The politics of group representation quotas for women and minorities worldwide

Comparative Politics

Volumn 42, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 253-272

  Krook, Mona Lena ^a   O'Brien, Diana Z ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85036731928     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5129/001041510X12911363509639     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Mona Lena Krook, Quotas for Women in Politics: Gender and Candidate Selection Reform Worldwide (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).
2. Andrew Reynolds, "Reserved Seats in National Legislatures: A Research Note," Legislative Studies Quarterly, 30 (May 2005): 301-310
3. We use the terms "representation" and "recognition" interchangeably to avoid repetition.
4. Hannah F. Pitkin, The Concept of Representation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967).
5. Melissa S. Williams, Voice, Trust, and Memory (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), 15-16.
6. Ibid., p. 17, emphasis in original.
7. Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990), 40.
8. Ibid., p. 42.
9. Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 19.
10. Ibid., p. 19.
11. Anne Phillips, The Politics of Presence (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995).
12. Ibid., pp. 46-47.
13. Jane Mansbridge, "Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent 'Yes,'" Journal of Politics, 61 (August 1999): 628-657
14. Karen Bird, "The Political Representation of Women and Ethnic Minorities in Established Democracies," paper presented at the Academy of Migration Studies in Denmark, Aalborg University, 2003;
15. Mala Htun. "Is Gender Like Ethnicity? The Political Representation of Identity Groups," Perspectives on Politics, 2 (September 2004): 439-458
16. Daniel N. Posner, "The Political Salience of Cultural Difference," American Political Science Review, 98 (November 2004): 529-545
17. Marc Galanter, Competing Equalities (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984).
18. Alexandra Dobrowolsky and Vivien Hart, eds., Women Making Constitutions (London: Palgrave, 2003), 2.
19. See, for example, Htun, "Is Gender Like Ethnicity?," p. 450.
20. Charles Tilly, Popular Contention in Great Britain, 1758 - 1834 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), 42-43.
21. Krook, Quotas for Women in Politics.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Mona Lena Krook, "Reforming Representation: The Diffusion of Candidate Gender Quotas Worldwide," Politics & Gender, 2 (June 2006): 303-27, pp. 312-313
25. Irene Tinker and Mil Walker, "The First General Elections in India and Indonesia," Far Eastern Survey, 25(JuIy 1956): 97-110.
26. Krook, Quotas for Women in Politics.
27. Ibid.
28. Meg Russell, Building New Labour: The Politics of Party Organisation (New York: Palgrave, 2005).
29. Joanna McKay, "Women in German Politics: Still Jobs for the Boys?" German Politics, 13 (March 2004): 56-80.
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31. Chris Corrin, "Developing Democracy in Kosova," in Women, Politics, and Change, ed. Karen Ross (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 99-108.
32. Kathleen Howard-Merriam, "Guaranteed Seats for Political Representation of Women: The Egyptian Example," Women and Politics, 10 (April 1990): 17-42.
33. Maria José Lubertino Bertrán, "Historia de la 'Ley de Cuotas,'" in Cuota minima de participación de mujeres: El debate en Argentina (Buenos Aires: Fundación Friedrich Ebert, 1992), 9-43.
34. Htun and Jones, "Engendering the Right to Participate."
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36. Russell, Building New Labour.
37. Andrew Geddis, "A Dual Track Democracy? The Symbolic Role of the Maori Seats in New Zealand's Electoral System," Election Law Journal, 5 (2006): 347-71;
38. Donna Lee Van Cott, "Building Inclusive Democracies: Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minorities in Latin America," Democratization, 12 (2005): 820-837
39. Ciprian-Calin Alionescu, "Parliamentary Representation of Minorities in Romania," Southeast European Politics, 5 (2004): 60-75.
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42. Galanter, Competing Equalities.
43. Elizabeth Powley, "Rwanda: Women Hold Up Half the Parliament," in Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers: A Revised Edition, ed. Julie Ballington and Azza Karam (Stockholm: International IDEA, 2005), 154-163
44. Reynolds, "Reserved Seats";
45. Van Cott, "Building Inclusive Democracies."
46. Reynolds, "Reserved Seats," 302.
47. Bird, "Political Representation";
48. Htun, "Is Gender Like Ethnicity?"
49. Alionescu, "Parliamentary Representation."
50. Geddis, "A Dual Track Democracy?"
51. Reynolds, "Reserved Seats."
52. Bird, "Political Representation."
53. Geddis, "A Dual Track Democracy?";
54. Htun, "Is Gender Like Ethnicity?"
55. Andrew Rigby, "Lebanon: Patterns of Confessional Politics," Parliamentary Affairs, 53 (2000): 169-180
56. Reynolds, "Reserved Seats," 302-303
57. OSCE, "Early Warning and Early Action: Preventing Inter-Ethnic Conflict," http://www.osce.org/documents/hcnm/1999/07/2913-en.pdf (accessed on May 28, 2008).
58. Van Cott, "Building Inclusive Democracies."
59. Arend Lijphart, "Consociational Democracy," World Politics, 21 (1969): 207-225
60. Gerhard Lehmbruch, "Consociational Democracy and Corporatism in Switzerland." Publius: The Journal of Federalism, 23 (1993): 43-60.
61. Steven Ian Wilkinson, "India, Consociational Theory, and Ethnic Violence," Asian Survey, 40 (2000): 767-791
62. Ibid.
63. Caroline Hartzell and Matthew Hoddie, "Institutionalizing Peace: Power Sharing and Post-Civil War Conflict Management," American Journal of Political Science, 47 (2003): 318-332
64. Ian S. Spears, "Africa: The Limits ofPower-Sharing," Journal of Democracy, 13 (2000): 123-136
65. Ibid.
66. Arend Lijphart, "The Wave of Power-Sharing Democracy," in The Architecture of Democracy, ed. Andrew Reynolds (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 16-37.
67. Joel Stettenheim, "The Arusha Accords and the Failure of International Intervention in Rwanda," in Words over War, ed. J. H. Barton, M. C. Greenberg, M. E. McGuiness (New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002), 213-236
68. Aili Mari Tripp, Dior Konaté, and Colleen Lowe-Morna, "Sub-Saharan Africa: On the Fast Track to Women's Political Representation," in Women, Quotas, and Politics, ed. Drude Dahlerup (New York: Routledge, 2006), 112-137
69. Timothy Longman, "Rwanda: Achieving Equality or Serving an Authoritarian State?" in Women in African Parliaments, ed. Hannah Britton and Gretchen Bauer (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2006), 133-150
70. Powley, "Rwanda."
71. Aili Mari Tripp, Women and Politics in Uganda (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2000).
72. Marc Lacey, "A Decade After Massacres, Rwanda Outlaws Ethnicity," New York Times, April 9, 2004.
73. Petra Meier, "The Belgian Paradox: Inclusion and Exclusion of Gender Issues," in State Feminism and Political Representation, ed. Joni Lovenduski (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 41-61.
74. O'Neill, "Re-imagining Belgium."
75. Ulrich Schneckener, "Making Power-Sharing Work," Journal of Peace Research, 39 (2002): 203-228
76. Petra Meier, "The Mutual Contagion Effect of Legal and Party Quotas," Party Politics, 10 (2004): 583-600.
77. Mercedes Mateo-Diaz, "Do Quotas Matter? Positive Actions in the Belgian Parliament," Res Publica, 44 (2002): 49-72.
78. Petra Meier, "Why Study Gender Quotas in a Broader Comparative Perspective," European Political Science, 3 (2004): 99-105.
79. H. McD. Clokie, "The New Constitution for India," American Political Science Review, 30 (1936): 1152-1165
80. Galanter, Competing Equalities;
81. Laura Dudley Jenkins, "Competing Inequalities."
82. Tinker and Walker, "First General Elections."
83. Jenkins, "Competing Inequalities."
84. Meenakshi Nath, "Cutting Across Party Lines," Manushi, 96 (1996): 7-16.
85. Vimal Balasubrahmanyan, Who's Saying What On The Women's Reservation Bill (Hyderabad: Asmita Resource Centre for Women, 1998).
86. Toby Dodge, "Iraqi Transitions: From Regime Change to State Collapse," Third World Quarterly, 26 (2005): 705-721 (Pubitemid 43203007)
87. Annia Ciezadlo, "Iraqi Women Raise Voices - For Quotas," Christian Science Monitor, December 17, 2003.
88. Raja Habib Khuzai and Songul Chapouk, "Iraq's Hidden Treasure," New York Times, December 3, 2003.
89. Michael Saward, "The Representative Claim," Contemporary Political Theory, 5 (2006): 297-318.