Measuring physiological influence in dyads: A guide to designing, implementing, and analyzing dyadic physiological studies

Psychological Methods

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 2018, Pages 595-616

  Thorson, Katherine R ^a   West, Tessa V ^a   Mendes, Wendy Berry ^b  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Dyadic interaction; Interpersonal physiology; Multilevel modeling; Physiological influence

Indexed keywords

HUMAN; MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS; NEUROSCIENCE; PHYSIOLOGY; POWER ANALYSIS; PSYCHOLOGY; SCIENTIST; THEORETICAL STUDY; ADRENERGIC SYSTEM; ADULT; EMOTION; FEMALE; HUMAN RELATION; MALE; METHODOLOGY; PERCEPTION; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; EMOTIONS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; MALE; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; PSYCHOLOGY; RESEARCH DESIGN; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 85039155578     PISSN: 1082989X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/met0000166     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage
2. Anderson, C., Keltner, D., & John, O. P. (2003). Emotional convergence between people over time. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1054-1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.1054
3. Bachrach, A., Fontbonne, Y., Joufflineau, C., & Ulloa, J. L. (2015). Audience entrainment during live contemporary dance performance: Physiological and cognitive measures. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00179
4. Barrett, L. F. (2013). Psychological construction: A Darwinian approach to the science of emotion. Emotion Review, 5, 379-389. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1177/1754073913489753
5. Bauer, D. J., & Curran, P. J. (2005). Probing interactions in fixed and multilevel regression: Inferential and graphical techniques. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 40, 373-400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/ s15327906mbr4003_5
6. Bazhenova, O. V., Plonskaia, O., & Porges, S. W. (2001). Vagal reactivity and affective adjustment in infants during interaction challenges. Child Development, 72, 1314-1326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00350
7. Bernard, N. K., Kashy, D. A., Levendosky, A. A., Bogat, G. A., & Lonstein, J. S. (2017). Do different data analytic approaches generate discrepant findings when measuring mother-infant HPA axis attunement? Developmental Psychobiology, 59, 174-184. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1002/dev.21474
8. Blascovich, J., & Mendes, W. B. (2010). Social psychophysiology and embodiment. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (5th ed., pp. 194-227). New York, NY: Wiley http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy001006
9. Blascovich, J., Vanman, E. J., Mendes, W. B., & Dickerson, S. (2011). Social psychophysiology for social and personality psychology. London, UK: Sage. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781446287842
10. Bolger, N., & Laurenceau, J. P. (2013). Intensive longitudinal methods: An introduction to diary and experience sampling research. New York, NY: Guilford Press
11. Bolger, N., Stadler, G., & Laurenceau, J. P. (2012). Power analysis for intensive longitudinal studies. In M. R. Mehl & T. S. Conner (Eds.), Handbook of research methods for studying daily life (pp. 285-301). New York, NY: Guilford Press
12. Butler, E. A. (2011). Temporal interpersonal emotion systems: The 'TIES' that form relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15, 367-393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088868311411164
13. Butner, J., Amazeen, P. G., & Mulvey, G. M. (2005). Multilevel modeling of two cyclical processes: Extending differential structural equation modeling to nonlinear coupled systems. Psychological Methods, 10, 159-177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.10.2.159
14. Cacioppo, J. T., Berntson, G. G., Larsen, J. T., Poehlmann, K. M., & Ito, T. A. (2000). The psychophysiology of emotion. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (2nd ed., pp. 173-191). New York, NY: Guilford Press
15. Cacioppo, J. T., Tassinary, L. G., & Berntson, G. G. (Eds.). (2007a). Handbook of psychophysiology (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511546396
16. Cacioppo, J. T., Tassinary, L. G., & Berntson, G. G. (2007b). Psychophysiological science: Interdisciplinary approaches to classic questions about the mind. In J. T. Cacioppo, L. G. Tassinary, & G. G. Berntson (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology (3rd ed., pp. 1-16). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO97805 11546396.001
17. Chatel-Goldman, J., Congedo, M., Jutten, C., & Schwartz, J. L. (2014). Touch increases autonomic coupling between romantic partners. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00095
18. Chow, S. M., Ferrer, E., & Hsieh, F. (2010). Statistical methods for modeling human dynamics: An interdisciplinary dialogue. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis
19. Cohen, L. H., & Patterson, M. (1937). Effect of pain on the heart rate of normal and schizophrenic individuals. Journal of General Psychology, 17, 273-289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1937.9918000
20. Coleman, R., Greenblatt, M., & Solomon, H. C. (1956). Physiological evidence of rapport during psychotherapeutic interviews. Diseases of the Nervous System, 17, 71-77
21. Darrow, C. W. (1929). Differences in the physiological reactions to sensory and ideational stimuli. Psychological Bulletin, 26, 185-201. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0074053
22. Dikker, S., Wan, L., Davidesco, I., Kaggen, L., Oostrik, M., McClintock, J., Poeppel, D. (2017). Brain-to-brain synchrony during real-world dynamic group interactions: A classroom EEG study. Current Biology, 27, 1375-1380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.002
23. Dimascio, A., Boyd, R. W., & Greenblatt, M. (1957). Physiological correlates of tension and antagonism during psychotherapy; a study of interpersonal physiology. Psychosomatic Medicine, 19, 99-104. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006842-195703000-00002
24. Ebisch, S. J., Aureli, T., Bafunno, D., Cardone, D., Romani, G. L., & Merla, A. (2012). Mother and child in synchrony: Thermal facial imprints of autonomic contagion. Biological Psychology, 89, 123-129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.09.018
25. Feldman, R., Magori-Cohen, R., Galili, G., Singer, M., & Louzoun, Y. (2011). Mother and infant coordinate heart rhythms through episodes of interaction synchrony. Infant Behavior & Development, 34, 569-577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.06.008
26. Fisher, A. J., & Newman, M. G. (2013). Heart rate and autonomic response to stress after experimental induction of worry versus relaxation in healthy, high-worry, and generalized anxiety disorder individuals. Biological Psychology, 93, 65-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.01.012
27. Fitzmaurice, G. M., Laird, N. M., & Ware, J. H. (2011). Applied longitudinal analysis (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
28. Funder, D. C. (1995). On the accuracy of personality judgment: A realistic approach. Psychological Review, 102, 652-670. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.102.4.652
29. Gates, K. M., & Liu, S. (2016). Methods for quantifying patterns of dynamic interactions in dyads. Assessment, 23, 459-471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073191116641508
30. Gonzalez, R., & Griffin, D. (2002). Modeling the personality of dyads and groups. Journal of Personality, 70, 901-924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ 1467-6494.05027
31. Gosling, S. D., Ko, S. J., Mannarelli, T., & Morris, M. E. (2002). A room with a cue: Personality judgments based on offices and bedrooms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 379-398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.3.379
32. Gottman, J. M. (1990). How marriages change. In G. R. Patterson (Ed.), Depression and aggression in family interaction (pp. 75-101). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
33. Gross, J. J., & Barrett, L. F. (2011). Emotion generation and emotion regulation: One or two depends on your point of view. Emotion Review, 3, 8-16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073910380974
34. Guastello, S. J., Pincus, D., & Gunderson, P. R. (2006). Electrodermal arousal between participants in a conversation: Nonlinear dynamics and linkage effects. Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences, 10, 365-399
35. Ham, J., & Tronick, E. (2009). Relational psychophysiology: Lessons from mother-infant physiology research on dyadically expanded states of consciousness. Psychotherapy Research, 19, 619-632. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1080/10503300802609672
36. Hansen, A. L., Johnsen, B. H., & Thayer, J. F. (2003). Vagal influence on working memory and attention. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 48, 263-274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(03)00073-4
37. Helm, J. L., Sbarra, D., & Ferrer, E. (2012). Assessing cross-partner associations in physiological responses via coupled oscillator models. Emotion, 12, 748-762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0025036
38. Helm, J. L., Sbarra, D. A., & Ferrer, E. (2014). Coregulation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in adult romantic partners. Emotion, 14, 522-531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0035960
39. Henning, R. A., Boucsein, W., & Gil, M. C. (2001). Social-physiological compliance as a determinant of team performance. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 40, 221-232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8760(00)00190-2
40. Heyman, R. E., Lorber, M. F., Eddy, J. M., & West, T. V. (2014). Behavioral observation and coding. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (2nd ed., pp. 345-372). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press
41. Hill-Soderlund, A. L., Mills-Koonce, W. R., Propper, C., Calkins, S. D., Granger, D. A., Moore, G. A., Cox, M. J. (2008). Parasympathetic and sympathetic responses to the strange situation in infants and mothers from avoidant and securely attached dyads. Developmental Psychobiology, 50, 361-376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dev.20302
42. Houtveen, J. H., Rietveld, S., & de Geus, E. J. (2002). Contribution of tonic vagal modulation of heart rate, central respiratory drive, respiratory depth, and respiratory frequency to respiratory sinus arrhythmia during mental stress and physical exercise. Psychophysiology, 39, 427-436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-8986.3940427
43. Hox, J. J. (2013). Multilevel regression and multilevel structural equation modeling. In T. D. Little (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of quantitative methods in psychology: Statistical analysis (Vol. 2, pp. 281-294). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/ 9780199934898.013.0014
44. Hox, J. J., Maas, C. J. M., & Brinkhuis, M. J. S. (2010). The effect of estimation method and sample size in multilevel structural equation modeling. Statistica Neerlandica, 64, 157-170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9574.2009.00445.x
45. Inauen, J., Shrout, P. E., Bolger, N., Stadler, G., & Scholz, U. (2016). Mind the gap? An intensive longitudinal study of between-person and withinperson intention-behavior relations. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 50, 516-522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12160-016-9776-x
46. Jacobson, E. (1930). Electrical measurements of neuromuscular states during mental activities. American Journal of Physiology, 95, 694-702
47. Järvelä, S., Kivikangas, J. M., Kätsyri, J., & Ravaja, N. (2014). Physiological linkage of dyadic gaming experience. Simulation & Gaming, 45, 24-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046878113513080
48. Kashy, D. A., & Kenny, D. A. (2000). The analysis of data from dyads and groups. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social psychology (pp. 451-477). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press
49. Kenny, D. A., Kashy, D. A., & Cook, W. L. (2006). Dyadic data analysis. New York, NY: Guilford Press
50. Kenny, D. A., & La Voie, L. J. (1985). Separating individual and group effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 339-348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.48.2.339
51. Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K. M., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1993). The 'Trier Social Stress Test': A tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychology, 29, 76-81
52. Kraus, M. W., & Mendes, W. B. (2014). Sartorial symbols of social class elicit class-consistent behavioral and physiological responses: A dyadic approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143, 2330-2340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xge0000023
53. Kreibig, S. D. (2010). Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion: A review. Biological Psychology, 84, 394-421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ j.biopsycho.2010.03.010
54. Lane, S. P., & Hennes, E. P. (in press). Power struggles: Estimating sample size for multilevel relationships research. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships
55. Ledermann, T., Macho, S., & Kenny, D. A. (2011). Assessing mediation in dyadic data using the actor-partner interdependence model. Structural Equation Modeling, 18, 595-612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2011.607099
56. Levenson, R. W., & Gottman, J. M. (1983). Marital interaction: Physiological linkage and affective exchange. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 587-597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.587
57. Levenson, R. W., & Ruef, A. M. (1992). Empathy: A physiological substrate. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 234-246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.63.2.234
58. Liu, S., Rovine, M. J., Klein, L. C., & Almeida, D. M. (2013). Synchrony of diurnal cortisol pattern in couples. Journal of Family Psychology, 27, 579-588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0033735
59. Liu, S., Zhou, Y., Palumbo, R., & Wang, J. L. (2016). Dynamical correlation: A new method for quantifying synchrony with multivariate intensive longitudinal data. Psychological Methods, 21, 291-308. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1037/met0000071
60. Lunkenheimer, E., Tiberio, S. S., Buss, K. A., Lucas-Thompson, R. G., Boker, S. M., & Timpe, Z. C. (2015). Coregulation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia between parents and preschoolers: Differences by children's externalizing problems. Developmental Psychobiology, 57, 994-1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dev.21323
61. Manini, B., Cardone, D., Ebisch, S. J., Bafunno, D., Aureli, T., & Merla, A. (2013). Mom feels what her child feels: Thermal signatures of vicarious autonomic response while watching children in a stressful situation. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 299
62. Manstead, A. S. R. (2012). A history of affect and emotion research in social psychology. In A. W. Kruglanski & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Handbook of the history of social psychology (pp. 177-198). New York, NY: Psychology Press
63. Marci, C. D., Ham, J., Moran, E., & Orr, S. P. (2007). Physiologic correlates of perceived therapist empathy and social-emotional process during psychotherapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 103-111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nmd.0000253731.71025.fc
64. Mauss, I. B., Cook, C. L., Cheng, J. Y., & Gross, J. J. (2007). Individual differences in cognitive reappraisal: Experiential and physiological responses to an anger provocation. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 66, 116-124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.03.017
65. McAssey, M. P., Helm, J., Hsieh, F., Sbarra, D. A., & Ferrer, E. (2013). Methodological advances for detecting physiological synchrony during dyadic interactions. Methodology: European Journal of Research Methods for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 9, 41-53. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1027/1614-2241/a000053
66. Mendes, W. B. (2009). Assessing the autonomic nervous system. In E. Harmon-Jones & J. S. Beer (Eds.), Methods in social neuroscience (pp. 118-147). New York, NY: Guilford Press
67. Mendes, W. B. (2016). Emotion and the autonomic nervous system. In L. E. Barrett, M. Lewis, & J. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (4th ed., pp. 166-181). New York, NY: Guilford Press
68. Mitkidis, P., McGraw, J. J., Roepstorff, A., & Wallot, S. (2015). Building trust: Heart rate synchrony and arousal during joint action increased by public goods game. Physiology & Behavior, 149, 101-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.05.033
69. Mittelmann, B., & Wolff, H. G. (1939). Affective states and skin temperature: Experimental study of subjects with 'cold hands' and Raynaud's syndrome. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1, 271-292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006842-193904000-00003
70. Palumbo, R. V., Marraccini, M. E., Weyandt, L. L., Wilder-Smith, O., McGee, H. A., Liu, S., & Goodwin, M. S. (2017). Interpersonal autonomic physiology: A systematic review of the literature. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 21, 99-141
71. Papp, L. M., Pendry, P., & Adam, E. K. (2009). Mother-adolescent physiological synchrony in naturalistic settings: Within-family cortisol associations and moderators. Journal of Family Psychology, 23, 882-894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0017147
72. Papp, L. M., Pendry, P., Simon, C. D., & Adam, E. K. (2013). Spouses' cortisol associations and moderators: Testing physiological synchrony and connectedness in everyday life. Family Process, 52, 284-298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.2012.01413.x
73. Parkinson, B. (2011). Interpersonal emotion transfer: Contagion and social appraisal. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5, 428-439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00365.x
74. Quigley, K. S., & Barrett, L. F. (2014). Is there consistency and specificity of autonomic changes during emotional episodes? Guidance from the conceptual act theory and psychophysiology. Biological Psychology, 98, 82-94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.12.013
75. Reed, R. G., Barnard, K., & Butler, E. A. (2015). Distinguishing emotional coregulation from codysregulation: An investigation of emotional dynamics and body weight in romantic couples. Emotion, 15, 45-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0038561
76. Reed, R. G., Randall, A. K., Post, J. H., & Butler, E. A. (2013). Partner influence and in-phase versus anti-phase physiological linkage in romantic couples. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 88, 309-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.08.009
77. Ricksher, C., & Jung, C. G. (1907-1908). Further investigations on the galvanic phenomenon and respiration in normal and insane individuals. The Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 2, 189-217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0073786
78. Satterthwaite, F. E. (1946). An approximate distribution of estimates of variance components. Biometrics Bulletin, 2, 110-114. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.2307/3002019
79. Saxbe, D., & Repetti, R. L. (2010). For better or worse? Coregulation of couples' cortisol levels and mood states. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 92-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0016959
80. Sbarra, D. A., & Hazan, C. (2008). Coregulation, dysregulation, selfregulation: An integrative analysis and empirical agenda for understanding adult attachment, separation, loss, and recovery. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12, 141-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 1088868308315702
81. Scarpa, A., Ashley, R. A., Waldron, J. C., Zhou, Y., Swain, D. M., Dunsmore, J. C., & Bell, M. A. (2017). Side by side: Modeling dyadic physiological linkage in strangers. Emotion. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/emo0000340
82. Schächinger, H., Weinbacher, M., Kiss, A., Ritz, R., & Langewitz, W. (2001). Cardiovascular indices of peripheral and central sympathetic activation. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63, 788-796. http://dx.doi.org/1.1097/00006842-200109000-00012
83. Sherwood, A., Allen, M. T., Fahrenberg, J., Kelsey, R. M., Lovallo, W. R., & van Doornen, L. J. (1990). Methodological guidelines for impedance cardiography. Psychophysiology, 27, 1-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1990.tb02171.x
84. Shiota, M. N., Neufeld, S. L., Yeung, W. H., Moser, S. E., & Perea, E. F. (2011). Feeling good: Autonomic nervous system responding in five positive emotions. Emotion, 11, 1368-1378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ a0024278
85. Siegel, E. H., Sands, M. K., Condon, P., Chang, Y., Dy, J., Quigley, K. S., & Barrett, L. F. (2016). Emotion fingerprints or emotion populations? A meta-analytic investigation of autonomic features of emotion categories. Manuscript submitted for publication
86. Stratford, T., Lal, S., & Meara, A. (2012). Neuroanalysis of therapeutic alliance in the symptomatically anxious: The physiological connection revealed between therapist and client. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 66, 1-21
87. Suveg, C., Shaffer, A., & Davis, M. (2016). Family stress moderates relations between physiological and behavioral synchrony and child self-regulation in mother-preschooler dyads. Developmental Psychobiology, 58, 83-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dev.21358
88. Thorson, K. R., Forbes, C. E., Magerman, A., & West, T. V. (2017). Under threat but engaged: Stereotype threat leads women to engage with female but not male partners in STEM. Manuscript submitted for publication
89. Timmons, A. C., Margolin, G., & Saxbe, D. E. (2015). Physiological linkage in couples and its implications for individual and interpersonal functioning: A literature review. Journal of Family Psychology, 29, 720-731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/fam0000115
90. Wass, S. V., de Barbaro, K., & Clackson, K. (2015). Tonic and phasic co-variation of peripheral arousal indices in infants. Biological Psychology, 111, 26-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.08.006
91. Waters, S. F., West, T. V., Karnilowicz, H., & Mendes, W. B. (2017). Affect contagion between mothers and babies: Exploring the role of touch and valence. Manuscript submitted for publication
92. Waters, S. F., West, T. V., & Mendes, W. B. (2014). Stress contagion: Physiological covariation between mothers and infants. Psychological Science, 25, 934-942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797613518352
93. West, T. V. (2013). Repeated measures with dyads. In J. A. Simpson & L. Campbell (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of close relationships (pp. 731-749). New York, NY: Oxford University Press
94. West, T. V., Koslov, K., Page-Gould, E., Major, B., & Mendes, W. B. (2017). Contagious anxiety: Anxious European Americans can transmit their physiologic reactivity to African Americans. Psychological Science. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/ 0956797617722551