychiatric rating scale scores. British Journal of Psychiatry 2005;187:366-71. [PUBMED: 16199797]
120. Lieberman JA, Fleishhacker W. Introduction. British Journal of Psychiatry 1996;168(Supplement 29):7-8.
121. Maher AR, Theodore G. Summary of the comparative effectiveness review on off-label use of atypical antipsychotics. Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy 2012;18(5 Suppl B):S1-20.
122. Marshall M, Lockwood A, Bradley C, Adams C, Joy C, Fenton M. Unpublished rating scales: a major source of bias in randomised controlled trials of treatments for schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 2000;176:249-52.
123. Martins ES, Rosso A, Coutinho E, Adams C, Huf G. Prevalence of tardive dyskinesia and all-cause mortality amongst patients in a large psychiatirc institute in Rio de Janeiro. Revista de Psiquiatria Clínica 2011;38:44.
124. Moher D, Schulz KF, Altman D. The CONSORT Statement: Revised Recommendations for Improving the Quality of Reports of Parallel-Group Randomised Trials. Journal of the American Medical Association 2001;285(15):1987-91.
125. NICE. Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: treatment and management. NICE clinical guideline 178 (guidance.nice.org.uk/cg178) 2014.
126. Overall JE, Gorham DR. The brief psychiatric rating scale. Psychological Reports 1962;10:799-812.
127. Pocock SJ. Crossover trials. Clinical trials. A practical approach. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1983.
128. Sachdev P. The Current Status of Tardive Dyskinesia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 2000;34(3):335-69.
129. Schooler NR, Keith SJ. Clinical research for the treatment of schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1993;29:431-46.
130. Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Hayes RJ, Altman DG. Empirical evidence of bias: dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. JAMA 1995;273(5):408-12.
131. Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Higgins JPT, Deeks JJ, Glasziou P, et al. Chapter 12: Interpreting results and drawing conclusions. In Higgins JPT, Green S (editors), Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
132. Smith JM, Balessarini RJ. Changes in prevalence, severity and recovery in tardive dyskinesia with age. Archives of General Psychiatry 1980;37:1368-73.
133. Soares-Weiser K, Mobsy C, Holliday E. Anticholinergic medication for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1997, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000204]
134. Soares-Weiser K, Joy C. Miscellaneous treatments for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000208]
135. Soares-Weiser K, Rathbone J. Neuroleptic reduction and/or cessation and neuroleptics as specific treatments for tardive dyskinesia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000459.pub2]
136. Soares-Weiser K, Maayan N, McGrath J. Vitamin E for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000209.pub2]
137. Tammenmaa I, McGrath J, Sailas E, Soares-Weiser K. Cholinergic medication for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2002, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000207]
138. Tarsy D, Lungu C, Baldessarini RJ. Epidemiology of tardive dyskinesia before and during the era of modern antipsychotic drugs. Handbook of Clinical Neurology / Edited by P.J. Vinken and G.W. Bruyn 2011;100:601-16.
139. Taylor D, Paton C, Kapur S. The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines (10th Edition). London: Informa Healthcare, 2009.
140. Tetreault L, Bordeleau JM, Albert JM, Rajotte P. Comparative study of fluphenazine ethanate, fluphenazine bichlorhydrate and placebos in chronic schizophrenics [Etude comparative de l'enanthate de fluphenazine, du bichlorhydrate de fluphenazine et du placebo chez le schizophrene chronique]. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal 1969;14(2):191-8.
141. Turjanski N, Lloyd GG. Psychiatric side-effects of medications: recent developments. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 2005;11(1):58-70.
142. Ukoumunne OC, Gulliford MC, Chinn S, Sterne JAC, Burney PGJ. Methods for evaluating area-wide and organistation-based intervention in health and health care: a systematic review. Health Technology Assessment 1999;3(5):1-75.
143. Xia J, Adams CE, Bhagat N, Bhagat V, Bhoopathi P, El-Sayeh H, et al. Loss to outcomes stakeholder survey: the LOSS study. Psychiatric Bulletin 2009;33(7):254-7.
144. El-Sayeh HG, Lyra da Silva JP, Rathbone J, Soares-Weiser K. Non-neuroleptic catecholaminergic drugs for neuroleptic-induced tardive dyskinesia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000458.pub2]