200 years of amphibian water economy: From robert townson to the present

Biological Reviews

Volumn 72, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 153-237

  JØrgensen, C Barker ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Amphibian water economy; Robert Townson

Indexed keywords

EID: 85040424410     PISSN: 14647931     EISSN: 1469185X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1997.tb00013.x     Document Type: Article

References (402)

1. Aceves, J., Erlij, D. & Wittemburry, G. (1970). The role of the urinary bladder in the water balance of Ambystoma mexicanum. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 33, 39-42.
2. Adami, J. G. (1885). On the nature of glomerular activity in the kidney. Journal of Physiology 6, 382-436.
3. Adolph, E. F. (1925). The passage of water through the skin of the frog, and the relation between diffusion and permeability. American Journal of Physiology 73, 85-105.
4. Adolph, E. F. (1927a). The skin and the kidneys as regulators of the body volume of frogs. Journal of Experimental Zoology 47, 1-30.
5. Adolph, E. F. (1927b). The excretion of water by the kidneys of frogs. American Journal of Physiology 81, 315-324.
6. Adolph, E. F. (1929). How the skin equilibrates the water content and the osmotic pressure of frogs. American Journal of Physiology 90, 260 (Abstr.).
7. Adolph, E. F. (1930). Living water. Quarterly Review of Biology 5, 51-67.
8. Adolph, E. F. (1932). The vapor tension relations of frogs. Biological Bulletin 62, 112-125.
9. Adolph, E. F. (1933). Exchanges of water in the frog. Biological Reviews 8, 224-240.
10. Adolph, E. F. (1934). Influences of the nervous system on the intake and excretion of water by the frog. Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 5, 123-139.
11. Adolph, E. F. (1935). Oxygen tension and urine production in frogs. American Journal of Physiology 111, 75-82.
12. Adolph, E. F. (1936a). Epinephrine and urine formation in the frog. American Journal of Physiology 115, 200-209.
13. Adolph, E. F. (1936b). Control of urine formation in the frog by the renal circulation. American Journal of Physiology 117, 366-379.
14. Adolph, E. F. (1939). Variations de la teneur en eau chez la Grenouille. Annales de physique biologique et médicale 15, 253-267.
15. Adolph, E. F. (1943). Physiological Regulations. Lancaster: Cattell Press.
16. Adolph, E. F. & Adolph, P. E. (1925). The regulation of body volume in fresh-water organisms. Journal of Experimental Zoology 43, 105-149.
17. Allee, W. C. (1931). Animal Aggregations. A Study in General Sociology. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
18. Alvarado, R. H. (1967). The significance of grouping on water conservation in Ambystoma. Copeia 1967, 667-668.
19. Alvarado, R. H. (1972). The effects of dehydration on water and electrolytes in Ambystoma tigrinum. Physiological Zoology 45, 43-53.
20. Alvarado, R. H. (1979). Amphibians. In Comparative Physiology of Osmoregulation in Animals (ed. G. M. O. Maloiy), vol. 1, pp. 261-303. London: Academic Press.
21. Angerer, C. A. & Angerer, H. H. (1949). The rate and total loss of body water on the survival time of adrenalectomized frogs. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicin 71, 661-665.
22. Ardell, J. & Thorson, T. B. (1962). Seasonal differences in the effects of pituitrin on evaporative water loss in the frog, Rana pipiens. American Zoologist 2, 388 (Abstr.).
23. Backman, E. L. & Sundberg, C. G. (1912). Das Verhalten der Amphibien in verschieden konzentrierten Lösungen. Pflüger's Archiv 148, 396-440.
24. Baldwin, R. A. (1974). The water balance response of the pelvic “patch” of Bufo punctatus and Bufo boreas. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 47A, 1285-1295.
25. Bayliss, W. M. (1908). Über die Permeabilität der Froschhaut mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Wirkung von Kaliumionen und der Frage der irreciproken Durchlässigkeit. Biochemische Zeitschrift 11, 226-237.
26. Bell, T. (1836). Amphibia. In The Cyclopœdia of Anatomy and Physiology (ed. R. B. Tod), vol. 1, pp. 90-107. London: Sherwood, Gilbert, & Piper.
27. Bentley, P. J. (1958). The effects of neurohypophysial extracts on water transfer across the wall of the isolated urinary bladder of the toad Bufo marinus. Journal of Endocrinology 17, 201-209.
28. Bentley, P. J. (1966a). The physiology of the urinary bladder of Amphibia. Biological Reviews 41, 275-316.
29. Bentley, P. J. (1966b). Adaptations of amphibia to arid environments. Science 152, 619-623.
30. Bentley, P. J. (1971). Endocrines and Osmoregulation: A Comparative Account of the Regulation of Water and Salt in Vertebrates. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
31. Bentley, P. J. (1973). Osmoregulation in the aquatic urodeles Amphiuma means (the Congo Eel) and Siren lacertina (the Mud Eel). Effects of vasotocin. General and Comparative Endocrinology 20, 386-391.
32. Bentley, P. J. (1974). Actions of neurohypophysial peptides in amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Handbook of Physiology - Endocrinology IV, Part 1, pp. 545-563.
33. Bentley, P. J. & Heller, H. (1964). The action of neurohypophysial hormones in the water and sodium metabolism of urodele amphibians. Journal of Physiology (London) 171, 434-453.
34. Bentley, P. J. & Heller, H. (1965). The water-retaining action of vasotocin on the fire salamander (Salamandra maculosa): The role of the urinary bladder. Journal of Physiology (London) 181, 124-129.
35. Bentley, P. J. & Main, A. R. (1972). Zonal differences in permeability of the skin of some anuran Amphibia. American Journal of Physiology 223, 361-363.
36. Bentley, P. J. & Yorio, T. (1979). Do frogs drink Journal of Experimental Biology 79, 41-46.
37. Bentley, P. J., Lee, A. K. & Main, A. R. (1958). Comparison of dehydration of two genera of frogs (Heleioporus and Neobatrachus) that live in areas of varying aridity. Journal of Experimental Biology 35, 677-684.
38. Bernard, Cl. (1957). An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine. Trans. H. Copley Greene. New York: Dover Publications.
39. Bert, P. (1871ab). Sur les phénomènes et les causes de la mort des animaux d'eau douce que l'on plonge dans l'eau de mer. Comptes rendus de l'Academic des Sciences, Paris 73, 382-385. 464-467.
40. Bert, P. (1883). Sur la cause de la mort des animaux l'eau douce qu'on plonge dans l'eau de mer et réciproquement. Comptes rendus de l'Academic des Sciences, Paris 97, 133-136.
41. Blaylock, L. A., Ruibal, R. & Platt-Aloia, K. (1976). Skin structure and wiping behaviour of phyllomedusine frogs. Copeia 1976, 283-295.
42. Bostock, J. (1836). Absorption. In The Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology (ed. R. B. Todd), vol. 1, pp. 20-35. London: Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper.
43. Botazzi, F. (1897). La pression osmotique du sang des animaux marins. Archives italiennes de biologic 28, 61-72.
44. Botazzi, F. (1907). Die Regulation des osmotischen Druckes im tierischen Organismus. In Physikalische Chemie und Medizin (ed. A. V. Korány and P. F. Richter), vol. 1, pp. 475-575. Leipzig: Thime.
45. Boutilier, R. G., Stifler, D. F. & Toews, D. P. (1992). Exchange of respiratory gases, ions, and water in amphibious and aquatic amphibians. In Environmental Physiology of Amphibians (ed. M. E. Feder and W. W. Burggren), pp. 81-124. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
46. Boyd, E. M. & Whyte, D. W. (1938). The effect of extract of the posterior hypophysis on the loss of water by frogs in a dry environment. American Journal of Physiology 124, 759-766.
47. Bradford, D. F. (1984). Water and osmotic balance in overwintering tadpoles and frogs, Rana muscosa. Physiological Zoology 57, 474-480.
48. Brattstrom, B. H. (1963). A preliminary review of the thermal requirements of amphibians. Ecology 44, 238-255.
49. Brattstrom, B. H. (1979). Amphibian temperature regulation studies in the field and laboratory. American Zoologist 19, 345-356.
50. Braun, R. (1951). Beiträge zur Kenntnis vom Wasserhaushalt des Frosches. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologic 33, 266-300.
51. Brekke, D. R., Hillyard, S. D. & Winokur, R. M. (1991). Behavior associated with the water absorption response by the toad, Bufo punctatus. Copeia 1991, 393-401.
52. Brown, P. S., Hastings, S. A. & Frye, B. E. (1977). A comparison of water-balance response in five species of plethodontid salamanders. Physiological Zoology 50, 202-214.
53. Brown, S. C. & Brown, P. S. (1980). Water balance in the California newt, Taricha torosa. American Journal of Physiology 238, R113-R118.
54. Brunn, F. (1921). Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Wirkung von Hypophysenextrakten auf den Wasserhaushalt des Frosches. Zeitschrift für die gesammte experimentelle Medizin 25, 120-125.
55. Buckland, W. (1831). On the vitality of toads enclosed in stone and wood. Zoological Journal 5, 314-320.
56. Buckland, W. (1832a). On the vitality of toads enclosed in stone and wood. The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal 13, 26-32.
57. Buckland, W. (1832b). Ueber die Lebensfähigkeit der in Stein und Holz eingeschlossenen Kröten. Notizen aus dem Gebiete der Natur- und Heilkunde 34, 323-326.
58. Bundy, D. & Tracy, C. R. (1977). Behavioural response of American toads (Bufo americanus) to stressful thermal and hydric environments. Herpetologica 33, 455-458.
59. Buttemer, W. A. (1990). Effect of temperature on evaporative water loss of the Australian tree frogs Litoria caerulea and Litoria chloris. Physiological Zoology 63, 1043-1057.
60. Capraro, V. & Marro, F. (1963). The net passage of water through the isolated skin of Rana esculenta in the absence of apparent osmotic gradient. Archives italiennes de biologic 101, 161-173.
61. Carpenter, C. C. & Gillingham, J. C. (1987). Water hole fidelity in the marine toad, Bufo marinus. Journal of Herpetology 21, 158-161.
62. Carpenter, W. B. (1851). Principles of Physiology, General and Comparative. Third Edition. London: Churchill.
63. Carus, C. G. (1818). Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Zootomie, I-II. Leipzig.
64. Carus, C. G. (1834). Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Zootomie, I-II. Leipzig.
65. Carus, C. G. (1827). An Introduction to the Comparative Anatomy of Animals. Translated by R. T. Gore, 2 vols. London: Longman.
66. Cei, J. M. (1980). Amphibians of Argentine. Monitore zoologica italiano. Monograph 2, pp. 1-609.
67. Chew, R. M. (1961). Water metabolism of desert-inhabiting vertebrates. Biological Reviews 36, 1-31.
68. Christian, K., Parry, D. & Green, B. (1988). Water loss and an extraepidermal lipid barrier in the Australian treefrog Litoria caerulea. American Zoologist 28, 17A.
69. Christensen, C. U. (1974a). Adaptations in the water economy of some anuran amphibia. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 47A, 1035-1049.
70. Christensen, C. U. (1974b). Effect of arterial perfusion on the net water flux and active sodium transport across the isolated skin of Bufo bufo bufo (L.). Journal of Comparative Physiology 93, 93-104.
71. Christensen, C. U. & Jorgensen, C. B. (1972). Role of pars distalis and pars nervosa of the hypophysis in the water economy of the toad Bufo bufo bufo (L.). General and Comparative Endocrinology 18, 169-174.
72. Claussen, D. L. (1969). Studies on the water loss and rehydration in anurans. Physiological Zoology 42, 1-14.
73. Claussen, D. L. (1973). The water relations of the tailed frog, Ascaphus truei, and the Pacific treefrog, Hyla regilla. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 44A, 155-171.
74. Cohen, N. W. (1952). Comparative rates of dehydration and hydration in some California salamanders. Ecology 33, 462-479.
75. Cree, A. (1985). Water balance of New Zealand's native frogs (Anura: Leiopelmatidae). In Biology of Australasian Frogs and Reptiles (ed. G. Grigg, R. Shine and H. Ehmann), pp. 361-371. New South Wales: Surrey Beatty & Sons.
76. Cree, A. (1988). Water balance responses of the hylid frog Litoria aurea. Journal of Experimental Zoology 247, 119-125.
77. Cree, A. (1989). Relationship between environmental conditions and nocturnal activity of the terrestrial frog, Leiopelma archeyi. Journal of Herpetology 23, 61-68.
78. Curran, P. F. & Solomon, A. K. (1957). Ion and water fluxes in the ileum of rats. Journal of Physiology 41, 143-168.
79. Czopek, J. (1965). Quantitative studies on the morphology of respiratory surfaces in amphibians. Acta anatomica 62, 296-323.
80. Darwin, Ch. (1905). The Voyage of a Naturalist Round the World in H.M.S. Beagle. London: George Routledge.
81. Darwin, Ch. (1989). Voyage of the Beagle. London: Penguin Books.
82. Davy, J. (1821). An account of the urinary organs and urine of two species of the genus Rana. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London 1821, Part 1, 95-100.
83. De Almeida, M. O. (1926). Sur les effets de la déshydration des Batraciens produite par la ventilation. Journal de physiologic et pathologic générale 24, 243-249.
84. Degani, G. & Warburg, M. R. (1978). Population structure and seasonal activity of the adult Salamandra salamandra (L.) (Amphibia, Urodela, Salamandridae) in Israel. Journal of Herpetology 12, 437-444.
85. De Haan, J. (1927). Schwankungen in Blut und Gewebeflüssigkeit bei Sommer- und Winterfröschen. Biologia generalis 3, 1-14.
86. Demarest, J. R. (1984). Ion and water transport by the flounder urinary bladder: Salinity dependence. American Journal of Physiology 246, F395-F401.
87. De Sousa, R. C. & Grosso, A. (1981). On water transport and amphibian epithelia. In Membranes, Molecules, Toxins, and Cells (ed. K., Block, L. Bolis and D. C. Tosteson), pp. 255-269. Boston: John Wright PSG Inc.
88. De Sousa, R. C. & Grosso, A. (1982). Osmotic water flow across the abdominal skin of the toad Bufo marinus: Effect of vasopressin and isoprenaline. Journal of Physiology, London 329, 281-296.
89. Deyrup, I. J. (1964). Water balance and kidney. In Physiology of the Amphibia (ed. J. A. Moore), pp. 251-328. New York: Academic Press.
90. Diamond, J. M. (1964a). Transport of salt and water in rabbit and guinea pig gallbladder. Journal of General Physiology 48, 1-14.
91. Diamond, J. M. (1964b). The mechanism of isotonic water transport. Journal of General Physiology 48, 15-42.
92. Diamond, J. M. (1979). Osmotic water flow in leaky epithelia. Journal of Membrane Biology 51, 195-216.
93. Dobkin, D. S., Gettinger, R. D. & O'Connor, M. P. (1989). Importance of retreat site for hydration state in Bufo marinus during a dry rainy season. American Zoologist 29, 88A.
94. Dole, J. W. (1967). The role of substrate moisture and dew in the water economy of leopard frogs, Rana pipiens. Copeia 1967, 141-148.
95. Drewes, R. C., Hillman, S. S., Putnam, R. W. & Sokol, O. M. (1977). Water, nitrogen, and ion balance in the African treefrog Chiromantis petersi, with comments on the structure of the integument. Journal of Comparative Physiology 116B, 257-267.
96. Du Bois-Reymond, E. (184880). Untersuchungen über die tierische Elektricität I-II. Berlin: G. Reimer.
97. Duellman, W. E. & Trueb, L. (1986). Biology of Amphibians. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
98. Duges, A. (1827). Recherches anatomiques et physiologiques sur la déglutination dans les Reptiles. Annales des sciences naturelles 12, 337-395.
99. Dumas, P. C. (1966). Studies of the Rana species complex in the Pacific North West. Copeia 1966, 60-74.
100. Dumeril, A. M. C. (1840). Notice historique sur les découvertes faites dans les sciences d'observation par l'étude de l'organisation des Grenouilles. Annales des sciences naturelles. Zoologie, 2. sér, 13, 65-75.
101. Duméril, A. M. C. & Bibron, G. (183441). Erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des Reptiles I-VIII. Paris.
102. Durig, A. (1901). Wassergehalt und Organfunktion. Pflüger's Archiv 85, 401-504.
103. Dutrochet, H. (1839). Endosmosis. In The Cyclopœdia of Anatomy and Physiology (ed. R. B. Todd), vol. 2, pp. 98-111. London: Sherwood, Gilbert & Piper.
104. Edwards, W. F. (1824). De l'influence des agens physiques sur la vie. Paris: Crochard.
105. Eggena, P. (1987). Hydroosmotic responses to short pulses of vasotocin by toad bladder. American Journal of Physiology 252, E705-E711.
106. Elliott, A. B. & Chew, M.-M. (1975). Vasotocin-like activity in the plasma of the euryhaline frog (Rana cancrivora) after transfer from fresh water to saline. Journal of Endocrinology 66, 427-434.
107. Emery, H. (1869). Notes physiologiques. I. De l'absorption cutanée chez les batraciens. Annales des sciences naturelles. zoologie 5, sér, 12, 305-307.
108. Engelmann, T. W. (1872). Die Hautdrüsen des Frosches. Eine physiologische Studie. Pflüger's Archiv 6, 97-157.
109. Engelmann, T. W. (1874). Sur l'influence que la nature de la membrane exerce sur l'osmose électrique. Archive néerlandaises sciences exactes et naturelles 9, 332-347.
110. Ewer, R. F. (1952a). The effect of pituitrin on fluid distribution in Bufo regularis Reuss. Journal of Experimental Biology 29, 173-177.
111. Ewer, R. F. (1952b). The effects of posterior pituitary extracts on water balance in Bufo carens and Xenopus laevis, together with some general considerations of anuran water economy. Journal of Experimental Biology 29, 429-439.
112. Exner, S. (1892). Ein Versuch über Lähmung und Dehnbarkeit der Harnblase. Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 5, 303-306.
113. Farrell, M. P. & MacMahon, J. A. (1969). An eco-physiological study of water economy in eight species of tree frogs (Hylidae). Herpetologica 25, 279-294.
114. Feder, M. E. (1983). Integrating ecology and physiology of plethodontid salamanders. Herpetologica 39, 291-310.
115. Feder, M. & Londos, P. L. (1984). Hydric constraints upon foraging in a terrestrial salamander. Desmognathus ochrophaeus (Amphibia: Plethodontidae). Oecologia (Berlin) 64, 413-418.
116. Finkelstein, A. (1976). Nature of the water permeability increase induced by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in toad urinary bladder and related tissues. Journal of General Physiology 68, 137-143.
117. Fisher, C., Ingram, W. R. & Ranson, S. W. (1938). Diabetes Insipidus and Neuro-Hormonal Control of Water Balance. Ann Arbor: Edwards Bros.
118. Fredericq, L. (1889). La Lutte Pour L'existence Chez les Animaux Marine. Paris: Bailliere.
119. Freisling, J. (1948). Studien zur Biologic und Psychologie der Wechselkröte (Bufo viridis Laur.). Österreichische zoologische Zeitschrift 1, 383-440.
120. Gallardo, R., Pang, P. K. T. & Sawyer, W. H. (1980). Neural influences on bullfrog renal functions. Proceedings of the Society for experimental and biological Medicine 165, 233-240.
121. Galeotti, G. (1904). Über die elektromotorischen Kräfte welche an der Oberfläche tierischer Membranen bei der Berührung mit verschiedenen Elektrolyten zustande kommen. Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie 49, 542-562.
122. Gaupp, E. (1904). A. Ecker's und R. Wiedersheim's Anatomie des Frosches. I-III. Braunschweig: Fridrich Vieweg und Sohn.
123. Gehlbach, F. R., Gordon, R. & Jordan, J. B. (1973). Aestivation of the salamander, Siren intermedia. American Midland Naturalist 89, 455-463.
124. Gehlbach, F. R., Kimmel, J. R. & Weens, W. A. (1969). Aggregations and body water relations in tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) from the Grand Canyon rims, Arizona. Physiological Zoology 42, 173-182.
125. Geise, W. & Linsenmair, K. E. (1986). Adaptations of the reed frog Hyperolius viridiflavus (Amphibia, Anura, Hyperoliidae) to its arid environment. II. Some aspects of the water economy of Hyperolius viridiflavus under wet and dry conditions. Oecologia (Berlin) 68, 542-548.
126. Gellhorn, E. (1929). Das Permeabilitatsproblem. Seine physiologische und pathologische Bedeutung. Berlin: Julius Springer.
127. Girard, P. (1910). Mécanisme électrostatique de l'hémiperméabilité des tissus vivants aux électrolytes. Comptes rendus de l'Academic des Sciences, Paris 150, 1446-1449.
128. Gordon, M. S. (1982). Water and solute metabolism. In Animal Physiology: Principles and Adaptations (ed. M. S. Gordon). 4. ed, pp. 272-332. New York: Macmillan.
129. Gordon, R. E. (1952). A contribution to the life history and ecology of the plethodontid salamander Aneides aeneus (Cope and Packard). American Midland Naturalist 47, 666-701.
130. Graetz, E. (1934). Über die Permeabilität der Froschhaut. Biologisches Zentralblatt 54, 292-299.
131. Gray, J. (1928). The rôle of water in the evolution of the terrestrial vertebrates. British Journal of Experimental Biology 6, 26-31.
132. Hairston, N. G. (1949). The local distribution and ecology of the plethodontid salamanders of the Southern Appalachians. Ecological Monographs 19, 47-73.
133. Hall, F. G. (1922). The vital limit of exsiccation of certain animals. Biological Bulletin 42, 31-51.
134. Hall, F. G. & Root, R. W. (1930). The influence of humidity on the body temperature of certain poikilotherms. Biological Bulletin 58, 52-58.
135. Haller, A. (1786). First Lines of Physiology. Reprinted 1966. New York: Johnson Reprint Corporation.
136. Handler, J. S. (1988). Antidiuretic hormone moves membranes. American Journal of Physiology 255, F375-F382.
137. Harris, H. W., Zeidel, M. L. & Hosselet, C. (1991). Quantitation and topography of membrane proteins in highly water-permeable vesicles from ADH-stimulated toad bladder. American Journal of Physiology 261, C143-C153.
138. Hays, R. M. (1972). The movement of water across vasopressin-sensitive epithelia. In Current Topics in Membranes and Transport (ed. F. Bronner and A. Kleinzeller), pp. 339-366. New York: Academic Press.
139. Hays, R. M. & Leaf, A. (1962). Studies on the movement of water through the isolated toad bladder and its modification by vasopressin. Journal of General Physiology 45, 905-919.
140. Hays, R. M., Ding, G. & Franki, N. (1987). Morphological aspects of the action of ADH. Kidney International 32, Suppl. 21, pp. S-51-S-55.
141. Hays, R. M., Sasaki, J., Tilles, S. M., Meiteles, L. & Franki, N. (1985). Morphological aspects of the cellular action of antidiuretic hormones. In Vasopressin (ed. R. W. Schrier), pp. 79-87. New York: Raven Press.
142. Heatwole, H. (1960). Burrowing ability and behavioral response to desiccation of the salamander, Plethodon cinereus. Ecology 41, 661-668.
143. Heatwole, H. (1962). Environmental factors influencing local distribution and activity of the salamander, Plethodon cinereus. Ecology 43, 460-472.
144. Heatwole, H. (1984). Adaptations of amphibians to aridity. In Arid Australia (ed. H. G. Cogger and E. E. Cameron), pp. 177-222. Sydney: Australian Museum.
145. Heatwole, H. & Lim, K. (1961). Relation of substrate moisture to absorption and loss of water by the salamander, Plethodon cinereus. Ecology 42, 814-819.
146. Heatwole, H. & Newby, R. C. (1972). Interaction of internal rhythm and loss of body water in influencing activity levels of amphibians. Herpetologica 28, 156-62.
147. Heatwole, H., Cameron, E. & Webb, G. J. W. (1971). Studies on anuran water balance - II. Desiccation in the Australian frog, Notaden bennetti. Herpetologica 27, 365-378.
148. Heatwole, H., Torres, F., Blasini de Austin, S. & Heatwole, A. (1969). Studies on anuran water balance- I. Dynamics of evaporative water loss by the coqui, Eleutherodactylus portoricensis. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 28, 245-269.
149. Heller, H. (1950). The comparative physiology of the neurohypophysis. Experientia 6, 368-376.
150. Heller, H. (1965). Osmoregulation in amphibia. Archives d'anatomie microscopique 54, 471-490.
151. Helmholtz, H. (1845). Ueber den Stoffverbrauch bei der Muskelaction. Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologic und wissenschaftliche Medizin Jahrgang 1845, 72-83.
152. Hemmer, H. & Gerharz, S. (1974). Vergleichende Studien zur Adaptation der Kreuzkröte (Bufo calamita Laur.). Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographic der Tiere 101, 466-474.
153. Hendrickson, J. R. (195457). Ecology and systematics of salamanders of the genus Batrachoceps. University of California Publications in Zoology 54, 1-46.
154. Herter, K. (1941). Die Physiologic der Amphibien. In Handbuch der Zoologie (ed. W. Kückenthal), VI 2. (Anhang).
155. Hill, A. (1980). Salt-water coupling in leaky epithelia. Journal of Membrane Biology 56, 177-182.
156. Hillman, S. S. (1974). The effect of arginine vasopressin on water and sodium balance in the urodele amphibian Aneides lugubris. General and Comparative Endocrinology 24, 74-82.
157. Hillyard, S. D. (1976). The movement of soil water across the isolated amphibian skin. Copeia 1976, 314-320.
158. Hillyard, S. D. (1979). The effect of isoproterenol on the amphibian water balance response. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 62C, 93-95.
159. Hillyard, S. D. (1988). Comparison of the surface area of pelvic and pectoral regions of toad skin using impedance analysis. American Zoologist 28, 17A.
160. Höber, R. (1945). Physical Chemistry of Cells and Tissues. London: Churchill.
161. Hoff, K. von Seckendorff & Hillyard, S. D. (1991). Angiotensin II stimulates cutaneous drinking in the toad Bufo punctatus. Physiological Zoology 64, 1165-1172.
162. Hoff, K. von Seckendorff & Hillyard, S. D. (1993). Inhibition of cutaneous water absorption in dehydrated toads by saralasin is associated with changes in barometric pressure. Physiological Zoology 66, 89-98.
163. Holmes, F. L. (1993). The old martyr of science: The frog in experimental physiology. Journal of the History of Biology 26, 311-328.
164. Holmes, S. J. (1934). The Biology of the Frog. New York: Macmillan.
165. House, C. R. (1964). The nature of water transport across frog skin. Biophysical Journal 4, 401-416.
166. House, C. R. (1968). A discussion of some factors relevant to the study of water transport across frog skin. Archivo di Scienze biologiche 52, 209-215.
167. House, C. R. (1974). Water Transport in Cells and Tissues. London: Edward Arnold.
168. Huf, E. (1935). Über den Anteil vitaler Kräfte bei der Resorption von Flüssigkeit durch die Froschhaut. Pflügers Archiv 236, 1-19.
169. Huf, E. (1936a). Über aktiven Wasser- und Salztransport durch die Froschhaut. Pflügers Archiv 237, 143-166.
170. Huf, E. (1936b). Die Reproduzierbarkeit des Reidschen Versuchs. Pflügers Archiv 238, 97-102.
171. Huf, E. (1936c). Über irreziproke (gerichtete) Osmose durch die Froschhaut. Protoplasma 26, 614-619.
172. Huf, E. G., Doss, N. S. & Wills, J. P. (1957). Effects of metabolic inhibitors and drugs on ion transport and oxygen consumption in isolated frog skin. Journal of General Physiology 41, 397-417.
173. Huf, E. G., Parrish, J. & Weatherford, C. (1951). Active salt and water uptake by isolated frog skin. American Journal of Physiology 164, 137-142.
174. Hutchison, V. H., Whitford, W. G. & Kohl, M. (1968). Relation of body size and surface area to gas exchange in anurans. Physiological Zoology 41, 65-85.
175. Jaeger, R. G. (1971). Moisture as a factor influencing the distributions of two species of terrestrial salamanders. Oecologia (Berlin). 6, 191-207.
176. Jaeger, R. G. (1980). Microhabitats of a terrestrial forest salamander. Copeia 1980, 265-268.
177. Jørgensen, C. B. (1949). Permeability of the amphibian skin. II. Effect of moulting of the skin of anurans on the permeability to water and electrolytes. Acta physiologica scandinavica 18, 171-180.
178. Jørgensen, C. B. (1950). Osmotic regulation in the frog, Rana esculenta (L.), at low temperatures. Acta physiologica scandinavica 20, 46-55.
179. Jørgensen, C. B. (1954). On excretion of chloride in sodium chloride loaded frogs and toads. Acta physiologica scandinavica 30, 171-177.
180. Jørgensen, C. B. (1991a). Water economy in the life of a terrestrial anuran, the toad Bufo bufo. Biologiske Skrifter, Danske Videnskabernes Selskab 39, pp. 1-30.
181. Jørgensen, C. B. (1991b). Water and salt balance at low temperature in a cold temperate zone anuran, the toad Bufo bufo. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 100A, 377-384.
182. Jørgensen, C. B. (1993). Role of pars nervosa of the hypophysis in amphibian water economy: A re-assessment. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 104A, 1-21.
183. Jørgensen, C. B. (1994a). Water economy in a terrestrial toad (Bufo bufo), with special reference to cutaneous drinking and urinary bladder function. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 109A, 311-324.
184. Jørgensen, C. B. (1994b). Robert Townson's observations on amphibian water economy revived. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 109A, 325-334.
185. Jørgensen, C. B. & Rosenkilde, P. (1956). Relative effectiveness of dehydration and neurohypophysial extracts in enhancing water absorption in toads and frogs. Biological Bulletin 110, 306-309.
186. Jørgensen, C. B., Brems, K. & Geckler, P. (1978). Volume and osmotic regulation in the toad Bufo bufo bufo (L.) at low temperature, with special reference to amphibian hibernation. In Osmotic and Volume Regulation (ed. C. B. Jørgensen & E. Skadhauge), pp. 62-79. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
187. Jørgensen, C. B., Rosenkilde, P. & Wingstrand, K. G. (1969). Role of the preoptic-neurohypophysial system in the water economy of the toad, Bufo bufo L. General and Comparative Endocrinology 12, 91-98.
188. Johnson, C. R. (1969a). Water absorption response of some Australian anurans. Herpetology 25, 171-172.
189. Johnson, C. R. (1969b). Aggregation as a means of water conservation in juvenile Limnodynastes from Australia. Herpetology 25, 275-276.
190. Jones, R. M. (1978). Rapid pelvic water uptake in Scaphiopus couchi toadlets. Physiological Zoology 51, 51-55.
191. Jones, R. M. (1980). Metabolic consequences of accelerated urea synthesis during seasonal dormancy of spadefoot toads, Scaphiopus couchi and Scaphiopus multiplicatus. Journal of Experimental Zoology 212, 255-267.
192. Jungmann, P. & Bernhardt, H. (1924). Experimentelle Untersuchungen über die Abhängigkeit der Osmoregulation vom Nervensystem. Zeitschrift für klinische Medizin 99, 84-101.
193. Jurišić, P. J. (1931). Untersuchungen zur physikalischen Chemie der Resorption. Biochemische Zeitschrift 241, 476-490.
194. Jurišić, P. J. (1936a). Untersuchungen über aktive und gerichtete Flüssigkeitsfiltration durch überlebende Resorptionsmembranen. Pflügers Archiv 237, 307-318.
195. Jurišić, P. J. (1936b). Neue Beobachtungen zur Frage des Reidschen Versuchs. Pflügers Archiv 238, 103-106.
196. Kalman, S. M. & Ussing, H. H. (1954). Active sodium uptake by the toad and its response to the antidiuretic hormone. Journal of General Physiology 38, 361-370.
197. Katz, U. (1992). Environmental challenge and the role of urea in amphibian Osmoregulation. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft 85, 247-257.
198. Katz, U., Pagi, D., Hayat, S. & Decani, G. (1986). Plasma osmolarity, urine composition and tissue water content of the toad Bufo viridis Laur. in nature and under controlled laboratory conditions. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 85A, 703-713.
199. Keen, W. H. (1984). Influence of moisture on the activity of a plethodontid salamander. Copeia 1984, 684-688.
200. Keller, R. (1930). Der elektrische Faktor des Wassertransports im Lichte der Vitalfärbung. Ergebnisse der Physiologie 30, 294-407.
201. Kirk, R. L. & Hogben, L. (1946). Studies on temperature regulation. II. Amphibia and reptiles. Journal of Experimental Biology 22, 213-220.
202. Kirschner, L. B., Maxwell, R. & Flemming, D. (1960). Non-osmotic water movements across the isolated frog skin. Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 55, 267-273.
203. Kobayashi, H., Uemura, H., Wada, M. & Takei, Y. (1979). Ecological adaptation of angiotensin-induced thirst mechanism in tetrapods. General and Comparative Endocrinology 38, 93-104.
204. Koefoed-Johnsen, V. (1979). Control mechanisms in amphibians. In Mechanisms of Osmoregulation in Animals (ed. R. Gilles), pp. 223-271. New York: Wiley.
205. 2O through living membranes. Acta physiologica scandinavica 28, 60-76.
206. Koefoed-Johnsen, V., Levi, H. & Ussing, H. H. (1952a). The mode of passage of chloride ions through the isolated frog skin. Acta physiologica scandinavica 25, 150-163.
207. Koefoed-Johnsen, V., Ussing, H. H. & Zerahn, K. (1952b). The origin of the short-circuited current in the adrenalin stimulated frog skin. Acta physiologica scandinavica 27, 38-48.
208. Krogh, A. (1939). Osmotic Regulation in Aquatic Animals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
209. Kunde, F. (1857). Ueber Wasserentziehung und Bildung vorübergehender Katarakte. Zeitschrift für wissen- schaftliche Zoologie 8, 466-486.
210. Kürschner (1842). Aufsaugung. In Handwörterbuch der Physiologie (ed. R. Wagner), vol. 1, pp. 35-75.
211. Lambert, J. H. (1771). Essai d'hygrométrie ou sur la mesure d'humidité. Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres…, 1769, pp. 68-127. Berlin.
212. Langlois, J.-P. & Pellegrin, J. (1902). De la déshydration chez le crapaud et des variations corrélatives de la densité du sang. Comptes rendus de la Societé biologique 54, 1377-1379.
213. Larsen, E. H. (1991). Chloride transport by high-resistance heterocellular epithelia. Physiological Reviews 71, 235-283.
214. Larsen, L. O. (1976). Physiology of molting. In Physiology of the Amphibia (ed. B. Lofts), vol. 3, pp. 54-100. New York: Academic Press.
215. Larsen, L. O. (1992). Feeding and Digestion. In Environmental Physiology of the Amphibians (ed. M. E. Feder and W. W. Burggren), pp. 378-394. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
216. Lee, A. K. (1968). Water economy of the burrowing frog, Heleioporus eyrei (Gray). Copeia 1968, 741-745.
217. Lee, A. K. & Mercer, E. H. (1967). Cocoon surrounding desert-dwelling frogs. Science 157, 87-88.
218. Leighly, J. (1937). A note on evaporation. Ecology 18, 180-198.
219. Leydig, F. (1876). Die Hautdecke und Hautsinnesorgane der Urodelen. Morphologisches Jahrbuch 2, 287-318.
220. Leydig, F. (1892). Integument brünstiger Fische und Amphibien. Biologisches Zentralblatt 12, 205-221.
221. Lillywhite, H. B. (1970). Behavioral temperature regulation in the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana. Copeia 1970, 158-168.
222. Lillywhite, H. B., Light, P. & Chelgren, P. (1973). The role of behavioral thermoregulation in the growth energetics of the toad, Bufo boreas. Ecology 54, 375-383.
223. Littleford, R. A., Keller, W. F. & Phillips, N. E. (1947). Studies on the vital limits of water loss in the plethodontid salamanders. Ecology 28, 440-447.
224. Loveridge, J. P. (1970). Observations on nitrogenous excretion and water relations of Chiromantis xeramplina (Amphibia, Anura). Arnoldia 5, 1-6.
225. Loveridge, J. P. & Craye, G. (1979). Cocoon formation in two species of southern African frogs. South African Journal of Science 75, 18-20.
226. Loveridge, J. P. & Withers, P. C. (1981). Metabolism and water balance of active and cocooned bullfrogs Pyxicephalus adspersus. Physiological Zoology 54, 203-214.
227. MaCallum, A. B. (1904). The palæsochemistry of the ocean in relation to animal and vegetable protoplasma. Transactions of the Canadian Institute 1902-3, 535-562.
228. MaCallum, A. B. (1910). The inorganic composition of the blood of vertebrates and invertebrates, and its origin. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, Ser. B, 82, 602-624.
229. McClanahan, Jr., L. (1967). Adaptations of the spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus couchi, to desert environments. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 20, 73-99.
230. McClanahan, Jr., L. (1972). Changes in body fluid of burrowed spadefoot toads as a function of soil water potential. Copeia 1972, 209-216.
231. McClanahan, Jr., L. L. & Baldwin, R. (1969). Rate of water uptake through the integument of the desert toad, Bufo punctatus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 28, 381-389.
232. McClanahan, L. L. & Shoemaker, V. H. (1987). Behavior and thermal relations of the arboreal frog, Phyllomedusa sauvagei. National Geographic Research 3, 11-21.
233. McClanahan, L. L., Ruibal, R. & Shoemaker, V. H. (1983). Rate of cocoon formation and its physiological correlates in a ceratophryd frog. Physiological Zoology 56, 430-435.
234. McClanahan, L. L., Ruibal, R. & Shoemaker, V. H. (1994). Frogs and toads in deserts. Scientific American 1994, 64-70.
235. McClanahan, Jr., L. L., Shoemaker, V. H. & Ruibal, R. (1976). Structure and function of the cocoon of a ceratophryd frog. Copeia 1976, 179-185.
236. McClanahan, L. L., Stinner, J. N. & Shoemaker, V. H. (1978). Skin lipids, water loss and energy metabolism in a South American tree frog (Phyllomedusa sauvagei). Physiological Zoology 51, 179-187.
237. McDiamid, R. W. & Foster, M. S. (1987). Cocoon formation in another hylid frog, Smilisca baudinii. Journal of Herpetology 21, 352-355.
238. Machin, J. (1964). The evaporation of water from Helix aspersa. III. The application of evaporation formulae. Journal of Experimental Biology 41, 783-792.
239. Machin, J. (1969). Passive water movements through skin of the toad Bufo marinus in air and in water. American Journal of Physiology 216, 1562-1568.
240. Maetz, J. (1963). Physiological aspects of neurohypophysial function in fishes with some reference to the amphibia. Symposia of the Zoological Society (London) 9, 107-140.
241. Maetz, J. (1968). Salt and water metabolism. In Perspectives in Endocrinology. Hormones in the Lives of Lower Vertebrates (ed. E. J. W. Barrington and C. B. Jørgensen), pp. 47-162. London: Academic Press.
242. Main, A. R. (1968). Ecology, systematics and evolution of Australian frogs. Advances in Ecological Research 5, 37-86.
243. Main, A. R. & Bentley, P. J. (1964). Water relations of Australian burrowing frogs and tree frogs. Ecology 45, 379-382.
244. Main, A. R., Littlejohn, M. J. & Lee, A. K. (1959). Ecology of Australian frogs. In Biogeography and Ecology of Australia. Monographical Biology 8, 396-411. Den Haag: Junk.
245. Maluf, N. S. R. (1942). Robert Townson and the respiratory movements of the tortoise. Isis 34, 128-132.
246. Maxwell, S. S. (1913). On the absorption of water by the skin of the frog. American Journal of Physiology 32, 287-294.
247. Matteucci, C. (1847). Lecons sur les phénomènes physiques des corps vivantes. Paris: Masson.
248. Matteucci, C. & Cima, A. (1845). Mémoire sur l'endosmose. Annales de Chimie et de Physique 13, 63-86.
249. Matty, A. J. & Green, K. (1962). Permeability and respiration effects of thyroidal hormones on the isolated bladder of the toad Bufo bufo. Journal of Endocrinology 25, 411-425.
250. Mayer, F. J. K. (1842). Neuere Untersuchungen aus dem Gebiete der Anatomie und Physiologie.
251. Mayer, N. (1969). Adaptation de Rana esculenta a des milieux varies. Étude speciale de l'excretion renale de l'eau et des électrolytes au cours des changements de milieux. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 29, 27-50.
252. Mayhew, W. W. (1965). Adaptations of the amphibian, Scaphiopus couchi, to desert conditions. American Midland Naturalist 74, 95-109.
253. Mellanby, K. (1942). The body temperature of the frog. Journal of Experimental Biology 18, 55-61.
254. Mengarini, M. T. (1896). Observations et experiences sur la permeabilité de la peau. Archives italiennes de biologie 25, 211-218.
255. Milne Edwards, H. (18571881). Lecons sur la physiologie et l'anatomie comparée de l'homme et des animaux 1-15. Paris.
256. Morel, F. & Jard, S. (1968). Actions and functions of the neurohypophysial hormones and related peptides in lower vertebrates. In Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmacologie (ed. B. Berde), vol 23, pp. 655-716. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
257. Mullen, T. L. & Alvarado, R. H. (1976). Osmotic and ionic regulation in amphibians. Physiological Zoology 49, 11-23.
258. Muller, J. & Kachadorian, W. A. (1984). Aggregate-carrying membranes during ADH stimulation and washout in toad bladder. American Journal of Physiology 247, C90-C98.
259. Muller, Joh. (1841). Lehrbuch der Physiologie.
260. Nielsen, K. H. & Jorgensen, C. B. (1990). Salt and water balance during hibernation in anurans. Fortschritte der Zoologie 38, 333-349.
261. Nielsen, R. (1996). Correlation between chloride flux via the mitochondria-rich cells and transepithelial water movement in isolated frog skin (Rana esculenta). Acta physiologica scandinavica 155, 351-361.
262. Nussbaum, M. (1878). Ueber die Secretion der Niere. Pflüger's Archiv 16, 139-143.
263. Orbeli, L. A. (1910). Die Abhängigkeit der elektromotorischen Wirkungen der Froschhaut von den Eigenschaften der Ableitungsflüssigkeiten. Zeitschrift für Biologie 54, 329-386.
264. Ott, M. D. (1924). Changes in the weights of the various organs and parts of the leopard frog (Rana pipiens) at different stages of inanition. American Journal of Anatomy 33, 17-56.
265. Overton, E. (1899). Ueber die allgemeinen osmotischen Eigenschaften der Zelle, ihre vermutlichen Ursachen und ihre Bedeutung für die Physiologie. Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich 44, 88-135.
266. Overton, E. (1904). Neununddreissig Thesen über die Wasserökonomie der Amphibien und die osmotischen Eigenschaften der Amphibienhaut. Verhandlungen der physikalisch-medizinischen Gesellschaft in Würzburg 36, 277-295.
267. Packer, W. C. (1963). Dehydration, hydration and burrowing behaviour in Heleioporus eyrei (Gray) (Lepto-dactylidae). Ecology 44, 643-651.
268. Pang, P. K. T. (1983). Evolution of control of epithelial transport in vertebrates. Journal of Experimental Biology 106, 283-299.
269. Pang, P. K. T., Uchiyama, M. & Sawyer, W. H. (1982). Endocrine and neural control of amphibian renal functions. Federation Proceedings 41, 2365-2370.
270. Parsons, R. H. & Mobin, F. (1991). Water flow across the pectoral and ventral pelvic patch in Rana catesbeiana. Physiological Zoology 64, 812-822.
271. Parsons, R. H., McDevitt, V., Aggerwal, V., Le Blang, T., Manley, K., Kim, N., Lopez, J. & Kenedy, A. A. (1993). Regulation of pelvic patch water flow in Bufo marinus: Role of bladder volume and ANG II. American Journal of Physiology 264, R1260-R1265.
272. Pearse, A. S. (1922). The effects of environment on animals. American Naturalist 56, 144-158.
273. Pearse, A. S. (1939). Animal Ecology. New York: Mcgraw-Hill.
274. Pearson, O. P. & Bradford, D. F. (1976). Thermoregulation of lizards and toads at high altitudes in Peru. Copeia 1976, 155-170.
275. Petriella, S., Reboreda, J. C., Otero, M. & Segura, E. T. (1989). Antidiuretic responses to osmotic cutaneous stimulation in the toad, Bufo arenarum. Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 159, 91-95.
276. Pinder, A. W., Storey, K. B. & Ultsch, G. R. (1992). Estivation and hibernation. In Environmental Physiology of the Amphibians (ed. M. E. Feder and W. W. Burggreen), pp. 250-274. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
277. Pohle, E. (1920). Die Einfluss des Nervensystems auf die Osmoregulation der Amphibien. Pflügers Archiv 182, 215-231.
278. Porter, T. M. (1986). The Rise of Statistical Thinking 1820-1900. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
279. Pough, F. H. (1989). Amphibians: A rich source of biological diversity. In Nonmammalian Animal Models for Biomedical Research (ed. A. D. Woodhead), pp. 245-73. Boca Raton: Crc Press.
280. Pough, F. H., Taigen, T. L., Stewart, M. M. & Brussard, P. F. (1983). Behavioral modification of evaporative water loss by a Puerto Rican frog. Ecology 64, 244-252.
281. Poynton, J. C. (1964). The amphibia of southern Africa: A faunal study. Annals of the Natal Museum 17, 1-334.
282. Freest, M. R. & Pough, F. H. (1989). Interaction of temperature and hydration on locomotion of toads. Functional Ecology 3, 693-699.
283. Proffer, C. R., Hillyard, S. D. & Johnson, W. E. (1995). Central angiotensin II induces thirst-related responses in an amphibian. Hormones and Behavior 29, 74-84.
284. Przylecki, S. J. (1922a). L'échange de l'eau et des sels chez les amphibiens. Archive international de la physiologie 19, 148-159.
285. Przylecki, S. J. (1922b). L'absorption cutanée chez les amphibiens. ire Partie. Archive international de la physiologie 20, 144-161.
286. e Partie. Archive international de la physiologie 23, 97-120.
287. Putnam, R. W. & Hillman, S. S. (1977). Activity responses of anurans to dehydration. Copeia 1977, 746-749.
288. Quinton, R. (1904). L'eau de Mer. Milieu Organique. Paris: Masson.
289. Rajerison, R. M., Montegut, M., Jard, S. & Morel, F. (1972). The isolated frog skin epithelium: Permeability characteristics and responsiveness to oxytocin, cyclic AMP and theophylline. Pflülgers Archiv 332, 302-312.
290. Ralin, D. B. & Rogers, J. S. (1972). Aspects of tolerance to desiccation in Acris crepitans and Pseudacris streckeri. Copeia 1972, 519-525.
291. Ray, C. (1958). Vital limits and rates of desiccation in salamanders. Ecology 39, 75-83.
292. Reboreda, J. C., Petriella, S. & Segura, E. T. (1987). Short-term changes in natripheric and hydrosmotic water fluxes across the skin and in urine production due to increases in the osmolarity of the external environment in the toad. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 88A, 571-575.
293. Reboreda, J. C., Muzio, R. N., Viñas, M. C. & Segura, E. T. (1991). β-adrenergic control of the water permeability of the skin during rehydration in the toad Bufo arenarum. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 100C, 433-437.
294. Reichling, H. (1958). Transpiration und Vorzugstemperatur mitteleuropäischer Reptilien und Amphibien. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Physiologic 67, 1-64.
295. Reid, E. W. (1890). Osmosis experiments with living and dead membranes. Journal of Physiology 11, 312-351.
296. Reid, E. W. (1892). Reports on experiments upon “absorption without osmosis”. The British Medical Journal 1892, 323-326.
297. Reid, E. W. (1901). Transport of fluid by certain epithelia. Journal of Physiology 26, 436-444.
298. Reno, H. W., Gehlbach, F. R. & Turner, R. A. (1972). Skin and aestivational cocoon of the aquatic amphibian Siren intermedia Le Conte. Copeia 1972, 625-631.
299. Rey, P. (1937a). Recherches experimentales sur l'économie de l'eau chez les Batraciens. Lons-Le-Saunier.
300. Rey, P. (1937b). Recherches expérimentales sur l'économie de l'eau chez les Batraciens. Annals de physique 13, 1081-1144.
301. Rey, P. (1938). Recherches experimentales sur l'économie de l'eau chez les Batraciens. Annals de physique 14, 1-66.
302. Rösel von Rosenhof, A. J. (1758). Historia naturalis ranarum nostratium oder die natiürliche Historic der Frösche hiesiges Landes. Nürnberg.
303. Rosenthal, G. M. (195457). The role of moisture and temperature in the local distribution of the plethodontid salamander Aneides lugubris. University of California Publications in Zoology 54, 371-420.
304. Rosenthal, I. (1865). Ueber das elektromotorische Verhalten der Froschhaut. Archiv für Anatomic, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medizin 1865, 301-316.
305. Roth, J. J. (1973). Vascular supply of the ventral pelvic region of anurans as related to water balance. Journal of Morphology 140, 443-460.
306. Rubinstein, D. L. & Miskinowa, T. (1936). 1st die Froschhaut für Wasser einseitig permeabel Protoplasrna 25, 56-68.
307. Ruibal, R. (1962). The adaptive value of bladder water in the toad, Bufo cognatus. Physiological Zoology 35, 218-223.
308. Ruibal, R. & Hillman, S. (1981). Cocoon structure and function in the burrowing hylid frog, Pternohyla fodiens. Journal of Herpetology 15, 403-408.
309. Ruibal, R., Tevis, Jr, L. & Roig, V. (1969). The terrestrial ecology of the spadefoot toad Scaphiopus hammondii. Copeia 1969, 571-584.
310. Ruzicka, S. (1895). Experimentelle Beiträge zu der Lehre von der Resorption. Wiener Medizinische Blätter 18, 375-378, 394-396, 409-411, 425-427, 442-443, 458-459, 474-476, 505-507, 523-524.
311. Sachin, H. & Boulpaep, E. L. (1975). Models for coupling of salt and water transport. Journal of General Physiology 66, 571-733.
312. Sarasin, P. & Sarasin, F. (1887). Ergebnisse wissenschaftlicher Forschungen auf Ceylon, Bd II, Heft 2, pp. 95-126.
313. Sawyer, W. H. (1960). Increased water permeability of the bullfrog (Rana catesbiana) bladder in vitro in response to synthetic oxytocin and to neurohypophysial extracts from non-mammalian vertebrates. Endocrinology 66, 112-120.
314. Sawyer, W. H. & Pang, P. K., T. (1987). Endocrine osmoregulation and vertebrate evolution. In Vertebrate Endocrinology: Fundamentals and Biomedical Implications (ed. P. K. T. Pang and M. P. Schreibman), vol. 2, pp. 293-305. New York: Academic Press.
315. Sawyer, W. H. & Schisgall, R. M. (1956). Increased permeability of the frog bladder to water in response to dehydration and neurohypophysial extracts. American Journal of Physiology 187, 312-314.
316. Scala, F. (1936). Ricerche comparative sopra l'assunzione e la perdita d'acqua negli anfibi. Archivo zoologico italiano 23, 283-310.
317. Scheer, B. T., Mumbach, M. W. & Thompson, A. R. (1974). Salt balance and osmoregulation in salientian amphibians. In Chemical Zoology IX. Amphibia and Reptilia (ed. M. Florkin and B. T. Scheer), pp. 51-65. New York: Academic Press.
318. Schmid, W. D. (1965). Some aspects of the water economies of nine species of amphibians. Ecology 46, 261-269.
319. Schmid, W. D. (1969). Physiological specializations of amphibians to habitats of varying aridity. In Physiology Systems in Semiarid Environments (ed. C. C. Hoff and M. L. Riedsel), pp. 135-142. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
320. Schmajuk, N. A. & Segura, E. T. (1982). Behavioral regulation of water balance in the toad Bufo arenarum. Herpetologica 38, 296-301.
321. Schrier, R. W. (ed.) (1985). Vasopressin. New York: Raven Press.
322. Seymour, R. S. (1972). Behavioral thermoregulation by juvenile green toads, Bufo debilis. Copeia 1972, 572-575.
323. Seymour, R. S. & Lee, A. K. (1974). Physiological adaptations of anuran amphibians to aridity: Australian prospects. The Australian Zoologist 18, 53-65.
324. Shelford, V. E. (1913). The reactions of certain animals to gradients of evaporating power of air. A study in experimental ecology. Biological Bulletin 25, 79-120.
325. Shoemaker, V. H. (1964). The effects of dehydration on electrolyte concentrations in a toad, Bufo marinus. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 13, 261-271.
326. Shoemaker, V. H. (1988). Physiological ecology of amphibians in arid environments. Journal of Arid Environments 14, 145-153.
327. Shoemaker, V. H. & Bickler, P. E. (1979). Kidney and bladder function in a uricotelic treefrog (Phyllomedusa sauvagei). Journal of Comparative Physiology 133, 211-218.
328. Shoemaker, V. H. & McClanahan, L. L. (1975). Evaporative water loss, nitrogen excretion, and osmoregulation in phyllomedusine frogs. Journal of Comparative Physiology 100, 331-345.
329. Shoemaker, V. H. & McClanahan, L. L. (1980). Nitrogen excretion and water balance in amphibians of Borneo. Copeia 1980, 446-451.
330. Shoemaker, V. H. & Nagy, K. A. (1977). Osmoregulation in amphibians and reptiles. Annual Review of Physiology 39, 449-471.
331. Shoemaker, V. H., Baker, M. A. & Loveridge, J. P. (1989). Effect of water balance on thermoregulation in waterproof frogs (Chiromantis and Phyllomedusa). Physiological Zoology 62, 133-146.
332. Shoemaker, V. H., McClanahan, Jr, L. & Ruibal, R. (1969). Seasonal changes in body fluids in a field population of spadefoot toads. Copeia 1969, 585-591.
333. Shoemaker, V. H., Balding, D., Ruibal, R. & McClanahan, L. L. (1972). Uricotelism and low evaporative water loss in a South American Frog. Science 175, 1018-1020.
334. Shoemaker, V. H., McClanahan, L. L., Withers, P. C., Hillman, S. S. & Drewes, R. C, (1987). Thermoregulatory response to heat in the waterproof frogs Phyllomedusa and Chiromantis. Physiological Zoology 60, 365-372.
335. Shoemaker, V. H., Hillman, S. S., Hillyard, S. D., Jackson, D. C., McClanahan, L. L., Withers, P. C. & Wygoda, M. L. (1992). Exchange of water, ions, and respiratory gases in terrestrial amphibians. In Environmental Physiology of Amphibians (ed. M. E. Feder and W. W. Burggren), pp. 125-150. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
336. Sinsch, U. (1987). Modifikation im Wasserhaushalt von drei Rana-arten (Amphibia:Anura) als Anpassungen an ihre spezifischen Habitate. Verhandhmgen der Gesellschaft für Ökologie 15, 365-372.
337. Sinsch, U. (1989). Behavioural thermoregulation of the Andean toad (Bufo spinulosus) at high altitudes. Oecologia 80, 32-38.
338. Snyder, C. D. (1908). Der Temperaturkoeffizient der Resorption bei tierischen Membranen. Zentralblatt für Physiologic 22, 236-242.
339. Spight, T. M. (1967a). Evaporation from toads and water surfaces. Nature, Land. 214, 835-836.
340. Spight, T. M. (1967b). The water economy of salamanders: Water uptake after dehydration. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 20, 767-771.
341. Spight, T. M. (1967c). The water economy of salamanders: Exchange of water with the soil. Biological Bulletin 132, 126-132.
342. Spight, T. M. (1968). The water economy of salamanders: Evaporative water loss. Physiological Zoology 41, 195-203.
343. Spina, A. (1882). Über Resorption und Secretion. Leipzig: Engelmann.
344. Spotila, J. R. (1972). Role of temperature and water in the ecology of lungless salamanders. Ecological Monographs 42, 95-125.
345. Spotila, J. R. & Berman, E. N. (1976). Determination of skin resistance and the role of the skin in controlling water loss in amphibians and reptiles. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 55A, 407-411.
346. Spring, K. R. (1983). Fluid transport by gallbladder epithelium. Journal of Experimental Biology 106, 181-194.
347. Starling, E. H. (1909). The Fluids of the Body. London: Constable.
348. Starling, W. (1877). On the extent to which absorption can take place through the skin of the frog. Journal of Anatomy and Physiology 11, 529-532.
349. Steen, W. B. (1929). On the permeability of the frog's bladder to water. Anatomical Record 43, 215-220.
350. Steinbach, H. B. (1967). On the ability of isolated frog skin to manufacture Ringer's fluid. Journal of General Physiology 50, 2377-2389.
351. Stewart, M. M. (1985). Arboreal habitat use and parachuting by a subtropical forest frog. Journal of Herpetology 19, 391-401.
352. Stigler, S. M. (1986). The History of Statistics. The Measurement of Uncertainty before 1900. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press.
353. Stille, W. T. (1952). The nocturnal amphibian fauna of the southern Lake Michigan beach. Ecology 33, 149-162.
354. Stille, W. T. (1958). The water absorption of an anuran. Copeia 1958, 217-218.
355. Storer, T. I. (1925). A synopsis of the Amphibia of California. University of California Publications in Zoology 27, I-342.
356. Sumner, F. B. (1906). The physiological effects upon fishes of changes in the density and salinity of water. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 25, 55-108.
357. Szarski, H. (1948). On the blood-vascular system of the Salientia. Bull Internal Acad Polon Sci Lettres Sér. B(II), année 1947, pp. 145-206.
358. Thorson, T. (1955). The relationship of water economy to terrestrialism in amphibians. Ecology 36, 100-116.
359. Thorson, T. B. (1956). Adjustment of water loss in response to desiccation in amphibians. Copeia 1956, 230-237.
360. Thorson, T. & Svihla, A. (1943). Correlation of the habitats of amphibians with their ability to survive the loss of body water. Ecology 24, 374-381.
361. Tilling, L. (1975). Early experimental graphs. The British Journal for the History of Science 8, 193-213.
362. Townson, R. (1797). Travels in Hungary, with a Short Account of Vienna in the Year 1793. London: Printed for G. G. & J. Robinson.
363. Townson, R. (1799). Tracts and Observations in Natural History and Physiology. London: Printed for the Author by J. White.
364. Torrens, H. S. (1990). The scientific ancestry and historiography of The Silurian System. Journal of the Geological Society, London 147, 657-662.
365. Tracy, C. R. (1975). Water and energy relations of terrestrial amphibians: Insights from mechanistic modeling. In Perspectives of Biophysical Ecology (ed. D. M. Gates and R. B. Schnerl), pp. 325-346. New York: Springer Verlag.
366. Tracy, C. R. (1976). A model of the dynamic exchanges of water and energy between a terrestrial amphibian and its environment. Ecological Monographs 46, 293-326.
367. Tracy, C. R. & Rubink, W. L. (1978). The role of dehydration and antidiuretic hormone on water exchange in Rana pipiens. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 61A, 559-562.
368. Tran, D.-Y., Hoff, K. V. S. & Hillyard, S. D. (1992). Effects of angiotensin II and bladder condition on hydration behavior and water uptake in the toad, Bufo woodhousei. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 103A, 127-130.
369. Tripathi, S. & Boulpaep, E. L. (1989). Mechanisms of water transport by epithelial cells. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology 74, 385-417.
370. Tschernikoff, A. (1926). Zur Physiologie der Hypophysis cerebri des Frosches. Pflügers Archiv 212, 187-203.
371. Tufts, B. L. & Toews, D. P. (1986). Renal function and acid-base balance in the toad Bufo marinus during short-term dehydration. Canadian Journal of Zoology 64, 1054-1057.
372. Uranga, J. (1960). Water uptake through the toad's skin. Acta Physiologica Latinoamericana 10, 251-257.
373. Uranga, J. & Quintana, G. (1958). Absorcion de agua en la vejiga del sapo. Rev Sociedad Argentina de Biologia.
374. Ussing, H. H. & Zerahn, K., (1951). Active transport of sodium as the source of electric current in the shortcircuited isolated frog skin. Acta physiologica scandinavica 23, 110-127.
375. Vallance, T. G. & Torrens, H. S. (1984). The Anglo-Australian Traveller Robert Townson and his map of Hungarian “Petrography” 1797. In Contributions to the History of Geological Mapping (ed. E. Didich), pp. 391-398. Budapest: Akadémiai KiadSoA.
376. Van Berkum, F., Pough, F. H., Stewart, M. M. & Brussard, P. F. (1982). Altitudinal and interspecific differences in the rehydration abilities of Puerto Rican Frogs (Eleutherodactylus). Physiological Zoology 55, 130-136.
377. Van Beurden, E. K. (1984). Survival strategies of the Australian water-holding frog, Cyclorana platycephalus. In Arid Australia (ed. H. G. Cogger and E. E. Cameron), pp. 223-234. Sydney: Australian Museum.
378. Van Der Goot, F. G., Seigneur, A., Gaucher, J.-C. & Ripoche, P. (1992). Flow cytometry and sorting of amphibian bladder endocytic vesicles containing AdH-sensitive water channels. Journal of Membrane Biology 128, 133-139.
379. Vecli, A. & Bianchi, A. (1966). Water transport across isolated frog skin: A critical review of previous techniques and some new experimental results. Archivio di Scienze biologiche 50, 242-250.
380. Voit, E. (1930). Die Messung und Berechnung der Oberfläche von Mensch und Tier. Zeitschrift für Biologie 90, 237-254.
381. Wade, J. B., Stetson, D. L. & Lewis, S. A. (1981). ADH action: Evidence for a membrane shuttle mechanism. Annals New York Academy of Sciences 372, 106-117.
382. Walker, R. F & Whitford, W. G. (1970). Soil water absorption capabilities in selected species of anurans. Herpetologica 26, 411-418.
383. Walters, P. J. & Greenwald, L. (1977). Physiological adaptations of aquatic newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) to a terrestrial environment. Physiological Zoology 50, 88-98.
384. Warburg, M. R. (1965). Studies on the water economy of some Australian frogs. Australian Journal of Zoology 13, 317-330.
385. Warburg, M. R. (1967). On thermal and water balance of three central Australian frogs. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 20, 27-43.
386. Warburg, M. R. (1971a). On the water economy of Israel amphibians: The anurans. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 40A, 911-924.
387. Warburg, M. R. (1971b). The water economy of Israel amphibians: The urodeles Triturus vittatus (Jenyns) and Salamandra salamandra (L.). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 40A, 1055-1063.
388. Warburg, M. R. (1972). Water economy and thermal balance of Israeli and Australian amphibia from xeric habitats. Symposia of the zoological Society of London 31, 79-111.
389. Wertheimer, E. (1923a). Über irreziproke Permeabilität. Pflülgers Archiv 199, 383-401.
390. Wertheimer, E. (1923b). Über irreziproke Permeabilitat. III. Mitteilung. Die irreziproke Permeabilitat von lonen und Farbstoffen. Pflügers Archiv 200, 354-365.
391. Wertheimer, E. (1925). Weitere Untersuchungen an lebenden Membranen. Pflügers Archiv 210, 527-544.
392. Whitford, W. G. & Hutchison, V. H. (1967). Body size and metabolic rate in salamanders. Physiological Zoology 40, 127-133.
393. Windhager, E. E., Whittembury, G., Oken, D., Schatzmann, H. J. & Solomon, A. K. (1959). Single proximal tubules of Necturus kidney. III. Dependence of water movement on NaCl concentration. American Journal of Physiology 197, 313-318.
394. Withers, P. C., Hillman, S. S. & Drewes, R. C. (1984). Evaporative water loss and skin lipids of anuran amphibians. Journal of Experimental Zoology 232, 11-17.
395. Withers, P. C., Hillman, S. S., Drewes, R. C. & Sokol, O. M. (1982). Water loss and nitrogen excretion in sharp-nosed reed frogs (Hyperolius nasutus: Anura, Hyperoliidae). Journal of Experimental Biology 97, 335-343.
396. Wygoda, M. L. (1984). Low cutaneous evaporative water loss in arboreal frogs. Physiological Zoology 57, 329-337.
397. Wygoda, M. (1988). Adaptive control of water loss resistance in an arboreal frog. Herpetologica 44, 251-257.
398. Yokota, S. D. & Hillman, S. S. (1984). Adrenergic control of anuran cutaneous hydroosmotic response. General and Comparative Endocrinology 72, 63-71.
399. Yorio, T. & Bentley, P. T. (1977). Asymmetrical permeability of the integument of tree frogs (Hylidae). Journal of Experimental Biology 67, 197-204.
400. Zamachowski, W. (1966). Changes in the weight of the body of the common frog (Rana temporaria L.) during the period of hibernation. Acta biologica cracoviensia, Ser Zool. 9, 199-206.
401. Zamachowski, W. (1968). Changes in the water content in the organism of the common frog (Rana temporaria L.) and the water frog (Rana esculenta L.) in the annual cycle. Acta biologica cracoviensia. Ser. Zool. 11, 213-225.
402. Zepp, P. (1923). Beiträge zur vergleichenden Untersuchungen der heimischen Froscharten. Zeitschrift für Anatomic und Entwicklungsgeschichte 69, 84-180.