The paradox of tar heel politics: The personalities, elections, and events that shaped modern North Carolina

The Paradox of Tar Heel Politics: The Personalities, Elections, and Events That Shaped Modern North Carolina

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-359

  Christensen, Rob ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85037587058     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (533)

1. David Traxel, 1898: The Birth of the American Century (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998), p. 281
2. LeRae Umfleet (principal researcher), 1898 Wilmington Race Riot Report (Raleigh: N.C. Department of Cultural Resources, 2006), p. 108.
3. Jeffrey J. Crow and Robert F. Durden, Maverick Republican in the Old North State: A Political Biography of Daniel L. Russell (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977), p. 136.
4. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Urban and Rural Population: 1900 to 1990, table 1 (October 1995).
5. Thomas C. Parramore, Express Lanes and Country Roads: The Way We Lived in North Carolina, 1920-1970 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983).
6. U.S. Bureau of the Census, United States Census of Population, 1900, vol. 8, pt. 2, “States and Territories." 6.
7. Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, James Leloudis, Robert Korstad, Mary Murphy, Lu Ann Jones, and Christopher B. Daly, Like a Family: The Making of a Southern Cotton Mill World (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987), p. 24.
8. Jeffrey J. Crow, Paul D. Escott, and Charles L. Flynn Jr., Race, Class, and Politics in Southern History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), p. 159.
9. Donald R. Matthews, ed., North Carolina Votes: General Election Returns by County (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1962), p. 111.
10. William J. Cooper and Thomas E. Terrill, The American South: A History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990), p. 518.
11. Crow and Durden, Maverick Republican, p. 111.
12. Crow and Durden, Maverick Republican, p. 128.
13. Richard L. Watson Jr., “Furnifold M. Simmons and the Politics of White Supremacy," in Race, Class, and Politics in Southern History, ed. Jeffrey J. Crow, Paul D. Escott, and Charles L. Flynn Jr. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), p. 38.
14. Oliver H. Orr Jr., Charles Brantley Aycock (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1961), p. 108.
15. C. Vann Woodward, Origins of the New South, 1877-1913 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1951), p. 325.
16. Fred Rippy, ed. and comp., F. M. Simmons, Statesman of the New South: Memoirs and Addresses (Durham: Duke University Press, 1936), p. 22.
17. Eric D. Anderson, Race and Politics in North Carolina, 1872-1901: The Black Second (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981), p. 206.
18. David Cecelski and Timothy B. Tyson, Democracy Betrayed: The Wilmington Race Riot of 1898 and Its Legacy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), p. 23.
19. Josephus Daniels, Editor in Politics (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1941), p. 295.
20. Benjamin R. Justesen, George Henry White: An Even Chance in the Race of Life (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001), p. 62.
21. Benjamin R. Justesen, George Henry White: An Even Chance in the Race of Life (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001), p. 262.
22. Daniels, Editor in Politics, p. 293.
23. “The Sanford Rally, Lock Shields White Men," Raleigh News and Observer (cited hereafter as N&O), November 5, 1898.
24. “The Whites Shall Rule," N&O, November 6, 1898.
25. Crow and Durden, Maverick Republican, p. 127.
26. Daniels, Editor in Politics, p. 283.
27. “The Governor’s Stump Speech," N&O, October 27, 1898.
28. Crow and Durden, Maverick Republican, p. 130.
29. “Col. Waddell’s Speech," N&O, November 6, 1898.
30. “Col. Waddell’s Speech," N&O, November 6, 1898.
31. Cecelski and Tyson, Democracy Betrayed, p. 28.
32. Umfleet, 1898 Wilmington Race Riot Report.
33. Cecelski and Tyson, Democracy Betrayed, p. 37.
34. Umfleet, 1898 Wilmington Race Riot Report, p. 1.
35. Alice Sawyer Cooper in collaboration with Louis Goodman, “Daniel Lindsay Russell: A Family and Friend’s Memoir” (unpublished manuscript, Daniel L. Russell Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill), p. 74.
36. Cecelski and Tyson, Democracy Betrayed, p. 87.
37. “Campaign Begun by Candidates," N&O, April 17, 1900.
38. Hugh Talmage Lefler and Albert Ray Newsome, North Carolina: The History of a Southern State (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1954), p. 525.
39. “Good Will Jubilee," N&O, November 16, 1898.
40. J. Morgan Kousser, The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974), p. 55.
41. “A History-Making Day," N&O, February 18, 1899.
42. Lindley S. Butler and Alan D. Watson, The North Carolina Experience: An Interpretive and Documentary History (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), p. 347.
43. Orr, Charles Brantley Aycock, p. 136.
44. Orr, Charles Brantley Aycock, p. 181.
45. Janette Thomas Greenwood, Bittersweet Legacy: The Black and White “Better Classes” in Charlotte, 1850-1910 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), p. 212.
46. Benjamin R. Justesen, “George Henry White, Josephus Daniels, and the Showdown over Disfranchisement, 1900," North Carolina Historical Review 77, no. 1 (January 2000): 1.
47. Anderson, Race and Politics, p. 294.
48. John Hope Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1947), p. 435.
49. Nicholas Worth (Walter Hines Page), “The Autobiography of a Southerner," Atlantic Monthly, July-October 1906, p. 484.
50. Robert W. Winston, It’s a Far Cry (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 1937), p. 238.
51. W. J. Cash, “Jehovah of the Tar Heels," American Mercury, July 1929, p. 310.
52. Eric D. Anderson, Race and Politics in North Carolina, 1872-1901: The Black Second (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981), p. 136.
53. Fred Rippy, ed. and comp., F. M. Simmons, Statesman of the New South: Memoirs and Addresses (Durham: Duke University Press, 1936), p. 193.
54. Jonathan Daniels, Tar Heels: A Portrait of North Carolina (New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1941), p. 324.
55. Samuel Huntington Hobbs Jr., North Carolina: Economic and Social (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1930), p. 272.
56. Burke Davis, “Senator Bob Reynolds: A Retrospective View," Harper’s Magazine, March 1944.
57. Cash, “Jehovah." 8.
58. Donald R. Matthews, ed., North Carolina Votes: General Election Returns by County (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1962).
59. William H. Chafe, Civilities and Civil Rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black Struggle for Freedom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 32.
60. Jeffrey J. Crow, Paul D. Escott, and Flora J. Hatley, A History of African Americans in North Carolina (Raleigh: N.C. Department of Cultural Resources, Office of Archives and History, 1992), p. 133.
61. Jeffrey J. Crow, Paul D. Escott, and Flora J. Hatley, A History of African Americans in North Carolina (Raleigh: N.C. Department of Cultural Resources, Office of Archives and History, 1992), p. 130.
62. U.S. Bureau of the Census, United States Census of Population, 1900, vol. 1, “Number of Inhabitants." 13.
63. William J. Cooper and Thomas E. Terrill, The American South: A History (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990), p. 584.
64. Rippy, F. M. Simmons, p. 304.
65. C. Vann Woodward, Origins of the New South, 1877-1913 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1951), p. 400.
66. Oliver H. Orr Jr., Charles Brantley Aycock (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1961), p. 18.
67. R. D. W. Connor and Clarence Poe, The Life and Speeches of Charles Brantley Aycock (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Page, 1912), pp. 258-59.
68. Orr, Charles Brantley Aycock, p. 320.
69. Orr, Charles Brantley Aycock, p. 320.
70. Orr, Charles Brantley Aycock, pp. 320-21.
71. Orr, Charles Brantley Aycock, p. 329.
72. Louis R. Harlan, Separate and Unequal: Public School Campaigns and Racism in the Southern Seaboard States, 1901-1905 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1958), p. 104.
73. Louis R. Harlan, Separate and Unequal: Public School Campaigns and Racism in the Southern Seaboard States, 1901-1905 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1958), p. 104.
74. Cooper and Terrill, The American South, p. 584.
75. Rippy, F. M. Simmons, p. 52.
76. Cash, “Jehovah." 28.
77. Douglas Carl Abrams, “A Progressive-Conservative Duel: The 1920 Democratic Gubernatorial Primaries in North Carolina," North Carolina Historical Review 55 (October 1978): 426.
78. Joseph L. Morrison, Governor O. Max Gardner: A Power in North Carolina and New Deal Washington (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1971), p. 32.
79. Abrams, “A Progressive-Conservative Duel." 31. Elena C. Green, “Those Opposed: The Antisuffragists in North Carolina, 1900-1920," North Carolina Historical Review 67 (July 1990): 318.
80. Abrams, “A Progressive-Conservative Duel." 31. Elena C. Green, “Those Opposed: The Antisuffragists in North Carolina, 1900-1920," North Carolina Historical Review 67 (July 1990): 318.
81. Morrison, Governor O. Max Gardner, p. 32.
82. George B. Tindall, The Emergence of the New South, 1913-1945 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1967), p. 226.
83. “Italy Turns to This State for Advice on Highway Work," N&O, March 2, 1923.
84. William D. Snider, Light on the Hill: A History of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992), p. 203.
85. Tindall, The Emergence of the New South, p. 225.
86. “First General Session Held at Auditorium: Welcome by Governor," N&O, November 24, 1921.
87. Samuel Huntington Hobbs Jr., North Carolina: Economic and Social (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1930), p. 165.
88. Nathaniel Fuqua Magruder, “The Administration of Governor Cameron Morrison of North Carolina, 1921-25" (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1968), p. 245.
89. Lindley S. Butler and Alan D. Watson, The North Carolina Experience: An Interpretive and Documentary History (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), p. 360.
90. Paul R. Clancy, Just a Country Lawyer: A Biography of Senator Sam Ervin (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1974), p. 94.
91. “Raid on Room of AD Watts Reveals Negress under Bed," N&O, January 29, 1923.
92. George B. Autry and Ferrel Guillory, The Carolinas, Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow: An Exploration of Social and Economic Trends, 1924-1999 (Charlotte, N.C.: Duke Endowment, MDC Inc., 1999), p. 5.
93. Rippy, F. M. Simmons, pp. 216-17.
94. Richard L. Watson Jr., “A Political Leader Bolts-F. M. Simmons in the Presidential Election of 1928," North Carolina Historical Review 37 (October 1960): 536
95. “Tamany Demands Raise Negro Issue," N&O, October 27, 1928.
96. Tindall, The Emergence of the New South, p. 252.
97. Elmer L. Puryer, Democratic Dissension in North Carolina, 1928-1936 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1962), p. 37.
98. Richard L. Watson Jr., “A Southern Democratic Primary: Simmons vs. Bailey in 1930," North Carolina Historical Review 42 (January 1965): 21-46.
99. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Urban and Rural Population: 1900 to 1990 (October 1995).
100. Tindall, The Emergence of the New South, p. 576.
101. Watson, “A Southern Democratic Primary," p. 186.
102. Jonathan Daniels, The End of Innocence (Philadelphia and New York: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1954)
103. Daniels, Tar Heels, p. 321.
104. Jonathan Daniels, Tar Heels: A Portrait of North Carolina (New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1941), p. 324.
105. Grace Rutledge, Miss Fay: A Biography of Fay Webb Gardner (Charlotte, N.C.: Heritage Printers Inc., 1978), p. 23.
106. John L. Bell, Hard Times: Beginnings of the Great Depression in North Carolina, 1929-1933 (Raleigh: N.C. Department of Cultural Resources, Office of Archives and History, 1982), p. 42.
107. Joseph L. Morrison, Governor O. Max Gardner: A Power in North Carolina and New Deal Washington (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1971), p. 102.
108. Edwin Gill, oral history interview by Archie Davis, 1973, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
109. Edwin Gill, address at the dedication of Gardner Hall, North Carolina State University, May 6, 1953, Edwin Gill Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
110. Morrison, Governor O. Max Gardner, p. 85.
111. Lindley S. Butler and Alan D. Watson, The North Carolina Experience: An Interpretive and Documentary History (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), p. 84.
112. Morrison, Governor O. Max Gardner, p. 103.
113. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the United States (2003).
114. U.S. Census Geospatial and Statistical Data Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, .
115. Daniels, Tar Heels, p. 212.
116. George B. Tindall, The Emergence of the New South, 1913-1945 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1967), p. 318.
117. W. J. Cash, The Mind of the South (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1941), p. 204.
118. Tindall, The Emergence of the New South, p. 344.
119. Butler and Watson, The North Carolina Experience, p. 440.
120. Tindall, The Emergence of the New South, p. 349.
121. Cash, The Mind of the South, p. 362.
122. Warren Ashby, Frank Porter Graham: A Southern Liberal (Winston-Salem, N.C.: John F. Blair, Publisher, 1980), p. 77.
123. “Incidentally by Nell Battle Lewis," N&O, August 25, 1929
124. “Incidentally by Nell Battle Lewis," N&O, September 8, 1929.
125. “Incidentally by Nell Battle Lewis," N&O, August 7, 1932.
126. Anthony J. Badger, North Carolina and the New Deal (Raleigh: N.C. Department of Cultural Resources, Office of Archives and History, 1981), p. 39.
127. U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, table 5, “Union Affiliation of Employed Wage and Salary Workers," .
128. Daniels, Tar Heels, p. 65.
129. Daniels, Tar Heels, p. 65.
130. Morrison, Governor O. Max Gardner, p. 112.
131. Morrison, Governor O. Max Gardner, p. 72.
132. Morrison, Governor O. Max Gardner, p. 73.
133. Julian M. Pleasants, Buncombe Bob: The Life and Times of Robert Rice Reynolds (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), p. 27.
134. Julian M. Pleasants, Buncombe Bob: The Life and Times of Robert Rice Reynolds (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), p. 14.
135. Julian M. Pleasants, “The Senatorial Career of Robert Rice Reynolds” (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1971).
136. Burke Davis, “Senator Bob Reynolds: Retrospective View," Harper’s Magazine, March 1944.
137. Pleasants, Buncombe Bob, p. 33.
138. Pleasants, Buncombe Bob, p. 33.
139. “Reynolds Flays GOP Policies," N&O, April 26, 1932.
140. “Reynolds Heads Back for Coast," N&O, May 31, 1932.
141. Arthur L. Shelton, “Buncombe Bob," American Mercury, October 1932, p. 142.
142. “Says Opponents Slandering Him," N&O, March 16, 1932.
143. “Incidentally by Nell Battle Lewis," N&O, June 26, 1932.
144. Pleasants, “The Senatorial Career of Robert Rice Reynolds," p. 197.
145. W. J. Cash, “The Arch Paladin of the Dry South," American Mercury, October 1931.
146. Pleasants, “The Senatorial Career of Robert Rice Reynolds," p. 116.
147. “Morrison Calls Rival Showman," N&O, June 28, 1932.
148. Pleasants, “The Senatorial Career of Robert Rice Reynolds," p. 142.
149. Pleasants, “The Senatorial Career of Robert Rice Reynolds,", p. 134.
150. Pleasants, “The Senatorial Career of Robert Rice Reynolds,", p. 138.
151. Morrison, Governor O. Max Gardner, p. 226.
152. Badger, North Carolina and the New Deal, p. 61.
153. Morrison, Governor O. Max Gardner, p. 201.
154. Morrison, Governor O. Max Gardner, p. 4.
155. Morrison, Governor O. Max Gardner, p. 183.
156. David Kennedy, Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 340.
157. Dewey W. Grantham, The South in Modern America (New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1994), p. 120.
158. David Leroy Corbitt, ed., Addresses, Letters, and Papers of Clyde Roark Hoey, Governor of North Carolina, 1937-1941 (Raleigh: Raleigh Council of State of North Carolina, 1944), p. xviii.
159. Morrison, Governor O. Max Gardner, p. 221.
160. “Charges O. Max Gardner Ruling State by Phone," N&O, May 9, 1936.
161. Badger, North Carolina and the New Deal, p. 64.
162. “McDonald Tears into Tax System," N&O, May 24, 1936.
163. Raymond Goodmon, oral history interview, June 14, 1989, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
164. Hall and others, Like a Family, p. 320.
165. “Vast Hall Here Jammed for Speech by McDonald," N&O, May 27, 1936.
166. “Hoey Declares He Is Winning," N&O, May 31, 1936.
167. W. T. Bost, “McDonald Makes Fiery Request for Runoff in Gubernatorial Race," Greensboro Daily News, June 12, 1936.
168. E. C. Daniel Jr., “Hoey Declares McDonald Only Bared Himself," N&O, June 19, 1936
169. “Attacks Lobby Record of Hoey," N&O, June 24, 1936
170. Robert Williams, “Hoey Forgoes Inferences to Brand Dr. McDonald as Public Enemy Number One," N&O, June 26, 1936
171. Charles Parker, “McDonald Says Hoey Put Campaign into Gutter and Kept It There," N&O, June 28, 1936.
172. Morrison, Governor O. Max Gardner, p. 67.
173. Morrison, Governor O. Max Gardner, p. 67.
174. V. O. Key, Southern Politics in State and Nation (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1949), p. 95.
175. Ronald E. Marcello, “The Politics of Relief: The North Carolina WPA and the Tar Heel Elections of 1936," North Carolina Historical Review 68 (January 1991): 166.
176. Robert Williams, “Hoey Forgoes Inferences to Brand Dr. McDonald as Public Enemy," N&O, July 4, 1936.
177. Charles Parker, “McDonald Says Gardner Came to Shelby to Name Governor for People," N&O, July 4, 1936.
178. Letter from Clyde Hoey, September 10, 1936, Oliver Max Gardner Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
179. Letter from Sen. Harry Byrd, July 18, 1936, Oliver Max Gardner Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
180. Francis Butler Simkins and Charles Pierce Roland, A History of the South (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1972), p. 540.
181. Elmer L. Puryer, Democratic Dissension in North Carolina, 1928-1936 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1962), p. 229.
182. Key, Southern Politics, p. 456.
183. Morrison, Governor O. Max Gardner, p. 220.
184. O. Max Gardner, letter to Clayton Moore, Williamston, N.C., November 10, 1936, Oliver Max Gardner Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
185. Morrison, Governor O. Max Gardner, p. 220.
186. Lauch Faircloth, interview with author, September 26, 2001, Clinton, N.C.
187. Pleasants, Buncombe Bob, p. 63.
188. Pleasants, Buncombe Bob, p. 65.
189. “Under the Dome," N&O, April 14, 1937.
190. Jonathan Daniels, “Interlude for an Isolationist," N&O, September 4, 1941.
191. Pleasants, Buncombe Bob, p. 332.
192. John Roy Carlson, Under Cover (New York: Dutton, 1943).
193. Pleasants, “The Senatorial Career of Robert Rice Reynolds," p. 407.
194. Pleasants, Buncombe Bob, p. 166.
195. Pleasants, Buncombe Bob, p. 457.
196. Pleasants, “The Senatorial Career of Robert Rice Reynolds," p. 505.
197. Pleasants, Buncombe Bob, p. 183.
198. Pleasants, Buncombe Bob, p. 585.
199. Pleasants, Buncombe Bob, p. 219.
200. Pleasants, “The Senatorial Career of Robert Rice Reynolds," p. 669.
201. Pleasants, “The Senatorial Career of Robert Rice Reynolds," p. 669.
202. Julian M. Pleasants, “The Last Hurrah: Bob Reynolds and the U.S. Senate Race in 1950," North Carolina Historical Review 65 (January 1988): 59.
203. Pleasants, “The Senatorial Career of Robert Rice Reynolds," p. 725.
204. Key, Southern Politics, p. 214.
205. Jim Chaney, “Scott in Surprise Action Names Graham to Senate," N&O, March 23, 1949.
206. Julian M. Pleasants and Augustus M. Burns III, Frank Porter Graham and the 1950 Senate Race in North Carolina (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), p. 35.
207. Julian M. Pleasants and Augustus M. Burns III, Frank Porter Graham and the 1950 Senate Race in North Carolina (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), p. 36.
208. Robert W. Scott, interview with author, December 1999, Haw River, N.C.
209. Samuel Huntington Hobbs Jr., North Carolina Economic and Social Profile (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1930), p. 114.
210. William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932-1940 (New York: Harper and Row, 1963), p. 157.
211. Thomas C. Parramore, Express Lanes and Country Roads: The Way We Lived in North Carolina, 1920-1970 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983), p. 21
212. Samuel Huntington Hobbs Jr., North Carolina: Economic and Social (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1930), p. 85.
213. Anthony J. Badger, North Carolina and the New Deal (Raleigh: N.C. Department of Cultural Resources, Office of Archives and History, 1981), p. 2.
214. David Leroy Corbitt, ed., Public Addresses, Letters, and Papers of William Kerr Scott (Raleigh: Division of Publications, N.C. Office of Archives and History, 1957), p. xvi.
215. V. O. Key Jr., Southern Politics in State and Nation (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1949), p. 205.
216. USDA National Agriculture Statistics Services, U.S. & All States Data-Farm Numbers-Total Farms, Land in Farms, Average Farm Size, .
217. Terry Sanford, interview with author, February 1998, Durham, N.C.
218. “Scott Answers Johnson Attack," N&O, May 2, 1948.
219. “Johnson Raps Scott Record," N&O, June 19, 1948.
220. Jeffrey J. Crow, Paul D. Escott, and Flora J. Hatley, A History of African Americans in North Carolina (Raleigh: Office of Archives and History, N.C. Department of Cultural Resources, 1992), p. 149.
221. John William Coon, “Kerr Scott, the Go-Forward Governor: His Origins, His Program, and the North Carolina General Assembly” (master’s thesis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1968).
222. Simmons Fentress, “Kerr Scott," N&O, January 9, 1953.
223. Corbitt, Public Addresses, Letters, and Papers of William Kerr Scott, p. 4.
224. Parramore, Express Lanes and Country Roads, p. 74.
225. Raymond Massey, interview with author, November 12, 2003.
226. Fentress, “Kerr Scott." 23. 2003
227. Corbitt, Public Addresses, Letters, and Papers of William Kerr Scott, p. 98.
228. “Scott Pledges Negro Program," N&O, January 15, 1949.
229. Howard E. Covington Jr. and Marion A. Ellis, Terry Sanford: Politics, Progress, and Outrageous Ambitions (Durham: Duke University Press, 1999), p. 112.
230. “Scott Pledges Negro Program." 28. Jesse Helms, letter to Kerr Scott, September 16, 1949, Kerr Scott Papers, N.C. Office of Archives and History, Raleigh.
231. James Clotfelter, Frank Porter Graham: Service to North Carolina and the Nation (Greensboro, N.C.: North Carolina Service Project at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 1993), p. 126.
232. Julian M. Pleasants, “Frank Graham and the Politics of the New South," in The Adaptable South: Essays in Honor of George Brown Tindall, ed. Elizabeth Jacon way, Dan T. Carter, Lester C. Lamon, and Robert C. McMath Jr. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991), p. 183.
233. Warren Ashby, Frank Porter Graham: A Southern Liberal (Winston-Salem, N.C.: John F. Blair, Publisher, 1980), p. 93.
234. Warren Ashby, Frank Porter Graham: A Southern Liberal (Winston-Salem, N.C.: John F. Blair, Publisher, 1980), p. 156.
235. Warren Ashby, Frank Porter Graham: A Southern Liberal (Winston-Salem, N.C.: John F. Blair, Publisher, 1980), p. 235.
236. Frank Porter Graham, interview by Warren Ashby, June 12, 1962, Southern Oral History Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
237. Pleasants and Burns, Frank Porter Graham and the 1950 Senate Race in North Carolina, p. 24.
238. Samuel Lubell, The Future of American Politics (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1951), p. 107.
239. Ashby, Frank Porter Graham, p. 233.
240. Gerald Johnson, “Gerald Johnson Graham of Carolina: Portrait of a Citizen at Large," Survey Graphic, April 1942, p. 188.
241. Corbitt, Public Addresses, Letters, and Papers of William Kerr Scott, p. 174.
242. “Graham Selection Praised by State, National Leaders," N&O, March 24, 1949.
243. Bryan Haislip, “UNC Students Say Good-bye to President Frank Graham," N&O, March 28, 1949.
244. Letter from Hill Scoggin to Kerr Scott, 1949, Kerr Scott Papers, N.C. Office of Archives and History, Raleigh.
245. Crow, Escott, and Hatley, A History of African Americans in North Carolina, p. 151.
246. David Cecelski and Timothy B. Tyson, Democracy Betrayed: The Wilmington Race Riot of 1898 and Its Legacy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), p. 266.
247. Margaret Kernodle, “Southern Group Organizes Drive," N&O, March 6, 1948.
248. Covington and Ellis, Terry Sanford, p. 96.
249. H. C. Dale, letter to the editor, N&O, March 15, 1948.
250. Hubert Ellis, letter to the editor, N&O, March 24, 1948.
251. Marjorie Hunter, “Democrats Given Free Reign at Democratic Convention," N&O, May 21, 1948.
252. Nadine Cohodas, Strom Thurmond and the Politics of Southern Change (New York: Simon & Shuster, 1993), p. 184.
253. R. S. Hood, letter to the editor, N&O, August 8, 1948.
254. Sayoko Uesugi, “Gender, Race, and the Cold War: Mary Price and the Progressive Party in North Carolina, 1945-1948," North Carolina Historical Review 77 (July 2000): 305.
255. John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999)
256. Herbert Romerstein and Eric Breindel, The Venona Secrets: Exposing Soviet Espionage and America’s Traitors (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 2000), p. 165.
257. Simmons Fentress, “Wallace Appearances Bring Showers of Tomatoes, Eggs," N&O, August 31, 1948.
258. John N. Popham, “President Assails Wallace Egging, Missiles Thrown Again in the South," New York Times, September 1, 1948.
259. John N. Popham, “President Assails Wallace Egging, Missiles Thrown Again in the South," New York Times, September 1, 1948.
260. James A. Hagerty, "48,000 Hear Wallace Assert Prejudice Will Fail in the South," New York Times, September 11, 1948.
261. Pleasants, “Frank Graham and the Politics of the New South," p. 197.
262. Key, Southern Politics in State and Nation, p. 206.
263. Pleasants and Burns, Frank Porter Graham and the 1950 Senate Race in North Carolina, p. 121.
264. Pleasants and Burns, Frank Porter Graham and the 1950 Senate Race in North Carolina, p. 125.
265. Pleasants and Burns, Frank Porter Graham and the 1950 Senate Race in North Carolina, pp. 133, 171.
266. Pleasants and Burns, Frank Porter Graham and the 1950 Senate Race in North Carolina, p. 100.
267. Pleasants and Burns, Frank Porter Graham and the 1950 Senate Race in North Carolina, pp. 174, 176.
268. Charles Broadwell, “Record Keeper," Fayetteville Observer-Times, April 4, 1999.
269. Pleasants and Burns, Frank Porter Graham and the 1950 Senate Race in North Carolina, p. 172.
270. Pleasants and Burns, Frank Porter Graham and the 1950 Senate Race in North Carolina, p. 115.
271. Lauch Faircloth, interview with author, September 26, 2001, Clinton, N.C.
272. Ashby, Frank Porter Graham, p. 261.
273. Pleasants and Burns, Frank Porter Graham and the 1950 Senate Race in North Carolina, pp. 162, 165.
274. L. J. Moore, letter to Gov. Kerr Scott, June 21, 1950, Kerr Scott Papers, N.C. Office of Archives and History, Raleigh.
275. Pleasants and Burns, Frank Porter Graham and the 1950 Senate Race in North Carolina, p. 117.
276. “Smith Advertisement: Compare Your Vote," N&O, June 23, 1950.
277. Pleasants and Burns, Frank Porter Graham and the 1950 Senate Race in North Carolina, p. 223.
278. Jonathan Daniels, “Sound the Tocsin," N&O, June 18, 1950.
279. Simmons Fentress, “Willis Smith Tours Home County," N&O, June 18, 1950.
280. Woodrow Price, “Graham Meets the Folks in Wake," N&O, June 18, 1950.
281. Woodrow Price, “Graham Meets the Folks in Wake," N&O, June 18, 1950.
282. Lubell, The Future of American Politics, p. 110.
283. Ashby, Frank Porter Graham, p. 270.
284. Pleasants and Burns, Frank Porter Graham and the 1950 Senate Race in North Carolina, p. 263.
285. Pleasants and Burns, Frank Porter Graham and the 1950 Senate Race in North Carolina, p. 250.
286. Fanny Knight Thomas, letter to Gov. Kerr Scott, June 30, 1950, Kerr Scott Papers, N.C. Office of Archives and History, Raleigh.
287. Pleasants and Burns, Frank Porter Graham and the 1950 Senate Race in North Carolina, p. 273.
288. Lubell, The Future of American Politics, p. 120.
289. John Ehle, Dr. Frank: Life with Frank Porter Graham (Chapel Hill: Franklin Street Books, 1993), p. 191.
290. “Incidentally by Nell Battle Lewis," N&O, June 25, 1950.
291. William A. Link, William Friday: Power, Purpose, and American Higher Education (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), p. 73.
292. Jesse Helms, interview with John Bason, UNC-TV, August 31, 1999.
293. Ernest B. Furgurson, Hard Right: The Rise of Jesse Helms (New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1986), pp. 53-54.
294. Ernest B. Furgurson, Hard Right: The Rise of Jesse Helms (New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1986), p. 54.
295. Edwin H. Powell, letter to Kerr Scott, May 21, 1949, Kerr Scott Papers, N.C. Office of Archives and History, Raleigh.
296. Pleasants, “Frank Graham and the Politics of the New South," p. 248.
297. Ralph Scott, interview by Jacquelyn Hall and Bill Finger, April 22, 1974, Southern Oral History Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
298. Fentress, “Kerr Scott." 96.
299. Harry Golden, The Right Time (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1969), p. 273.
300. “Scott Gives Views on Court Decision," N&O, May 18, 1956.
301. Terry Sanford, interview with Brent Glass, May 14, 1976, Southern Oral History Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, p. 50.
302. Terry Sanford, interview with Brent Glass, May 14, 1976, Southern Oral History Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, p. 63.
303. Tom Wicker, Facing the Lions (New York: Viking Press, 1973), p. 49.
304. William D. Snider, “The Scotts of Haw River," in The North Carolina Century: Tar Heels Who Made a Difference, 1900-2000, ed. Howard E. Covington Jr. and Marion A. Ellis (Charlotte: Levine Museum of the New South, 2002), p. 521.
305. Jim Hunt, interview with author, April 1, 2003.
306. Matt Schudel, “I. Beverly Lake: A Portrait at 80," N&O, September 12, 1986.
307. John Drescher, Triumph of Good Will: How Terry Sanford Beat a Champion of Segregation and Reshaped the South (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2000), p. 41.
308. Louis Kraar, “Must Use Courts to Get Compliance, Negroes Told," N&O, May 14, 1956.
309. Carson McCoy, letter to the editor, N&O, May 20, 1954.
310. Woodrow Price, “Party Leaders Demand Voice in Appointments," N&O, March 17, 1957.
311. S. Huntington Hobbs Jr., North Carolina: An Economic and Social Profile (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1958).
312. S. Huntington Hobbs Jr., North Carolina: An Economic and Social Profile (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1958), p. 98.
313. S. Huntington Hobbs Jr., North Carolina: An Economic and Social Profile (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1958), p. 158.
314. Luther H. Hodges, Businessman in the State House: Six Years as Governor of North Carolina (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1962), p. 203.
315. Timothy B. Tyson, Radio Free Dixie: Robert F. Williams and the Roots of Black Power (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), p. 75.
316. Hodges, Businessman, p. 97
317. Numan V. Bartley, The New South, 1945-1980 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995), p. 245.
318. William H. Chafe, Civilities and Civil Rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black Struggle for Freedom (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 75.
319. Roy Brantley, “Platform Cites Racial Problem," N&O, May 18, 1956.
320. R. Hargus Taylor, “Charles Bennett Deane," in Dictionary of North Carolina Biography, vol. 2, ed. William S. Powell (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1986), p. 47.
321. Associated Press, “Mississippi Interpretation," N&O, May 28, 1956.
322. Drescher, Triumph of Good Will, p. 42.
323. Tyson, Radio Free Dixie, p. 106.
324. Hodges, Businessman, p. 91.
325. Hodges, Businessman, p. 91.
326. Tyson, Radio Free Dixie, p. 107.
327. Tyson, Radio Free Dixie, p. 137.
328. Tyson, Radio Free Dixie, p. 138.
329. Tyson, Radio Free Dixie, p. 125.
330. Bartley, The New South, p. 222.
331. Howard E. Covington Jr. and Marion A. Ellis, Terry Sanford: Politics, Progress, and Outrageous Ambitions (Durham: Duke University Press, 1999), p. 137.
332. Henry S. Stroupe, “Irving Edward Carlyle," in Dictionary of North Carolina Biography, vol. 1, ed. William S. Powell (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1979), p. 325.
333. Edward Rankin, interview by Jay Jenkins, August 29, 1987, Southern Oral History Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
334. Paul R. Clancy, Just a Country Lawyer: A Biography of Senator Sam Ervin (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1974), p. 72.
335. Paul R. Clancy, Just a Country Lawyer: A Biography of Senator Sam Ervin (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1974), p. 160.
336. Paul R. Clancy, Just a Country Lawyer: A Biography of Senator Sam Ervin (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1974), p. 172.
337. Paul R. Clancy, Just a Country Lawyer: A Biography of Senator Sam Ervin (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1974), p. 170.
338. Paul R. Clancy, Just a Country Lawyer: A Biography of Senator Sam Ervin (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1974), p. 223.
339. Paul R. Clancy, Just a Country Lawyer: A Biography of Senator Sam Ervin (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1974), p. 267.
340. Paul R. Clancy, Just a Country Lawyer: A Biography of Senator Sam Ervin (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1974), p. 269.
341. Paul R. Clancy, Just a Country Lawyer: A Biography of Senator Sam Ervin (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1974), p. 7.
342. Paul R. Clancy, Just a Country Lawyer: A Biography of Senator Sam Ervin (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1974), p. 291.
343. Paul R. Clancy, Just a Country Lawyer: A Biography of Senator Sam Ervin (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1974), p. 300.
344. William H. Chafe, Civilities and Civil Rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black Struggle for Freedom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 115.
345. John Drescher, Triumph of Good Will: How Terry Sanford Beat a Champion of Segregation and Reshaped the South (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2000), p. 71.
346. John Drescher, Triumph of Good Will: How Terry Sanford Beat a Champion of Segregation and Reshaped the South (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2000), p. 25.
347. John Drescher, Triumph of Good Will: How Terry Sanford Beat a Champion of Segregation and Reshaped the South (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2000), p. 131.
348. John Drescher, Triumph of Good Will: How Terry Sanford Beat a Champion of Segregation and Reshaped the South (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2000), p. 143.
349. Terry Sanford, interview with Joe B. Frantz, May 15, 1971, Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, Austin, Texas, p. 2.
350. Howard E. Covington Jr. and Marion A. Ellis, Terry Sanford: Politics, Progress, and Outrageous Ambitions (Durham: Duke University Press, 1999), p. 216.
351. Drescher, Triumph of Good Will, p. 208.
352. David Cooper, “Sanford Lashes Lake Who Raps Labor," N&O, June 15, 1960.
353. Woodrow Price, “Sanford Slaps Back at Racist Campaign of Candidate Lake," N&O, June 1, 1960.
354. Biographical conversations with Terry Sanford, UNC-TV, 1997, p. 24.
355. Drescher, Triumph of Good Will, p. 170.
356. David Cooper, “Lake’s Campaign Sang ‘Dixie’ in Defeat," N&O, June 26, 1960.
357. Drescher, Triumph of Good Will, p. 222.
358. Drescher, Triumph of Good Will, p. 232.
359. Drescher, Triumph of Good Will, p. 237.
360. Barbara Rohrman, interview with author, August 2000.
361. Mike Easley, interview with author, August 2000.
362. Terry Sanford, interview with Brent Glass, 1976, Southern Oral History Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, p. 52.
363. Numan Bartley and Hugh D. Graham, Southern Politics and the Second Reconstruction (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), p. 93.
364. Memory F. Mitchell, Messages, Addresses, and Public Papers of Terry Sanford, Governor of North Carolina, 1961-65 (Raleigh: State Office of Archives and History, 1966), p. 6.
365. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S., 1962, “Public School Expenditures by States” and other charts (chart nos. 141, 149, 163, 166).
366. Mitchell, Messages, Addresses, and Public Papers of Terry Sanford, p. 118.
367. Covington and Ellis, Terry Sanford, p. 257.
368. Covington and Ellis, Terry Sanford, p. 260.
369. Terry Sanford, interview with author, February 1998, Durham, N.C.
370. Covington and Ellis, Terry Sanford, p. 308.
371. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract 1960, No. 449, “Money Income of Families-Percent Distribution by Income Level, 1959," “Personal Income Changes in Total and Per Capita Personal Income by States, 1929-60" (chart no. 433).
372. Thomas C. Parramore, Express Lanes and Country Roads: The Way We Lived in North Carolina, 1920-1970 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983), p. 2.
373. Editorial, Viewpoint, WRAL-TV, September 14, 1961, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
374. Editorial, Viewpoint, WRAL-TV, September 14, 1961, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, p. 25.
375. David S. Cecelski, Along Freedom Road: Hyde County, North Carolina, and the Fate of Black Schools in the South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994), p. 39.
376. “North Carolina Labeled Most Active for Klan," N&O, October 20, 1965.
377. Roy Parker, “Klan Chiefs Termed Backers of Violence," N&O, October 22, 1965.
378. Cecelski, Along Freedom Road, p. 38.
379. Kate Erwin, “New Bern Working for Racial Harmony," N&O, October 3, 1965.
380. Timothy B. Tyson, Blood Done Sign My Name (New York: Crown Publishers, 2004), p. 53.
381. “Was Cross and Weiner Roast, Too," N&O, November 3, 1965.
382. Mitchell, Messages, Addresses, and Public Papers of Terry Sanford, p. 598.
383. Roy Peter Clark, The Changing South of Gene Patterson: Journalism and Civil Rights, 1960-1968 (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2002), p. 131.
384. Mitchell, Messages, Addresses, and Public Papers of Terry Sanford, p. 579.
385. Chafe, Civilities and Civil Rights, p. 149.
386. Mitchell, Messages, Addresses, and Public Papers of Terry Sanford, p. 598.
387. William J. Billingsley, Communists on Campus: Race, Politics, and the Public University in Sixties North Carolina (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1999), p. 68.
388. Editorial, Viewpoint, WRAL-TV, June 27, 1963, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
389. Editorial, Viewpoint, WRAL-TV, June 27, 1963, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill., June 29, 1964.
390. Russell Clay, “Justice Denies His Papers to ECU," N&O, April 10, 1969.
391. Drescher, Triumph of Good Will, p. 269.
392. Drescher, Triumph of Good Will, p. 257.
393. Covington and Ellis, Terry Sanford, p. 350.
394. Paul Popple to Walter Jenkins, August 20, 1964, Presidential Papers, Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, Austin, Texas
395. Biographical conversations with Terry Sanford, UNC-TV, p. 81.
396. Jules Witcover, Marathon: The Pursuit of the Presidency, 1972-1976 (New York: Viking Press, 1977), p. 148.
397. Earl Black and Merle Black, The Rise of Southern Republicans (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002), p. 32.
398. Editorial, Viewpoint, WRAL-TV, September 11, 1964, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
399. Frank Rouse, interview, November 14, 1996, Southern Oral History Program, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
400. Editorial, Viewpoint, WRAL-TV, December 18, 1964, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
401. Wilton Duke, interview with author, October 15, 1995, Farmville, North Carolina.
402. Jane Pettis Wiseman, “The New Politics in North Carolina: James Gardner and the 1968 Governor’s Race” (master’s thesis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1971), p. 14.
403. Jane Pettis Wiseman, “The New Politics in North Carolina: James Gardner and the 1968 Governor’s Race” (master’s thesis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1971), p. 70.
404. Jane Pettis Wiseman, “The New Politics in North Carolina: James Gardner and the 1968 Governor’s Race” (master’s thesis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1971), p. 73.
405. Editorial, Viewpoint, WRAL-TV, November 6, 1968, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
406. Editorial, Viewpoint, WRAL-TV, November 6, 1968, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill., January 7, 1965.
407. Ernest B. Furgurson, Hard Right: The Rise of Jesse Helms (New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1986), p. 31.
408. Timothy Tyson, Radio Free Dixie: Robert F. Williams and the Roots of Black Power (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999), p. 113.
409. Howard E. Covington Jr., Uncommon Giving: A. J. Fletcher and a North Carolina Legacy (Raleigh: A. J. Fletcher Foundation, 1999), p. 92.
410. Furgurson, Hard Right, p. 23.
411. Rob Christensen, “Helms Spawns Passions among Supporters, Detractors," N&O, September 23, 1984.
412. Editorial, Viewpoint, WRAL-TV, April 26, 1968, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
413. Covington, Uncommon Giving, p. 115.
414. Furgurson, Hard Right, p. 105.
415. Furgurson, Hard Right, p. 111.
416. Connaught Marshner, interview with author, October 1984.
417. Furgurson, Hard Right, p. 110.
418. Ferrel Guillory, “Reagan Says Rocky Abused," N&O, July 26, 1975.
419. Jules Whitcover, Marathon: The Pursuit of the Presidency, 1972-1976 (New York: Viking Press, 1977), p. 411.
420. Rob Christensen, “Jesse Helms’ Race Politics," N&O, September 10, 1989.
421. Whitcover, Marathon, p. 415.
422. Lou Cannon, Reagan (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1982), p. 217.
423. Carter Wrenn, unpublished manuscript, 2006.
424. Alex Castellanos, interview with author, August 23, 2001, Washington, D.C.
425. Harvey Buckwalter, interview with author, March 1990.
426. Computer analysis by author, April 1991.
427. Elizabeth Drew, “A Reporter at Large: Jesse Helms," New Yorker, July 20, 1981.
428. Furgurson, Hard Right, p. 161.
429. Carter Wrenn, interview with author, September 11, 2001.
430. Jesse Helms, interview with author, October 16, 2003, Raleigh.
431. Alexander P. Lamis, Southern Politics in the 1990s (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999), p. 97.
432. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract of the U.S., 2003.
433. Byron E. Shafer and Richard Johnston, The End of Southern Exceptionalism: Class, Race, and Partisan Change in the Postwar South (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006), p. 174.
434. Earl Black and Merle Black, Politics and Society in the South (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987), p. 297.
435. “Text of Martin’s Letter," N&O, February 25, 1990.
436. Jim Gardner fund-raiser, Nashville, North Carolina, February 23, 1990.
437. Jim Hunt, interview with author, April 1, 2003.
438. Wayne Grimsley, James B. Hunt, a North Carolina Progressive (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, 2003), p. 41.
439. Wayne Grimsley, James B. Hunt, a North Carolina Progressive (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, 2003), p. 41.
440. Wayne Grimsley, James B. Hunt, a North Carolina Progressive (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Company, 2003), p. 41.
441. Gary Orren and Pamela Varley, The Helms-Hunt Senate Race, Case Studies in Public Policy and Management, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (1986), p. 29.
442. Gary Orren and Pamela Varley, The Helms-Hunt Senate Race, Case Studies in Public Policy and Management, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University (1986), p. 29.
443. “Per-Pupil Expenditures as Percent of U.S. Average, 1890," in The South in Modern America, by Dewey Grantham (New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1994), pp. 100, 205
444. “State Comparisons of Education Statistics, 1969-70, 1995-96," table 37, National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, October 15, 1998.
445. “Average Scale Score in Reading for 4th Graders in Public Schools by Race/Ethnicity” (table 114), and “Math Proficiency of 8th Graders, Public Schools” (table 134), both in U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics, 2004.
446. “Current Expenditures Per Pupil in Average Daily Attendance in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools” (table 171), U.S. Department of Education.
447. Zeno Ponder, interview by William Finger, March 22, 1974, Southern Oral History Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
448. Ben Stocking, “Madison County Loses Political Legend," N&O, November 29, 1994.
449. Congressional Record, October 3, 1983.
450. Carter Wrenn, interview with author, September 11, 2001.
451. John Monk, “Helms’ Secret Weapon," Charlotte Observer, May 1, 1994.
452. Orren and Varley, Helms-Hunt Senate Race.
453. Rob Christensen, “Helms Touts His Clout as Washington Insider," N&O, October 28, 1984.
454. Orren and Varley, Helms-Hunt Senate Race.
455. National Right to Life News, September 2001.
456. James Lucier, interview with author, November 15, 1993.
457. William D. Snider, Helms and Hunt: The North Carolina Senate Race, 1984 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), p. 200.
458. Rob Christensen and Van Denton, “Race Ends as It Started-Negatively," N&O, November 2, 1992.
459. Alexander P. Lamis, Southern Politics in the 1990s (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999), p. 97.
460. Ferrel Guillory, interview with author, December 2000.
461. Editorial, Viewpoint, WRAL-TV, January 29, 1963, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
462. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Urban and Rural Population, 1900 to 1990; U.S. Bureau of the Census, Persons by Poverty Status in 1969, 1979, and 1989 by State (CPH-L-162)
463. “Household Income and Poverty Rates by State, 1990 and 1999-2001," table 20, Digest of Education Statistics, National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.
464. Donald R. Matthews and James W. Prothro, Negroes and the New Southern Politics (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1966), p. 154.
465. Henry Frye, interview with author, March 1999.
466. Equal Protection of the Laws in North Carolina, Report of the North Carolina Advisory Committee to the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 1959-63, p. 16.
467. Editorial, Viewpoint, WRAL-TV, April 23, 1965, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
468. Matthews and Prothro, Negroes and the New Southern Politics, p. 148.
469. Jeffrey J. Crow, Paul D. Escott, and Flora J. Hatley, A History of African Americans in North Carolina (Raleigh: N.C. Department of Cultural Resources, Office of Archives and History, 1992), p. 149.
470. Ernest B. Furgurson, Hard Right: The Rise of Jesse Helms (New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1986), pp. 210, 217.
471. Rob Christensen, “Jesse Helms’ Race Politics," N&O, September 10, 1989.
472. Jesse Helms fund-raising letter, February 8, 1984, in possession of the author.
473. Rob Christensen, Carol Byrne Hall, and Jim Rosen, “To Mold a Nation," N&O, August 26, 2001.
474. Jesse Helms, letter to author, August 25, 1989.
475. Claude Sitton, “Helms Dusts Off His Old Campaign Standby," N&O, June 4, 1989.
476. Furgurson, Hard Right, p. 230.
477. Transcript of Larry King Live, CNN, September 12, 1995.
478. Jesse Helms, interview with John Bason, UNC-TV, August 1999.
479. Furgurson, Hard Right, p. 231.
480. Pamela Varley, Jesse Helms vs. Harvey Gantt: Race, Culture, and Campaign Strategy in the 1990 Senate Battle (Cambridge, Mass.: Kennedy School of Government Case Program, Harvard University, 1992), p. 19.
481. Harvey Gantt, speech to state Democratic convention, June 16, 1990, Raleigh.
482. President George H. W. Bush, speech at Helms fund-raiser, June 20, 1990, Charlotte.
483. Jesse Helms rally, May 19, 1990, Goldsboro, N.C.
484. Norrie Epstein, The Friendly Shakespeare (New York, London and Ontario: Viking, 1993), p. 123.
485. John Drescher, “Helms Says Campaign Not Racist," Charlotte Observer, August 27, 1990.
486. Christensen, Hall, and Rosen, “To Mold a Nation." 27. Rob Christensen, “Helms Targets Homosexuals’ Donations to Gantt," N&O, October 24, 1990.
487. Harvey Gantt, interview with author, October 23, 1990.
488. Alex Castellanos, interview with author, July 20, 1996.
489. Alex Castellanos, interview with author, July 20, 1996.
490. Tom Ellis, interview with author, September 13, 2001.
491. Jesse Helms campaign luncheon, October 30, 1990, Kinston, N.C.
492. C. W. Palmer, interview with author, October 30, 1990, Kinston, N.C.
493. Harvey Gantt news conference, state Democratic headquarters, October 31, 1990, Raleigh.
494. Jesse Helms rally, November 5, 1990, Raleigh-Durham Airport.
495. Thurston Quinn, interview with author, July 30, 1996, Wayne County.
496. Jesse Helms at state Republican Party convention, May 31, 1991, Wilmington.
497. Howard E. Covington Jr. and Marion A. Ellis, Terry Sanford: Politics, Progress, and Outrageous Ambitions (Durham: Duke University Press, 1999), p. 480.
498. Carter Wrenn, interview with author, September 11, 2001.
499. Editorial, Viewpoint, WRAL-TV, August 13, 1971, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
500. Jesse Helms, interview with author, December 1993.
501. Jesse Helms, interview with John Bason, p. 82.
502. Jesse Helms, interview with John Bason, p. 82.
503. Dedication of Jesse Helms Center, April 7, 1999, Wingate, N.C.
504. Elizabeth Dole campaign luncheon, September 16, 2002, Embassy Suites, Cary, N.C.
505. Elizabeth Dole at Christian Coalition God and Country Banquet, September 18, 2002, New Bern, N.C.
506. Rob Christensen, “In Senate Race, the Issues Take a Back Seat to Bush," N&O, October 28, 2008.
507. Mark Johnson and Ben Niolet, “New Beginning," N&O, January 11, 2009.
508. Robert Shrum, No Excuses: Confessions of a Serial Campaigner (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007), p. 290.
509. John Heilemann and Mark Halperin, Game Change: Obama and the Clintons, McCain and Palin, and the Race of a Lifetime (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2010), p. 125.
510. David Plouffe, The Audacity to Win: The Inside Story and Lessons of Barack Obama’s Historic Victory (New York: Viking Press), p. 73
511. Heilemann and Halperin, Game Change, p. 140.
512. Heilemann and Halperin, Game Change, p. 129.
513. Heilemann and Halperin, Game Change, p. 132.
514. Heilemann and Halperin, Game Change, p. 142.
515. Ace Smith (Clinton state director), interview with author, May 10, 2008, Raleigh.
516. Craig Schirmer (Obama state director), interview with author, May 10, 2008, Raleigh.
517. Dan Balz and Haynes Johnson, The Battle for America 2008: The Story of an Extraordinary Election (New York: Viking, 2009), p. 211.
518. Dan Balz and Haynes Johnson, The Battle for America 2008: The Story of an Extraordinary Election (New York: Viking, 2009), p. 213.
519. Dan Balz and Haynes Johnson, The Battle for America 2008: The Story of an Extraordinary Election (New York: Viking, 2009), p. 231.
520. Dan Balz and Haynes Johnson, The Battle for America 2008: The Story of an Extraordinary Election (New York: Viking, 2009), p. 215.
521. James Romoser, “Back in N.C.: McCain Calls Obama a Big Spender Who Wants ‘to Punish the Successful,’" Winston-Salem Journal, October 29, 2009.
522. Plouffe, The Audacity to Win, p. 351.
523. Michael Barone and Richard E. Cohen, The Almanac of American Politics 2010 (Washington, D.C.: National Journal Group, 2009), p. 1106.
524. William Friday, interview with author, November 5, 2008.
525. Remarks by President Barack Obama at the Congressional Black Caucus Dinner, September 26, 2009, White House Office of the Press Secretary.
526. U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Median Household Income by State: 1969, 1979, 1989, and 1999," table S1, .
527. Gavin Wright, Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy since the Civil War (New York: Basic Books, 1986), p. 80
528. National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education, Digest of Education Statistics, table 171.
529. U.S. Bureau of the Census, “Structural and Occupancy Characteristics of Housing," table 9, United States Census of Population, 2000.
530. Sorien K. Schmidt and Dan Gerlach, Working Hard Is Not Enough (Raleigh: N.C. Justice and Community Development Center and N.C. Equity, January 2001).
531. Rob Christensen and David Raynor, “Growth Transforms State GOP’s Identity," N&O, November 5, 2006.
532. Election returns compiled from several editions of The Almanac of American Politics (Washington, D.C.: National Journal).
533. Exit polling data for North Carolina 2004 elections.