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Volumn 59, Issue 9, 1999, Pages

Searches for new physics in diphoton events in [Formula Presented] collisions at [Formula Presented]

(451)  Abe, F q   Akimoto, H am   Akopian, A ae   Albrow, M G g   Amadon, A e   Amendolia, S R aa   Amidei, D t   Antos, J ag   Aota, S ak   Apollinari, G ae   Arisawa, T am   Asakawa, T ak   Ashmanskas, W e   Atac, M g   Azzi Bacchetta, P y   Bacchetta, N y   Bagdasarov, S ae   Bailey, M W v   Barbaro, P ad   Barbaro Galtieri, A r   more..


Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 85039589320     PISSN: 15507998     EISSN: 15502368     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.59.092002     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (1)

References (84)
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    • The Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF), a compilation of articles reprinted from Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research—A (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1988).
    • The Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF), a compilation of articles reprinted from Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research—A (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1988).
  • 20
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    • At CDF, the z (longitudinal) axis is along the proton beam axis; r is the transverse coordinate. Pseudorapidity (η) is (Formula presented) where θ is the polar angle. Transverse energy is defined as (Formula presented) The negative of the vector sum of the transverse energy is known as missing transverse energy or (Formula presented)
    • At CDF, the z (longitudinal) axis is along the proton beam axis; r is the transverse coordinate. Pseudorapidity (η) is (Formula presented) where θ is the polar angle. Transverse energy is defined as (Formula presented) The negative of the vector sum of the transverse energy is known as missing transverse energy or (Formula presented)
  • 21
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    • The electromagnetic cluster at large η passes all the standard electron selection criteria. However, there is some indication that this cluster is not from an electron. This is discussed in Sec. IV.
    • S. Park, in 10th Topical Workshop on Proton-Antiproton Collider Physics, edited by R. Raja and J. Yoh, AIP Conf. Proc. No. 357 (AIP, New York. 1995), p. 62. The electromagnetic cluster at large η passes all the standard electron selection criteria. However, there is some indication that this cluster is not from an electron. This is discussed in Sec. IV.
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    • D. Toback, Ph.D. thesis, University of Chicago, 1997;
    • D. Toback, Ph.D. thesis, University of Chicago, 1997;
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    • CDF Collaboration, F. Abe, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 1791 (1998).
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    • For a more complete description of the photon identification and determination of backgrounds (which are expected to be mostly from (Formula presented)’s) in CDF see CDF Collaboration, F. Abe, Phys. Rev. D 48, 2998 (1993);
    • (1993) Phys. Rev. D , vol.48 , pp. 2998
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    • A much larger portion of the plug calorimeter is used to identify electrons than in the top-quark measurements of Ref.
    • CDF Collaboration, F. Abe, Phys. Rev. D 52, 2624 (1995).A much larger portion of the plug calorimeter is used to identify electrons than in the top-quark measurements of Ref. 13.
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    • Abe, F.1
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    • F. Abe, Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 2626 (1995). The b-jet identification used here is the SECVTX algorithm only.
    • (1995) Phys. Rev. Lett. , vol.74 , pp. 2626
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  • 32
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    • For more details see M. Hohlmann, Ph.D. thesis, University of Chicago, 1997.
    • CDF Collaboration, F. Abe, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 3585 (1997).For more details see M. Hohlmann, Ph.D. thesis, University of Chicago, 1997.
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    • D. A. Glenzinski, Ph.D. thesis, The Johns Hopkins University, 1995.
    • D. A. Glenzinski, Ph.D. thesis, The Johns Hopkins University, 1995.
  • 37
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    • Trigger towers subtend (Formula presented) in η-φ space.
    • Trigger towers subtend (Formula presented) in η-φ space.
  • 38
    • 85039603870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • D. Benjamin, in 10th Topical Workshop on Proton-Antiproton Collider Physics
    • D. Benjamin, in 10th Topical Workshop on Proton-Antiproton Collider Physics 7, p. 370.
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    • See CDF Collaboration, F. Abe, Phys. Rev. D 45, 1448 (1992), for a description of the jet-finding algorithm and the jet energy corrections. Jets are reconstructed here with a cone in η-φ space of radius 0.4 and are required to have uncorrected (Formula presented) to be counted.
    • (1992) Phys. Rev. D , vol.45 , pp. 1448
    • Abe, F.1
  • 41
    • 85039603360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Formula presented) events with an invariant mass near that of the (Formula presented) boson are selected because the dominant source is standard model (Formula presented) production which has a similar topology to γγ events and does not have any intrinsic (Formula presented) While other processes, such as WW, WZ and (Formula presented) can fake this signature, their contamination rate is less than 1%.
    • (Formula presented) events with an invariant mass near that of the (Formula presented) boson are selected because the dominant source is standard model (Formula presented) production which has a similar topology to γγ events and does not have any intrinsic (Formula presented) While other processes, such as WW, WZ and (Formula presented) can fake this signature, their contamination rate is less than 1%.
  • 42
    • 85039595109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The strip chamber measures, in the z direction, a shower energy of 52 GeV, to be compared with a 37 GeV measurement from the full calorimeter.
    • The strip chamber measures, in the z direction, a shower energy of 52 GeV, to be compared with a 37 GeV measurement from the full calorimeter.
  • 47
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    • S. A. Hauger, Ph.D. thesis, Duke University, 1995.
    • S. A. Hauger, Ph.D. thesis, Duke University, 1995.
  • 48
    • 85039599884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • S. Mrenna (private communication). This calculation was performed usingMADGRAPH 27 andPYTHIA 19.
    • Mrenna, S.1
  • 50
    • 85039599278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • We are using the method 1 SECVTX b-tag estimate. See Ref.
    • We are using the method 1 SECVTX b-tag estimate. See Ref. 13.
  • 51
    • 85039594524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • While there are three (Formula presented) events (Formula presented) in the data with a background expectation of (Formula presented) the (Formula presented) candidate does not look like the background source. A more appropriate comparison is made by removing the (Formula presented) candidate event. In that case, for both photons above 12 GeV there are 2 diboson candidates, consistent with an expectation of (Formula presented) events, and for both photons above 25 GeV there are no diboson candidates, consistent with an expectation of (Formula presented) events.
    • While there are three (Formula presented) events (Formula presented) in the data with a background expectation of (Formula presented) the (Formula presented) candidate does not look like the background source. A more appropriate comparison is made by removing the (Formula presented) candidate event. In that case, for both photons above 12 GeV there are 2 diboson candidates, consistent with an expectation of (Formula presented) events, and for both photons above 25 GeV there are no diboson candidates, consistent with an expectation of (Formula presented) events.
  • 52
    • 85039601657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For example, the event could be due to two (Formula presented) collisions occurring at the same time, each producing part of the event. Similarly, the event could be the overlap of a (Formula presented) collision and a cosmic ray interaction. Another possibility is that parts of the event are due to jets which faked the electron and/or photon identification criteria.
    • For example, the event could be due to two (Formula presented) collisions occurring at the same time, each producing part of the event. Similarly, the event could be the overlap of a (Formula presented) collision and a cosmic ray interaction. Another possibility is that parts of the event are due to jets which faked the electron and/or photon identification criteria.
  • 53
    • 85039590778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficiency for finding a track in the CTC falls rapidly for (Formula presented) The η for the cluster is (Formula presented) In addition the inner layers of the CTC have high occupancy in the event, making finding any evidence of a track impossible.
    • The efficiency for finding a track in the CTC falls rapidly for (Formula presented) The η for the cluster is (Formula presented) In addition the inner layers of the CTC have high occupancy in the event, making finding any evidence of a track impossible.
  • 54
    • 85039600658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • If the clusters in the event were to come from any of the other vertices in the event, their (Formula presented) would significantly change. For example, the (Formula presented) of the cluster in the plug calorimeter is, using the vertex at 20.4 cm, 63 GeV. The (Formula presented) becomes 72, 83, and 85 GeV for the vertices at -8.9, -33.7, and -38.9 cm, respectively, making each far less likely.
    • If the clusters in the event were to come from any of the other vertices in the event, their (Formula presented) would significantly change. For example, the (Formula presented) of the cluster in the plug calorimeter is, using the vertex at 20.4 cm, 63 GeV. The (Formula presented) becomes 72, 83, and 85 GeV for the vertices at -8.9, -33.7, and -38.9 cm, respectively, making each far less likely.
  • 55
    • 85039598163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The sample of photons from cosmic rays are selected from a sample of single photon events in which the ratio of (Formula presented)
    • The sample of photons from cosmic rays are selected from a sample of single photon events in which the ratio of (Formula presented)
  • 56
    • 85039597810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Since most electrons and photons do not deposit energy in the hadronic calorimeters this method is not efficient for finding timing information. It is thus not unusual that one of the three central clusters in the event does not have timing information.
    • Since most electrons and photons do not deposit energy in the hadronic calorimeters this method is not efficient for finding timing information. It is thus not unusual that one of the three central clusters in the event does not have timing information.
  • 57
    • 85039596882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The energy resolutions of the central and plug electromagnetic calorimeters are (Formula presented) and (Formula presented) respectively.
    • The energy resolutions of the central and plug electromagnetic calorimeters are (Formula presented) and (Formula presented) respectively.
  • 58
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    • This is not strictly true. The identification of electrons in the plug calorimeter in the top-quark dilepton analysis requires the presence of a track in the CTC. However, since the cluster in the event is in a region of the detector where the track finding efficiency is approximately zero, this requirement is removed.
    • This is not strictly true. The identification of electrons in the plug calorimeter in the top-quark dilepton analysis requires the presence of a track in the CTC. However, since the cluster in the event is in a region of the detector where the track finding efficiency is approximately zero, this requirement is removed.
  • 60
    • 85039597530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • There is only one other electron in the sample which has (Formula presented) as shown in the central electron plot in Fig. 2222. The stub picked up by the algorithm is a good 4-cluster stub which is attached to a soft, nearby track. The stub associated with the high (Formula presented) electron CTC track is a perfectly good 3-cluster stub with the appropriate Δφ. It is not selected because the algorithm selects 4-cluster stubs over 3-cluster stubs. There are no other such stubs found for the plug electromagnetic cluster.
    • There is only one other electron in the sample which has (Formula presented) as shown in the central electron plot in Fig. 2222. The stub picked up by the algorithm is a good 4-cluster stub which is attached to a soft, nearby track. The stub associated with the high (Formula presented) electron CTC track is a perfectly good 3-cluster stub with the appropriate Δφ. It is not selected because the algorithm selects 4-cluster stubs over 3-cluster stubs. There are no other such stubs found for the plug electromagnetic cluster.
  • 61
    • 85039590070 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The measurement of the shower in the electromagnetic calorimeter would also be unusual for an electron. However, a detailed study indicates that the problem is not significant and may be due to noise in the calorimeter.
    • The measurement of the shower in the electromagnetic calorimeter would also be unusual for an electron. However, a detailed study indicates that the problem is not significant and may be due to noise in the calorimeter.
  • 62
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    • The amount of energy deposited in each layer of the SVX is given by a Landau distribution. The probability of the amount of energy deposited to be below the requirement to create a cluster is less than 1%.
    • The amount of energy deposited in each layer of the SVX is given by a Landau distribution. The probability of the amount of energy deposited to be below the requirement to create a cluster is less than 1%.
  • 63
    • 85039599965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The photon sample was selected as “photons” having no nearby tracks (see Table I); the efficiency of these criteria is estimated to be 95.3%. Assuming all of the photons rejected from the sample have a VTX occupancy of greater than 50% and (Formula presented) the true rate at which photons pass these cuts could be as large as 15% and 7% respectively.
    • The photon sample was selected as “photons” having no nearby tracks (see Table I); the efficiency of these criteria is estimated to be 95.3%. Assuming all of the photons rejected from the sample have a VTX occupancy of greater than 50% and (Formula presented) the true rate at which photons pass these cuts could be as large as 15% and 7% respectively.
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    • S. Jadach et al., computer code TAUOLA version 2.5, 1994;
    • S. Jadach et al., computer code TAUOLA version 2.5, 1994;
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    • We have considered here only standard model interpretations. There are exotic possibilities such as a new particle that decays to (Formula presented) that are consistent with all the data.
    • We have considered here only standard model interpretations. There are exotic possibilities such as a new particle that decays to (Formula presented) that are consistent with all the data.
  • 68
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    • The list of electron requirements does not include the SVX Δφ cut since it is not part of the standard selection criteria. The CTC track requirement is removed since it restricts the η range in which electrons can be found. Removing these requirements is conservative as it only increases the rate at which standard model processes could produce the event.
    • The list of electron requirements does not include the SVX Δφ cut since it is not part of the standard selection criteria. The CTC track requirement is removed since it restricts the η range in which electrons can be found. Removing these requirements is conservative as it only increases the rate at which standard model processes could produce the event.
  • 69
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    • MADGRAPH, PYTHIA, Also see Ref.
    • S. Mrenna (private communication). This calculation was performed usingMADGRAPH 27 andPYTHIA 19.Also see Ref. 3(b). Based on experience with Diboson production there is about a 30% uncertainty on the (Formula presented) cross section because of higher order corrections and structure function uncertainties.
    • Mrenna, S.1
  • 70
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    • Supersymmetric scenarios could produce such a situation. For example (Formula presented)
    • Supersymmetric scenarios could produce such a situation. For example (Formula presented)
  • 71
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    • For an excellent introduction to supersymmetry see S. Dawson, Proceedings of Techniques and Concepts of High-Energy Physics IX, St. Croix, 1996, pp. 33, hep-ph/9612229 or
    • Dawson, S.1
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    • C. Kolda (private communication).
    • Kolda, C.1
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    • S. Mrenna, Comput. Phys. Commun. 101, 232 (1997). We have used PYTHIA 5.710 and SPYTHIA 2.08.
    • (1997) Comput. Phys. Commun. , vol.101 , pp. 232
    • Mrenna, S.1
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    • We have used the model in Appendix B (Table 12) of Ref.
    • We have used the model in Appendix B (Table 12) of Ref. 3(c) which assumes that the (Formula presented) candidate event is real and due to (Formula presented) production, and the (Formula presented) is not light.
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