Laboratories of virtue: Punishment, revolution, and authority in Philadelphia, 1760-1835

Laboratories of Virtue: Punishment, Revolution, and Authority in Philadelphia, 1760-1835

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1-338

  Meranze, Michael ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 85038000722     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (601)

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73. Shippen, "Grand Jury Charge," Oct. 24,1785, Balch-Shippen Papers, II, 88.
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78. Shippen, "Charge to Grand Jury, delivered by Edw at Easton June 1762," Balch-Shippen Papers, II, 85.
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80. McKean, "Notes on Charges to Grand Juries," McKean Papers, 60-61, 62-63,66,69,70.
81. Greg Dening, Mr. Bligh's Bad Language: Passion, Power and Theatre on the Bounty (New York, 1992), 116.
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83. Negley K. Teeters, "Public Executions in Pennsylvania, 1682-1834," Journal of the Lancaster County Historical Society, 64 (1960), 153-163.
84. Hay, "Property, Authority, and the Criminal Law," in Hay et al., Albion's Fatal Tree, 17-63.
85. John M. Langbein, "Albion's Fatal Flaws," Past and Present, no. 98 (1983), 96-120.
86. Hay, "Property, Authority, and the Criminal Law," in Hay et al., Albion's Fatal Tree, 44-49.
87. Beattie, Crime and the Courts in England, 439-449, 621-622.
88. Teeters, "Public Executions in Pennsylvania, 1682-1834," Journal of the Lancaster County Historical Society, 64 (1960), 119.
89. Teeters, Scaffold and Chair, 79-80.
90. McKean, "Notes on Charges to Grand Juries," McKean Papers, 5-6.
91. Shippen, "Charge to Grand Jury, delivered at Edwby Easton June 1762," Balch-Shippen Papers, II, 85.
92. Gary B. Nash, Forging Freedom: The Formation of Philadelphia's Black Community, 1720-1840 (Cambridge, Mass., 1988), 12-13.
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101. Foner, Tom Paine and Revolutionary America (New York, 1976), 19-45.
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103. Gary B. Nash, The Urban Crucible: Social Change, Political Consciousness, and the Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1979), 408.
104. Stephen Brobeck, "Revoltionary Change in Colonial Philadelphia: The Brief Life of the Proprietary Gentry," WM, 3d Ser., XXXIII (1976), 410-434.
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121. Rosswurm, Arms, Country, and Class, 21-39.
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125. Masur, Rites of Execution, 93-116.
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131. Scharf and Westcott, History of Philadelphia, II, 857.
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151. Foner, Tom Paine and Revolutionary America, 56-69.
152. Steven J. Rosswurm, Arms, Country, and Class: The Philadelphia Militia and "Lower Sort" during the American Revolution, 1775-1783 (New Brunswick, N.J., 1987), 93-108.
153. Foner, Tom Paine and Revolutionary America, 107-138.
154. L. Jesse Lemisch, ed., Benjamin Franklin: The Autobiography and Other Writings (New York, 1961), 195.
155. Ric Northrup, "Decomposition and Reconstitution: A Theoretical and Historical Study of Philadelphia Artisans, 1785-1820" (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina, 1988), 121-147.
156. Foner, Tom Paine and Revolutionary America, 28-45.
157. Rosswurm, Arms, Class, and Country, 37-38.
158. Thorpe, ed., Federal and State Constitutions, V, 3083.
159. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 83-90.
160. Foner, Tom Paine and Revolutionary America, 107-144.
161. Thorpe, ed., Federal and State Constitutions, V, 3091.
162. Michael Ignatieff, A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1850 (New York, 1978), 80-82.
163. John Beattie, Crime and the Courts in England, 1660-1800 (Princeton, N.J., 1986), 522-524.
164. Jefferson, "A Bill for Proportioning Crimes and Punishments," in Merrill Peterson, ed., The Writings of Thomas Jefferson (New York, 1984), 349-350.
165. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York, 1977), 73-114.
166. Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments, trans. Henry Paolucci (New York, 1963), 47-49, 58.
167. Charles Secondat, baron de Montesquieu, The Spirit of Laws, trans., Thomas Nugent (New York, 1949), 1, 19-21, 84.
168. Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments, 56, 68,76.
169. Pennsylvania, General Assembly, Minutes of the First Session of the Ninth General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania..., 1784 (Philadelphia, 1784), 21.
170. James Wilson, "Lectures on Law," in Robert Mcloskey, ed., The Works of James Wilson (Cambridge, Mass., 1967), II, 441.
171. "Essay on Capital Punishment," Freeman's Journal (Philadelphia), Sept. 7, 1785.
172. Jay Fliegelman, Prodigals and Pilgrims: The American Revolution against Patriarchal Authority (New York, 1982).
173. Norman Fiering, "Benjamin Franklin and the Way to Virtue," American Quarterly, XXX (1978), 199-223.
174. Lillian B. Miller, ed., The Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peak and His Family, I, Charles Willson Peak: Artist in Revolutionary America, 1735-1791 (New Haven, Conn., 1983), 354-355.
175. Peter Shaw, American Patriots and the Rituals of Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1981) 15-18, 178-180, 197-199.
176. Alfred F. Young, "English Plebeian Culture and Eighteenth-Century American Radicalism," in Margaret Jacob and James Jacob, eds., The Origins of Anglo-American Radicalism (London, 1984), 185-212.
177. Jean-Christophe Agnew, "The Threshold of Exchange: Speculations on the Market," Radical History Review, XXI (1979), 102.
178. Miller ed., Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale, I, 399-401.
179. John K. Alexander, "The Fort Wilson Incident of 1779: A Case Study of the Revolutionary Crowd," WMQ, 3d Ser., XXXI (1974), 589-612.
180. Rosswurm, Arms, Country, and Class, 205-227.
181. Miller, ed., Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale, I, 401.
182. Rowe, Thomas McKean, 237-238.
183. Francis Hopkinson, Miscellaneous Essays (Philadelphia, 1792), II, 108,107.
184. James H. Kettner, The Development of American Citizenship, 1608-1870 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1978), chaps. 6-7.
185. Thomas Sheridan, A Complete Dictionary of the English Language (Philadelphia, 1789).
186. Allen Steinberg, "From Private Prosecution to Plea Bargaining: Criminal Prosecution, the District Attorney, and American Legal History" (paper presented to the Philadelphia Center for Early American Studies, Mar. 4,1983).
187. Sharon V. Salinger, "Artisans, Journeymen, and the Transformation of Labor in Late Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia," WMQ, 3d Ser., XL (1983), 65.
188. Fleigelman, Declaring Independence: Jefferson, Natural Language, and the Culture of Performance (Stanford, Calif., 1993), 150-164.
189. Kenneth Cmiel, Democratic Eloquence: The Fight over Popular Speech in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1990), 23-54.
190. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York, 1977), 109-114.
191. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Indianapolis, Ind., 1969; orig. pub. 1759), 49.
192. David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature (1749), ed. L. A. Selby-Bigge (Oxford, 1888), 365.
193. David Marshall, The Figure of Theater: Shaftesbury, Defoe, Adam Smith, and George Eliot (New York, 1986), 177-181.
194. John Mullan, Sentiment and Sociability: The Language of Feeling in the Eighteenth Century (Oxford, 1988), 18-56.
195. Ann Warder, "Extracts from the Diary of Ann Warder," ed. Sarah Cadbury, PMHB, XVIII (1894), 61.
196. Christine Stansell, City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789-1860 (New York, 1986), 20-37.
197. Negly K. Teeters, The Cradle of the Penitentiary: The Walnut Street Jail at Philadelphia, 1773-1835 (Philadelphia, 1955), 27-28.
198. Daniel A. Cohen, Pillars of Salt, Monuments of Grace: New England Crime Literature and the Origins of American Popular Culture, 1674- 1860 (New York, 1993), 138-142.
199. John K. Alexander, Render Them Submissive: Responses to Poverty in Philadelphia, 1760-1800 (Amherst, Mass., 1980), 73-77, 85.
200. G. J. Barker-Benfield, The Culture of Sensibility: Sex and Society in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Chicago, 1992), 91-92.
201. Richard L. Bushman, The Refinement of America: Persons, Houses, Cities (New York, 1992), 46-51, 58-60.
202. Paul Langford, A Polite and Commercial People: England, 1727-1783 (Oxford, 1989), 99-116.
203. Michael Warner, The Letters of the Republic: Publication and the Public Sphere in Eighteenth-Century America (Cambridge, Mass., 1990).
204. Christopher Looby, " 'The Affairs Of the Revolution Occasion'd the Interruption': Writing, Revolution, Deferral, and Conciliation in Franklin's Autobiography," American Quarterly, XXXVIII (1986), 72-96.
205. Warner, Letters of the Republic, 73-76.
206. Benjamin Rush, Essays: Literary, Moral and Philosophical (1806), ed. Michael Meranze (Schenectady, N.Y., 1988), 70.
207. Barker-Benfield, The Culture of Sensibility, 37-55.
208. John F. Watson, Annals of Philadelphia and Pennsylvania, in the Olden Time; Being a Collection of Memoirs, Anecdote, and Incidents of the City and Its Inhabitants, and of the Earliest Settlements of the Inland Pan of Pennsylvania, from the Days of the Founders... 2 vols. (Philadelphia, 1857), I, 310.
209. Eric Foner, Tom Paine and Revolutionary America (New York, 1976), 19-56.
210. Steven Rosswurm, "Arms, Culture, and Class: The Philadelphia Militia and 'Lower Orders' in the American Revolution, 1765-1783" (Ph.D. diss., Northern Illinois University, 1979).
211. G. S. Rowe, "Black Offenders, Criminal Courts, and Philadelphia Society in the Late Eighteenth- Century," Journal Of Social Historyy XXII (1989), 685-712.
212. Rosswurm, "Arms, Culture, and Class," 48-49.
213. Rosswurm, "Arms, Culture, and Class," 49.
214. Alexander Graydon, Memoirs of His Own Time, with Reminiscences of the Men and Events of the Revolution, ed. John Stockton Littell (Philadelphia, 1846), 80-82, 92-94.
215. Thompson, "'The Friendly Glass': Drink and Gentility in Colonial Philadelphia," PMHB, CXIII (1989), 549-573.
216. Barker-Benfield, The Culture of Sensibility, 50-53.
217. Alexander, Render Them Submissive, 53-59.
218. Freud, "The Uncanny," in Ernest Jones et al, eds., 5 vols., Collected Papers, trans. Joan Riviere et al. (London, 1953), IV, 394.
219. Anthony Vidler, The Architectural Uncanny: Essays in the Modern Unhomely (Cambridge, Mass., 1992), 17-44.
220. Terry Castle, The Female Thermometer: Eighteenth- Century Culture and the Invention of the Uncanny (New York, 1995), 3-15.
221. Mathew Clarkson, An Address to the Citizens of Philadelphia, respecting the Better Government of Youth (Philadelphia, 1795).
222. Drinker, cited in Rosswurm, "Arms, Culture, and Class," 52.
223. Bushman, The Refinement of America, 83-89.
224. Randall McGowen, "The Body and Punishment in Eighteenth- Century England," Journal of Modern History, LIX (1987), 656-666.
225. Ann Fairfax Withington, Toward a More Perfect Union: Virtue and the Formation of American Republics (New York, 1991), 20-47, 76-78, 90-91.
226. Samuel Hazard, ed., The Register of Pennsylvania, Devoted to the Preservation of Facts and Documents, and Every Other Kind of Useful Information respecting the State of Pennsylvania, 16 vols. (Philadelphia, 1828), I, 346.
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228. Jean-Christophe Agnew, Worlds Apart: The Market and the Theater in Anglo-American Thought, 1550-1750 (New York, 1986), 131-143.
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267. Peter Jonitas and Elizabeth Jonitas, "Members of the Prison Society: Biographical Vignettes, 1776-1830, of the Managers of the Philadelphia Society for Assisting Distressed Prisoners and the Members of the PSAMPP 1787-1830," I, 50, 147-152, II, 1-2, 34-35.
268. Jiirgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, trans. Thomas Burger (Cambridge, Mass., 1989), 27.
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339. Lownes, An Account, 84.
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342. Turnbull, A Visit, 33.
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447. Scharf and Westcott, History of Philadelphia, III, 1844.
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455. [Haviland], A Description, 3-7.
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457. David J. Rothman, The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic (Boston, 1971), 95-101.
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465. Michael Ignatieff, A Just Measure of Pain: The Penitentiary in the Industrial Revolution, 1750-1850 (New York, 1978), 195-197.
466. Robin Evans, The Fabrication of Virtue: English Prison Architecture, 1750-1840 (Cambridge, 1982), 318-387.
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485. Commissioners to Superintend the Erection of the Eastern Penitentiary, Letter Report and Documents, 13.
486. James Mease, Observations on the Penitentiary System, and Penal Code of Pennsylvania with Suggestions for their Improvement (Philadelphia, 1828), 19-23.
487. George W. Smith, A Defence of the System of Solitary Confinement of Prisoners Adopted by the State of Pennsylvania, with Remarks on the Origin, Progress, and Extension of This Species of Prison Discipline (Philadelphia, 1833), 11.
488. Carey, Thoughts on Penitentiaries and Prison Discipline, 16.
489. Priscilla Ferguson Clement, Welfare and the Poor in the Nineteenth-Century City: Philadelphia, 1800-1854 (Rutherford, N.J., 1985), 53-55.
490. Clement, Welfare and the Poor, 54-56.
491. Philadelphia Board of Guardians, Report of the Committee Appointed by the Board of Guardians of the Poor of the City and Districts of Philadelphia, to Visit the Cities of Baltimore, New-York, Providence, Boston, and Salem (Philadelphia, 1827).
492. [Philadelphia], Report of the Committee Appointed at a Town Meeting of the Citizens of the City and County of Philadelphia, on the 23d of July, 1827, to Consider the Subject of the Pauper System of the City and Districts, and to Report Remedies for Its Defects (Philadelphia, 1827).
493. Marcia Roberta Carlisle, "Prostitutes and Their Reformers in Nineteenth Century Philadelphia" (Ph.D. diss., Rutgers University, 1982), 156-162.
494. Magdalen Society of Philadelphia, Advice to a Magdalen (Philadelphia, 1800).
495. Carlisle, "Prostitutes and Their Reformers," 167-169.
496. Magdalen Society of Philadelphia, Report of the Managers of the Magdalen Asylum for 1835 (Philadelphia, 1836), 6-7.
497. Carlisle, "Prostitutes and Their Reformers," 125-136.
498. Timothy J. Gilfoyle, City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790-1920 (New York, 1992), 182-184.
499. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York, 1985), 109 -128.
500. Magdalen Society, Report for 1834 (Philadelphia, 1835).
501. Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct, 109-128.
502. Judith R. Walkowitz, Prostitution and Victorian Society: Women, Class, and the State (Cambridge, 1980).
503. Christine Stansell, City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789-1820 (New York, 1986), 69.
504. Magdalen Society, Report for 1832 (Philadelphia, 1833), 7-8.
505. Magdalen Society, Report for 1834, 8.
506. Robert W. Landis, An Address at the First Anniversary of the Female Moral Reform Society of Philadelphia, on the Evening of September 2jth, 1838, to Which Is Appended the First Annual Report of the Society (Philadelphia, 1838), 16-18, 18.
507. Carlisle, "Prostitutes and Their Reformers," 126-136.
508. Mathew Carey, Miscellaneous Essays... (1830; reprint, New York, n.d.), 268.
509. Carlisle, "Prostitutes and their Reformers," 11-14.
510. Carlisle, "Prostitutes and Their Reformers," 33-40.
511. Stansell, City of Women, 172-192.
512. [Philadelphia, House of Refuge], An Address from the Managers of the House of Refuge to Their Fellow Citizens (Philadelphia, 1826), 4-5, 12-16.
513. John Sergeant, An Address Delivered before the Citizens of Philadelphia, at the House of Refuge, on Saturday, the Twenty-ninth of November, 1828 (Philadelphia, 1828), 4-6.
514. [Philadelphia, House of Refuge], An Address from the Managers, 5.
515. Philadelphia House of Refuge, Second Annual Report (Philadelphia, 1830), 6.
516. Philadelphia, House of Refuge, First Annual Report (Philadelphia, 1829), 4-5.
517. Philadelphia, House of Refuge, Fourth Annual Report, 11-12.
518. Stansell, City of Women, 203-209, 214-216.
519. Philadelphia, House of Refuge, Second Annual Report, 25-28.
520. Philadelphia, House of Refuge, Act Incorporating the House of Refuge, 6-7, 9-10.
521. Philadelphia, House of Refuge, Second Annual Report, 10.
522. Philadelphia, House of Refuge, Second Annual Report, 25-28.
523. Philadelphia, House of Refuge, Second Annual Report, 7-8, 11-12.
524. "An Act for the Relief and Employment of the Poor of the City of Philadelphia, the District of Southwark, and the Townships of the Northern Liberties and Penn., Passed 6th March, 1828," in Hazard, ed., Register of Pennsylvania, I, 326-331.
525. Clement, Welfare and the Poor, 70, 76.
526. Pennsylvania, Laws, Statutes, etc., Acts of the General Assembly Relating to the Eastern State Penitentiary, 11-13, 13, 14-15, 17.
527. "Ex Parte Grouse," in Thomas I. Wharton, Reports of Cases Adjudged in the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, in the Eastern District, Vol. IV, Containing the Cases Decided at December Term, 1838, and March Term, 1839, ed. John Sword and I. Tyson Morris (Philadelphia, 1884), 9-10.
528. Stansell, City of Women, 214-216.
529. "Ex Parte Grouse," in Wharton, Reports of Cases, 10.
530. Board of Inspectors, First and Second Annual Reports of the Inspectors of the Eastern State Penitentiary of Pennsylvania, Made to the Legislature at the Sessions of 1829-30, and 1830-31 (Philadelphia, 1831), 23.
531. Board of Inspectors, First and Second Annual Reports, 9-10.
532. Board of Inspectors, Fourth Annual Report of the Inspectors of the Eastern State Penitentiary ofPennsylvania, Made to the Legislature at the Session of 1832-1833 (Philadelphia, 1833), 9.
533. Board of Inspectors, Fifth Annual Report of the Inspectors of the Eastern Penitentiary of Pennsylvania, Accompanied with the Table of Prisoners in the Western Penitentiary, Read in Senate, February 12,1834 (Harrisburg, 1834), 4.
534. Board of Inspectors, First and Second Annual Reports, 10-11, 12.
535. Charles Caldwell, New Views of Penitentiary Discipline, and Moral Education and Reform (Philadelphia, 1829), 1-10.
536. Edward Livingston, On the Advantages of the Pennsylvania System of Prison Discipline (Philadelphia, 1828).
537. Glenn, Campaigns against Corporal Punishment: Prisoners, Sailors, Women, and Children in Antebellum America (Albany, N.Y., 1984).
538. David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1975), 238-242.
539. Thomas C. Holt, The Problem of Freedom: Race, Labor, and Politics in Jamaica and Britain, 1832-1938 (Baltimore, 1992), 30-33.
540. Ronald G. Walters, The Antislavery Appeal: American Abolitionism after 1830 (Baltimore, 1976).
541. Slavoj Zizek, The Sublime Object of Ideology (New York, 1989), 11-53.
542. Zizek, Tarrying with the Negative: Kant, Hegel, and the Critique of Ideology (Durham, N.C., 1993), 58-69.
543. [George Washington Smith], Description of the Eastern Penitentiary of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1829) 7.
544. J. R. Tyson, Discourse before the Young Men's Colonization Society (Philadelphia, 1834), 8.
545. Vaux, "An Address on the Impolicy of Slavery," 9.
546. Job Tyson, Essay on the Penal Law of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1827), 9.
547. John Sergeant, "Speech on the Missouri Question, Delivered in the House of Representatives of the United States, on the Eighth and Ninth of February, 1820," in Speeches (Philadelphia, 1832), 223.
548. Vaux, "Address on the Impolicy of Slavery," 27.
549. The Rise of the Penitentiary: Prisons and Punishment in Early America (New Haven, Conn., 1992), 71-111.
550. Sigmund Freud, "Fetishism," Collected Papers, ed. Ernest Jones et al., trans. Joan Riviere et al. (London, 1953), V, 198-204.
551. Thomas Bradford, Jr., in Thomas B. McElwee, A Concise Histor of the Eastern Penitentiary of Pennsylvania, Together with a Detailed Statement of the Proceedings of the Committee, Appointed by the Legislature, December 6th, 1834, for the Purpos of Examining into the Economy and Management of That Institution, Embracing the Testimony Taken on That Occasion, and Legislative Proceedings Connected Therewith (Philadelphia, 1835), II, 84, 86.
552. Franklin Bache, Observations and Reflections on the Penitentiary System: A Letter from Franklin Bache, M.D. to Roberts Vaux (Philadelphia, 1829).
553. Pennsylvania, Commissioners to Revise the Criminal Code, Report of the Commissioners on the Penal Code, -with the Accompanying Documents, Read in the Senate, January 4, 1828 (Harrisburg, 1828).
554. Pennsylvania, Commissioners to Superintend the Erection of the Eastern Penitentiary, Letter Report and Documents, on the Penal Code from the President and Commissioners Appointed to Superintend the Erection of the Eastern Penitentiary, Adopted and Modelled to the System of Solitary Confinement, Read in the Senate, January 8,1828 (Harrisburg, 1828).
555. "Journal of the Committee," Jan. 10,1835, in Anderson, Report of the Joint Committee of the Legislature of Pennsylvania, Relative to the Eastern State Penitentiary, at Philadelphia, Read in the House of Representatives, Mar. 26,1835 (Harrisburg, 1835), 58.
556. "An Act Relative to the Western and Eastern State Penitentiaries, and to the Philadelphia County Prisons," in Laws of the General Assembly of the State of Pennsylvania, Passed at the Session 1832-1833 in the Fifty-Seventh Year of Independence (Harrisburg, 1833), 56.
557. Samuel Hazard, ed., The Register of Pennsylvania, Devoted to the Preservation of Facts and Documents, and Every Other Kind of Useful Information respecting the State of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1828-1836), XV, 11.
558. "Report on the Expediency of Abolishing Public Executions," Dec. 12,1833, in Journal of the Forty-fourth House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (Harrisburg, 1834), II, 171-177.
559. Journal of the Thirty-fourth House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (Harrisburg, 1824), 706-709.
560. Louis P. Masur, Rites of Execution: Capital Punishment and the Transformation of American Culture, 1776-1865 (New York, 1989), 93-u6.
561. Laws of the General Assembly of the State of Pennsylvania, Passed at the Session 1833-1834 (Harrisburg, 1834), 234-235.
562. "Report on the Expediency of Abolishing Public Executions," Journal of the Forty- Fourth House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, II, 176.
563. Masur, Rites of Execution, 95-113.
564. Randall McGowen, "Civilizing Punishment: The End of the Public Execution in England," Journal of British Studies, XXXIII (1994), 257-282.
565. "Eastern Penitentiary," Pennsylvanian (Philadelphia), Jan. 23, 1835.
566. Negley K. Teeters and John D. Shearer, The Prison at Philadelphia: Cherry Hill, the Separate System of Penal Discipline: 1829-1913 (New York, 1957), 93-107.
567. Anderson, Report of the Joint Committee, 42.
568. William Griffith, in McElwee, A Concise History, I, 174-176.
569. Board of Inspectors, Sixth Annual Report of the Inspectors of the Eastern State Penitentiary of Pennsylvania, Made to the Legislature at the Session of1834-5 (Philadelphia, 1835), 5.
570. McElwee, A Concise History, II, 66-67.
571. James J. Barclay in, McElwee, A Concise History, II, 14.
572. William H. Hood, in McElwee, A Concise History, II, 65-66.
573. Thomas Bradford, Jr., in McElwee, A Concise History, II, 90-91.
574. Anderson, Report of the Joint Committee, 8, 9.
575. McElwee, A Concise History, I, 18.
576. Eastern State Penitentiary, "Warden's Daily Journal," June 27, 28, 1833, R.G. 15, PHMC.
577. Board of Inspectors, Fifth Annual Report of the Inspectors of the Eastern Penitentiary of Pennsylvania, Accompanied with the Table of Prisoners in the Western Penitentiary, Read in Senate, February 12, 1834 (Harrisburg, 1834), 9.
578. Silas Steel, in McElwee, A Concise History, 1, 158-159.
579. McElwee, A Concise History, 1, 16-18.
580. [Board of Inspectors], Report of the Board of Inspectors of the Eastern Penitentiary of Pennsylvania, to the Legislature, Read in Senate, January 20,1832 (Harrisburg, 1832), 6.
581. Anderson, Report of the Joint Committee, 12.
582. William B. Gibson, in McElwee, A Concise History, II, 43.
583. Benjamin Coates, in McElwee, A Concise History, II, 23, 24.
584. Anderson, Report of the Joint Committee, 13.
585. McElwee, A Concise History, I, 124, 129-132.
586. McElwee, Report of the Minority of the Joint Committee of the Legislature of Pennsylvania, Relative to the Eastern State Penitentiary, at Philadelphia, Read in the House of Representatives, March 26,1835 (Harrisburg, 1835), 5-6.
587. McElwee, A Concise History, 1,130,135-136.
588. McElwee, Report of the Minority, 5-6.
589. McElwee, A Concise History, II, 106-107.
590. McElwee, Report of the Minority, 8.
591. McElwee, A Concise History, 1, 4.
592. McElwee, A Concise History, II, 134-136.
593. Robin Evans, The Fabrication of Virtue: English Prison Architecture, 1750-1840 (New York, 1982), 418-419.
594. McElwee, A Concise History, II, 134.
595. Anderson, Report of the Joint Committee, 11, 15-16, 18-19.
596. "Common harlot" is from McElwee, A Concise History, 1, 133.
597. Anderson, Report of the Joint Committee, 31.
598. McElwee, A Concise History, 1,19-20.
599. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York, 1977), 183.
600. Sigmund Freud, "Splitting of the Ego in the Defensive Process," in Collected Papers, ed. Jones et al., trans. Reviere et al., V, 372-375.
601. [Smith], Description of the Eastern Penitentiary, 7.