Optical bit error rate: An estimation methodology

Optical Bit Error Rate: An Estimation Methodology

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 1-291

  Kartalopoulos, Stamatios V ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ERRORS; LIGHT TRANSMISSION; OPTICAL COMMUNICATION; SIGNAL ANALYSIS;

ANALYTICAL APPROACH; ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY; COMMERCIAL SOFTWARE; ESTIMATION METHODOLOGIES; OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS; RUN-TIME SIMULATIONS; STATISTICAL ESTIMATION; TRANSMITTED SIGNAL;

BIT ERROR RATE;

EID: 85036574288     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1109/9780470545430     Document Type: Book

References (517)

1. M. Schwartz, Informat ion Transmission, Modulation, and Noise, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hili, New York, 1980.
2. M.C. Jeruchim, P. Malabian, and K.S. Shanmugan, Simulation ofCommunications Systems, Plenum Press, New York, 1992.
3. IC. Bellamy, Digital Telephony, 3rd ed., Wiley, New York, 2000.
4. R.E. Matick, Transmission Lines for Digital and Communication Networks, IEEE Press, New York, 1995.
5. IC. Palais, Fiber Optic Communications, 3rd ed., Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1992.
6. J.P. Kaminow, and T.L. Koch (Eds.), Optical Fiber Communications IlIA and Optical Fiber Communications IIIB, Academic Press, San Diego, 1997.
7. S.V. Kartalopoulos, DWDM: Networks, Devices and Technology, Wiley/IEEE, Hoboken, NJ, 2002.
8. S.V. Kartalopoulos, Introduction to DWDM Technology: Data in a Rainbow, Wiley/IEEE, New York, 2000.
9. S.V. Kartalopoulos, Fault Detectability in DWDM: Toward Higher Signal Quality and System Reliability, IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 2001.
10. S.V. Kartalopoulos, Understanding SONETISDH and ATM Networks, IEEE Press, Piscataway, NJ, 1999.
11. C.E. Shannon, “A Mathematical Theory of Communication,” Bell System Technical Journal, pp. 379-423,623-656, 1948.
12. I Tang, “The Shannon Channel Capacity of Dispersion-Free Nonlinear Optical Fiber Transmission,” Journal ofLightwave Technology, 19, 8, 1104-1109, 2001.
13. R.A. Linke, “Optical Heterodyne Communications Systems,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Oct. 1989, pp. 36-41.
14. R.A. Linke, and A.H. Gnauck, “High-Capacity Coherent Lightwave Systems,” Journal ofLightwave Technology, 6, 11,1750-1769,1988.
15. E.A. De Souza, et al., “Wavelength-Division Multiplexing with Femtosecond Pulses,” Optics Letters, 20, 10,1166-1168, 1995.
16. R.E. Slusher, and B. Yurke, “Squeezed Light for Coherent Communications,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol. 8, 3,466-477,1990.
17. A. Lender, “Correlative Level Coding for Binary Data Transmission,” IEEE Spectrum, 3,2,104-115, February 1966.
18. J.A.C. Bingham, “Multicarrier Modulation for Data Transmission: An Idea Whose Time Has Come,” IEEE Communications Magazine, 28, 5, 5-14, May 1990.
19. ANSI/IEEE 812-1984, “Definition of Terms Relating to Fiber Optics,” 1984.
20. ITU-T Recommendation G.701, “Vocabulary of Digital Transmission and Multiplexing, and Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) Terms,” 1993.
21. ITU-T Recommendation G.702, “Digital Hierarchy Bit Rates,” 1988.
22. ITU-T Recommendation G.704, “Synchronous Frame Structures Used at 1544, 6312, 2048, 8488 and 44736 Kbps Hierarchical Levels,” 1995.
23. Telcordia, TR-NWT-499, “Transport Systems Generic Requirements (TSGR): Common Requirements,” issue 5, Dec. 1993.
24. S.V. Kartalopoulos, “DWDM: Networks, Devices and Technology,” Wiley/IEEE Press, 2003.
25. S.V. Kartalopoulos, “Introduction to DWDM Technology: Data in a Rainbow,” IEEE Press, 2000.
26. LP. Kaminow and T.L. Koch (Eds.), Optical Fiber Communications IlIA; Optical Fiber Communications IIIB, Academic Press, 1997.
27. S.V. Kartalopoulos, “Elastic Bandwidth,” IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine, 18, 1, 8-13, January 2002.
28. S.V Kartalopoulos, “On the Performance of Multiwavelength Optical Paths in High Capacity DWDM Optical Networks,” SPIE Optical Engineering, September 2004.
29. S.V. Kartalopoulos and C. Qiao, “A Glass with Light, Please,” Inaugural Editorial in IEEE Optical Communications, IEEE Communications Magazine, Optical Communications Supplement, February 2003, S4.
30. S.V. Kartalopoulos and D. Raftopoulos, “Interferometry for the Evaluation of the Dynamic Optical and Mechanical Properties of Transparent Materials,” Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 19, 6, 993-1003, 1984.
31. D. Raftopoulos and S.V. Kartalopoulos, “Method For Determining Properties of Optically Isotropic and Anisotropic Materials,” U.S. patent no. 4,195,929, April 1980.
32. D. Raftopoulos and S.V. Kartalopoulos, “Method For Determining Stress-Optical Constants of Optically Isotropic and Anisotropic Materials,” U.S. patent no. 4,119,380, October 1980.
33. M. Bouhiyate and S.V. Kartalopoulos, “Performance of Optimized Chromatic Dispersion Compensated 10 Gbps DWDM Links,” in Proceedings of NFOEC-2003 Conference, Orlando, FL, September. 6-10,2003, pp. 1162-1167.
34. G. Bellotti, A. Bertaina, and S. Bigo, “Dependence of Self-Phase Modulation Impairments on Residual Dispersion in 10-Gb/s-Based Terrestrial Transmissions Using Standard Fiber,” IEEE Photon Technology Letters, 11,7,824-826, July 1999.
35. D.M Rothnie and JE Midwinter, “Improving Standard Fiber Performance by Positioning the Dispersion Compensating Fiber,” Electronic Letters, 32, 20, 1907-1908, 1996.
36. N. Takato et al, "128-Channel Polarization-Insensitive Frequency-Selection-Switch Using High-Silica Waveguides on Si,” IEEE Photon. Technology Letters, 2, 6, 441-443, 1990.
37. ITU-T Recommendation G.650, “Definition and Test Methods for the Relevant Parameters of Single-Mode Fibres,” 1996.
38. ITU-T Recommendation G.652, “Characteristics of a Single-Mode Optical Fiber Cable,” April 1997.
39. ITU-T Recommendation G.653, “Characteristics of a Dispersion-Shifted Single-Mode Optical Fiber Cable,” April 1997.
40. ITU-T Recommendation G.655, “Characteristics of a Non-Zero Dispersion-Shifted Single-Mode Optical Fiber Cable,” October 1996.
41. ITU-T Recommendation G.661, “Definition and Test Methods for the Relevant Generic Parameters of Optical Fiber Amplifiers,” November 1996.
42. ITU-T Recommendation G.662, “Generic Characteristics of Optical Fiber Amplifier Devices and Sub-systems,” July 1995.
43. ITU-T Recommendation G.663, “Application Related Aspects of Optical Fiber Amplifier Devices and Sub-systems,” October 1996.
44. A. Papoulis, Probability, Random Variables, and Stochastic Processes, McGraw-Hill, 1965.
45. C. Ash, The Probability Tutoring Book, IEEE Press, 1993.
46. M. Schwartz, Information Transmission, Modulation, and Noise, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, 1980.
47. R.N. McDonough and A.D. Whalen, Detection ofSignals in Noise, 2nd ed., Academic Press, 1995.
48. A. Wald, Statistical Decision Functions, Wiley, 1950.
49. H. Kogelnik, “On the Propagation of Gaussian Beams of Light Through Lenslike Media Including Those with a Loss or Gain Variation,” Applied Optics, 4, 12, October 1965, p. 1562.
50. L.W. Casperson and M.S. Sheklami, “Mode properties of annular gain lasers,” Applied Optics, 14, 11,2653-2661, November 1975.
51. T.F. Johnson, “Beam Propagation (M2) Measurement Made Easy As it Gets: The FourCuts Method,” Applied Optics, 37, 21, 4840, July 1998.
52. D.A. Holmes, P.V. Avizonis, and K.H. Wrolstad, “On-Axis Irradiance of a Focused, Apertured Gaussian Beam,” Applied Optics, 9, 9,2179-2180, September 1970.
53. J.Y. Wang, “Detection Efficiency of Coherent Optical Radar,” Applied Optics, 23, 19, 3421, October 1989.
54. H. Nyquist, “Thermal Agitation of Electric Charge in Conductors,” Physical Review, 32, 10, July 1928.
55. S.O. Rice, “Mathematical Analysis of Random Noise,” Bell System Technology Journal, 23, 282, 1944.
56. P.P. Webb, RJ. McIntyre, and J. Conradi, “Properties of Avalanche Photodiodes,” RCA Review, 35, 234-277, June 1974.
57. ITU-T Recommendation G.693, “Optical Interfaces for Intra-office-systems,” 11/2001.
58. ITU-T G.707/Y.1322 (2000), “Network Node Interface for the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH).”
59. ITU-T G.957 (1999), “Optical Interfaces for Equipment and Systems Relating to the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy.”
60. ITU-T G.671 (2001), “Transmission Characteristics of Optical Components and Subsystems.”
61. T. Wildi, Units and Conversion Charts, 2nd ed., IEEE Press, 1995.
62. GJ. Zissis, “The Infrared Handbook,” ERIM and SPIE, 1978.
63. W.L. Wolfe, “Introduction to Infrared System Design,” SPIE Press, 1997.
64. K. Nassau, The Physics and Chemistry ofColor, Wiley, 1983.
65. S.V. Kartalopoulos, DWDM: Networks, Devices and Technology, Wiley/IEEE Press, 2003.
66. S.V. Kartalopoulos, Fault Detectability in DWDM: Towards Higher Signal Quality and Network Reliability, IEEE Press, 2001.
67. S.V. Kartalopoulos, Introduction to DWDM Technology: Data in a Rainbow, IEEE Press, 2000.
68. B. Mukherjee, Optical Communication Networks, McGraw-HilI, 1997.
69. J.P. Kaminow and T.L. Koch (Eds.), Optical Fiber Communications IlIA and Optical Fiber Communications IIIB, Academic Press, 1997.
70. S.O. Kasap, “Optoelectronics and Photonics,” Prentice-Hall, 2001.
71. H. Kogelnik, “Theory of Dielectric Waveguides,” in Integrated Optics, 2nd ed., Chapter2, T. Tamir(Ed.), Springer-Verlag, 1979.
72. G.P Agrawal, Nonlinear Fiber Optics, 2nd ed., Academic Press, 1995.
73. P. Yeh, “Introduction to Photorefractive Nonlinear Optics,” Wiley, 1993.
74. S.V. Kartalopoulos and P. Verma, “Pragmatic Teaching of Advanced Optical Networks: Connecting Physics, Optical technology and Networks,” in Proceedings ofthe IEEE International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing (ICTT 2003), pp. 65-68, Las Vegas, 28-30 April 2003.
75. S.V. Kartalopoulos, “Ultra-High Bandwidth Data Transport for DWDM Short, Medium-Haul and Metro Using Low Bit Rates,” in APOC 2002 Conference, Optical Switching and Optical Interconnection IL pp. 100-107, October 2002, Shanghai, China.
76. S.V. Kartalopoulos, “Consumer Communications in the Next Generation Access Network,” in CCNC-2004 Conference, Las Vegas, January 5-8, 2004, session N13, paper no. 0-7803-8146-7.
77. S.V. Kartalopoulos, “Ultra-fast Pattern Recognition in Broadband Communications Systems,” in ISPACS’98, November 1998, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 558-591.
78. R.H. Stolen, “Non-Linear Properties of Optical Fibers,” in Optical Fiber Telecommunications, S.E. Miller and G. Chynoweth (Eds.), Academic Press, 1979.
79. L. Desmarais, Applied Electro-Optics, Prentice-Hall, 1999.
80. S.V. Kartalopoulos, “Bandwidth Elasticity with DWDM Parallel Wavelength-bus in Optical Networks,” SPIE Optical Engineering, 43, 5, May 2004, pp. 1092-1100.
81. A. Yariv, “Coupled Mode Theory for Guided Wave Optics,” IEEE Journal Quantum Electron., QE-9, 1973, pp. 919-933.
82. J.B. Eom, D.S. Moon, U-C. Paek, and B.H. Lee, “Fabrication and Transmission Characteristics of Couplers Using Photonic Crystal Fibers,” Technical Digest OFC 2002, paper ThK-2, pp. 465-466, March 2002.
83. U. Cummings and W. Bridges, “Bandwidth of Linearized Electro-Optic Modulators,” Journal ofLightwave Technology, 16, 1482-1490, August 1998.
84. C.R. Giles and M. Spector, “The Wavelength Add/Drop Multiplexer for Lightwave Communication Networks,” Bell Labs Technical Journal, 4, 1,207-229,1999.
85. W.K. Chen, Passive and Active Filters, Wiley, 1986.
86. G. Hernandez, Fabry-Perot Interferometers, Cambridge University Press, 1986.
87. J. Stone and D. Marcuse, “Ultrahigh finesse fiber Fabry-Perot interferometers,” Journal Lightwave Technology, LT-4, 4, 382-385, April 1986.
88. A.A.M. Saleh, and J. Stone, “Two-Stage Fabry-Perot Filters as Demultiplexers in Optical FDMA LAN’s,” Journal Lightwave Techno!., LT-7, 323-330, 1989.
89. A. Iocco, H.G. Limberger, and R.P. Salathe, “Bragg Grating Fast Tunable Filter,” Electr. Lett., 33, 25,2147-2148, December 1997.
90. S.R. Mallison, “Wavelength-Selective Filters for Single-Mode Fiber WDM Systems Using Fabry-Perot Interferometers,” Applied Optics, 26,430-436, 1987.
91. H. Kobrinski and K.W. Cheung, “Wavelength-Tunable Optical Filters: Applications and Technologies,” IEEE Commun. Mag., 27, 53-63, October, 1989.
92. R. Tewari and K. Thyagarajan, “Analysis of Tunable Single-Mode Fiber Directional Couplers Using Simple and Accurate Relations,” Journal Lightwave Technology, LT-4, 4, 386-399, 1986.
93. R.M.A. Azzam and N.M. Bashara, “Ellipsometry and Polarized Light,” North Holland, 1977.
94. P. Lu, L. Chen, and X. Bao, “Polarization Mode Dispersion and Polarization Dependent Loss for a Pulse in Single-Mode Fibers,” Journal Lightwave Technology, 19, 6, 856-860, June 2001.
95. P. Lu, L. Chen, and X. Bao, “Principal States of Polarization for an Optical Pulse in the Presence of Polarization Mode Dispersion and Polarization Dependent Loss,” in Pro ceedings 2000 International Conference Applications Photonic Technology (ICAPT’2000), Quebec, Canada, June 12-16,2000.
96. N. Gisin, “Statistics of polarization dependent losses,” Optics Communications, 114, 1995, pp. 399-405.
97. K. Shiraishi, S. Sugayama, and S. Kawakami, “Fiber Faraday Rotator,” Applied Optics, 23, 1103, 1984.
98. W. Eickhoff, “n-Line Fiber-Optic Polarizaer,” Electronics Letters, 5, 762, 1980.
99. T. Hosaka, K. Okamoto, and J. Noda, “Single-Mode Fiber Type Polarizer,” IEEE Journal Quantum Electronics, QE-18, 1569, 1982.
100. R.A. Bergh, H.C. Lefevre, and H.J. Shaw, “Single-Mode Fiber-Optic Polarizer,” Optics Letters, 5, 479, 1980.
101. J.P. Gordon, and H. Kogelnik, “PMD fundamentals: Polarization mode dispersion in optical fibers,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97, 9, 4541-4550, April 25, 2000.
102. C.D. Poole, R.W. Tkach, A.R. Chraplyvy, and D.A. Fishman, “Fading in Lightwave Systems Due to Polarization-Mode Dispersion,” IEEE Photonics Technolology Letters, 3, 68-70, January 1991.
103. E. Lichtman, “Limitations Imposed by Polarization-Dependent Gain and Loss on AllOptical Ultralong Communications Systems,” Journal Lightwave Technol., 13, 906-913, May 1995.
104. N. Shibata, K. Nosu, K. Iwashita, and Y. Azuma, “Transmission Limitations Due to Fiber Nonlinearities in Optical FDM Systems,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 8, 6, 1068-1077, August 1990.
105. D. Cotter, “Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Monomode Optical Fiber,” Journal Opt. Commun.,4, 10-19, 1983.
106. G. Waarts and R.P. Braun, “Crosstalk Due to Stimulated Brillouin Scattering In Monomode Fibers,” Electronics Letters, 24, 78-80, 1988.
107. A.M. Hill, and D.B. Payne, “Linear Crosstalk in Wavelength Division Multiplexed Optical Fiber Transmission Systems,” Journal Lightwave Technol., LT-3, 643-651, 1985.
108. P.T. Thomas et al., “Normal Acoustic Modes and Brillouin Scattering in Single-Mode Optical Fibers,” Physics Revues, B19, 4986-4998, 1979.
109. D. Nesset, T. Kelly, and D. Marcenac, “All-Optical Wavelength Conversion Using SOA Nonlinearities,” IEEE Communications Magazine, 36, 12, 56-61, November 1998.
110. S. Sudo (Ed.), Optical Fiber Amplifiers: Materials, Devices, and Applications, Artech House, 1997.
111. G. Eisenstein, “Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers,” IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine, 5,4,25-30, July 1989.
112. A.R. Chraplyvy, “Optical Power Limits in Multi-Channel Wavelength-Division-Multiplexed System Due to Stimulated Raman Scattering,” Electronics Letters, 20, 2, 58-59, January 1984.
113. K. Vilhelmsson, “Simultaneous Forward and Backward Raman Scattering in Low-Attenuation Single-Mode Fibers,” Journal Lightwave Technology, LT-4, 4, 400-404, 1986.
114. N.A. Olsson and J. Hegarty, “Noise Properties of a Raman Amplifier,” IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, LT-4, 4,396-399, April 1986.
115. J.R. Thompson and R. Roy, “Multiple Four-Wave Mixing Process in an Optical Fiber,” Optics Letters, 16, 8,557-559, April 1991.
116. K. Inoue, “Four-Wave Mixing in an Optical Fiber in the Zero-Dispersion Wavelength Region,” IEEE Journal Lighwave Technology, LT-10, 11,1553-1563, November 1992.
117. K. Inoue, “Suppression of Fiber Four-Wave Mixing in Multichannel Transmission Using Birefringent Elements,” IEICE Transactions on Communications, E76-B, 9, 1219-1221, Sept. 1993.
118. K. Inoue, “Fiber Four Wave Mixing in Multi-Amplifier Systems with Nonuniform Chromatic Dispersion,” IEEE Journal Lighwave Technology, LT-13, 82-93, Jan. 1995.
119. J.P. Pocholle, J. Raffy, M. Papuchon, and E. Desurvire, “Raman and Four Photon Mixing Amplification in Single Mode Fibers,” Optical Engineering, 24, 4, 600-608, 1985.
120. S. Song, C.T. Allen, K.R. Demarest, and R. Hui, “Intensity-Dependant Phase-Matching Effects on Four-Wave Mixing in Optical Fibers,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, 17, 11,2285-2290, November 1999.
121. J. Hansryd, H. Sunnerud, P.A. Andrekson, and M. Karlsson, “Impact ofPMD on FourWave-Mixing-Induced Crosstalk in WDM Systems,” IEEE Photonics Technology Lett., 12,9,1261-1263, Sept., 2000.
122. R.F. Slusher, L.W. Hollberg, B, Yurke, J.C. Mertz, and J.F. Valley, “Observation of Sqeezed States Generated by Four Wave Mixing in an Optical Cavity,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 55, 2409-2412, 1985.
123. A. Evans, “Raman Amplification in Broadband WDM Systems,” Technical Digest OFC 2001, paper TuF4-1, March 2001.
124. C.R.S. Fludger, V. Handerek, and R.J. Mears, “Fundamental Noise Limits in Broadband Raman Amplifiers,” Technical Digest OFC 2001, paper MA5-1, March 2001.
125. M.Bolshtyansky, J. DeMarco, and P. Wysocki, “Flat, Adjustable Hybrid Optical Amplifier for 1610nm-1640nm band,” Technical Digest OFC 2002, paper ThJ5, pp. 461-462, March 2002.
126. H.Masuda, “Review of Wideband Hybrid Amplifier,” Technical Digest OFC 2000, paper TuAl, March 2000.
127. Y. Sun, A.K. Srivastava, J. Zhou, and J.W. Sulhoff, “Optical Fiber Amplifiers for WDM Optical Networks,” Bell Labs Technology Journal, 4, 1, 187-206, 1999.
128. B. Giles and E. Desurvire, “Modeling Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers,” Journal Lightwave Techno!., 9, 271-283, February 1991.
129. E. Desurvire, “Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers,” Wiley, 1994.
130. A. Saleh, R. Jopson, J. Evankov, and J. Aspen, “Modeling of Gain in Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers,” IEEE Photon. TechnoI. Lett., 2, 714-717, Oct. 1990.
131. RJ. Mears, L. Reekie, I.M. Jauncey, and D.N. Payne, “Low-Noise Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier Operating at 1.54 urn,” Electronics Letters, 23, 19, 1026-1028, September 1987.
132. E. Desurvire, J.R. Simpson, and P.C. Becker, “High-Gain Erbium-Doped TravelingWave Fiber Amplifiers,” Optics Letters, 12, 11, 888-890, November 1987.
133. M.A. Muriel, J. Azana, and A. Carballar, “Fiber Grating Synthesis by Use of Time-Frequency Representations,” Optics Letters, 23, 1526-1528, 1998.
134. K. Inoue, “Phase-Mismatching Characteristics of FWM in Fiber Lines with MultiStage Optical Amplifiers,” Optics Letters, 17, 801-803, 1992.
135. K.O Hill, D. C. Johnson, B. S. Kawasaki, and R.I. MacDonald, “cw Three-Wave Mixing in Single-Mode Optical Fibers,” Journal Appl. Phys., 49, 5098-106, 1978.
136. K. Inoue, “Four-wave Mixing in an Optical Fiber in the Zero-Dispersion Wavelength Region,” Journal Lightwave Tech., 10, 11, 1553-61, November 1992.
137. C. Palmer, “Diffraction Grating Handbook,” www.thermorgl.com April, 2002.
138. S.V. Kartalopoulos, Next Generation SONETISDH, Wiley/IEEE Press, 2004.
139. S.V. Kartalopoulos, Understanding SONETISDH and ATM: Communications Networks for the Next Millenium, IEEE Press, 1999.
140. B. Mukherjee, Optical Communication Networks, McGraw-Hill, 1997.
141. T-H Wu, Fiber Network Service Survivability, Artech House, 1992.
142. Y. Miyao and H. Saito, “Optimal Design and Evaluation of Survivable WDM Transport Networks,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 16, 7, 1190-1198, September 1998.
143. B. Van Caenegen, W. Van Parys, F. De Turck, and P. M. Demeester, “Dimensioning of Survivable WDM Networks,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 16, 7, 1146-1157, September 1998.
144. S.V. Kartalopoulos, “A Plateau of Performance?,” IEEE Communications Magazine, 13-14, September 1992.
145. E. Karasan and E. Ayanoglu, “Performance ofWDM Transport Networks,” IEEE JI on Selected Areas in Communications, 16, 7, 1081-1096, Sept. 1998.
146. L.G. Raman, Fundamentals of Telecommunications Network Management, IEEE Press, 1999.
147. S.V. Kartalopoulos and M. Bouhiyate, “Modeling a Supercontinuum Source for 20channel WDM Applications,” in Proceedings of the Fifteenth lASTED International Conference on Modeling and Simulation, Marina Del Rey, CA, March 1-3,2004, pp. 296-301.
148. B.T. Doshi, S. Dravida, P. Harshavardhana, O. Hauser, and Y. Wang, “Optical Network Design and Restoration,” Bell Labs Technical Journal, 4, 1,58-84, 1999.
149. M.A. Marsan, A. Bianco, E. Leonardi, A. Morabito, and F. Neri, “All-Optical WDM Multi-Rings with Differentiated QoS,” IEEE Communications Magazine,.vol 37, 2, 58-66, Feb. 1999.
150. S.V. Kartalopoulos, “A Manhattan Fiber Distributed Data Interface Architecture,” in Proceedings ofGlobecom '90, San Diego, December 2-5, 1990, pp. 141-143.
151. S.V. Kartalopoulos, “Disaster Avoidance in the Manhattan Fiber Distributed Data Interface Network,” in Proceedings of Globecom’93, Houston, TX, December 2, 1993, pp. 680-685.
152. Y. Chen, M.T. Fatehi, H.J LaRoche, i.z. Larsen, and B.L. Nelson, “Metro Optical Networking,” Bell Labs Technology Journal, 4, 1, 163-186, 1999.
153. A.R. Chraplyvy, “High-Capacity Lightwave Transmission Experiments,” Bell Labs Technology Journal, 4, 1, 230-245, 1999.
154. D.B. Buchholz et al., “Broadband Fiber Access: A Fiber-to-the-Customer Access Architecture,” Bell Labs Technology Journal, 4, 1,282-299, 1999.
155. M. Berger et al., “Pan-European Optical Networking Using Wavelength Division Multiplexing,” IEEE Com. Mag., 35,4,82-88, 1997.
156. B. Fabianek, K. Fitchew, S. Myken, and A. Houghton, “Optical Network Research and Development in European Community Programs: From RACE to ACTS,” IEEE Com. Mag., 35,4, 50-56, 1997.
157. R.K. Snelling, “Bringing Fiber to the Home,” IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine, 7, 1, 23-25, January 1991.
158. A. McGuire, “Architectural Models for Supervisory and Maintenance Aspects of Optical Transport Networks,” paper presented at ICC’97 Workshop on WDM Network Management and Control, Montreal, Quebec Canada, June 1997.
159. E. Goldstein, “The Case for Opaque Multiwavelength Lightwave Networks,” paper presented at ICC’97 Workshop on WDM Network Management and Control, Montreal, Quebec Canada, June 1997.
160. D.K. Hunter et al., “WASPNET: A Wavelength Switched Packet Network,” IEEE Comm. Magazine, 37, 3, 120-129, March 1999.
161. D. Banerjee, J. Frank, and B. Mukherjee, “Pasive Optical Network Architecture Based on Waveguide Grating Routers,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 16,7,1040-1050, September 1998.
162. S.V. Kartalopoulos, “Fault Detectability: A prerequisite for Protection and Restoration in Next Generation DWDM Networks,” paper presented at Globecom-2003 Conference, Workshop in Network Survivability, San Francisco, December 1-4,2003.
163. N. Takato et al., "128-Channel Polarization-Insensitive Frequency-Selection-Switch Using High-Silica Waveguides on Si,” IEEE Photon. Techno!' Lett., 2, 6, 441-443, 1990.
164. S.V. Kartalopoulos and M. Bouhiyate, “Supercontinuum Generation in Highly Nonlinear Dispersive Fiber,” to be presented at lASTED/Modeling and Simulation, Marina Del Rey, CA, March/I-3/2004.
165. S.V. Kartalopoulos, “Consumer Communications in the Next Generation Access Network,” in CCNC-2004 Conference, Las Vegas, January 5-8, 2004, session N13, paper no. 0-7803-8146-7.
166. M. Bouhiyate and S.V. Kartalopoulos, “Performance of Optimized Chromatic Dispersion Compensated 10 Gbps DWDM Links,” in Proceedings ofNFOEC-2003 Conference, Orlando, FL, September 6-10,2003, pp. 1162-1167.
167. S.V. Kartalopoulos, “Ultra-High Bandwidth Data Transport for DWDM Short, Medium-Haul and Metro Using Low Bit Rates,” in APOC 2002 Conference, Optical Switching and Optical Interconnection II, pp. 100-107, October 2002, Shanghai, China.
168. S.V. Kartalopoulos, “Factors Affecting The Signal Quality, and Eye-Diagram Estimation Method for BER and SNR in Optical Data Transmission,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Technology, April 5-7, 2004, Las Vegas, pp. 615-619.
169. S.V. Kartalopoulos, “Ultra-fast Pattern Recognition in Broadband Communications Systems” in ISPACS’98, November 1998, Melbourne, Australia, pp. 558-591.
170. S.V. Kartalopoulos and P. Verma, “Pragmatic Teaching of Advanced Optical Networks: Connecting Physics, Optical technology and Networks,” in Proceedings ofthe IEEE International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing (ICTT 2003), pp. 65-68, Las Vegas, 28-30 April 2003.
171. J.J. Sluss, Jr., S.V. Kartalopoulos, H.H. Refai, M.J. Riley, and P.K. Verma, “The Telecommunications Interoperability Laboratory,” in Proceedings of ASEE-2003, Nashville, TN, 23 June 2003.
172. ANSI/IEEE 812-1984, Definition ofTerms Relating to Fiber Optics, 1984.
173. IEC Publication 793-2, Part 2, Optical Fibres-Part 2: Product Specifications, 1992.
174. IEC Publication 1280-2-1, “Fibre Optic Communication Subsystem Basic Test Procedures; Part 2: Test Procedures for Digital Systems; Section I-Receiver Sensitivity and Overload Measurement.”
175. IEC Publication 1280-2-2, “Fibre Optic Communication Subsystem Basic Test Procedures; Part 2: Test Procedures for Digital Systems; Section 2-0ptical Eye Pattern, Waveform and Extinction Ratio Measurement”.
176. ITU-T Recommendation G.650, Definition and Test Methods for the Relevant Parameters ofSingle-Mode Fibres, 1997.
177. ITU-T Recommendation G.661, “Definition and Test Methods for the Relevant Generic Parameters of Optical Fiber Amplifiers,” November 1996.
178. ITU-T Recommendation G.662, “Generic Characteristics of Optical Fiber Amplifier Devices and Sub-systems,” July 1995.
179. ITU-T Recommendation G.663, “Application Related Aspects of Optical Fiber Amplifier Devices and Sub-systems,” October 1996.
180. ITU-T Draft Recommendation G.664, “General Automatic Power Shut-down Procedure for Optical Transport Systems,” October 1998.
181. ITU-T Recommendation G.671, Transmission Characteristics ofPassive Optical Components, 1996.
182. ITU-T Recommendation G.681, “Functional Characteristics of Interoffice and Long-Haul Line Systems Using Optical Amplifiers, Including Optical Multiplexers,” June 1986.
183. ITU-T Draft Rec. G.692, “Optical interfaces for Multi-Channel Systems with Optical Amplifiers,” October 1998.
184. ITU-T Recommendation G.702, Digital Hierarchy Bit RatesM, 1988.
185. ITU-T Recommendation G.707, “Network Node Interface for the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy,” 1996.
186. ITU-T Draft Rec. G.709, “Network Node Interface for the Optical Transport Network (OTN),” October 1998.
187. ITU-T Draft Rec. G.798, “Characteristics of Optical Transport Networks (OTN) Equipment Functional Blocks,” October 1998.
188. ITU-T Rec. G.805, “Generic Functional Architecture of Transport Networks,” October 1998.
189. ITU-T Recommendation G.841, Types and Characteristics ofSDH Network Protection Architectures, 1996.
190. ITU-T Draft Rec. G.871, Framework for Optical Networking Recommendations,” October 1998.
191. ITU-T Recommendation G.872, Architecture ofOptical Transport Networks, 1999.
192. ITU-T Draft Rec. G.873, “Optical Transport Network Requirements,” October 1998.
193. ITU-T Draft Rec. G.874, “Management Aspects of the Optical Transport Network Element,” October 1998.
194. ITU-T Draft Rec. G.875, “Optical Transport Network Management Information Model for the Network Element View,” October 1998.
195. ITU-T Recommendation G.911, “Parameters and Calculation Methodologies for Reliability and Availability Of Fibre Optic Systems,” 1993.
196. ITU-T Recommendation G.957, “Optical Interfaces for Equipments and Systems Relating to the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy,” 1995.
197. ITU-T Recommendation G.958, “Digital Line Systems Based on the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy for use on Optical Fibre Cables,” 1994.
198. ITU-T Draft Rec. G.959, “Optical Networking Physical Layer Interfaces,” February 1999.
199. ITU-T Recommendation L.41, Maintenance Wavelength on Fibres Carrying Signals, May 2000.
200. Telcordia (previously Bellcore) GR-253, “Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) Transport Systems: Common Generic Criteria,” Issue 2, December 1995.
201. Telcordia (previously Bellcore) GR-1377, “SONET OC-192 Transport Systems Generic Criteria,” Issue 3, August 1996.
202. Telcordia (previously Bellcore), TR-NWT-233, “Digital Cross Connect System,” November 1992.
203. Telcordia (previously Bellcore), TR-NWT-499, Transport Systems Generic Requirements (TSGR): Common Requirements, Issue 5, December 1993.
204. W. Simpson, “PPP over SONET/SDH,” IETF RFC 1619, May 1994.
205. Telcordia (previously Bellcore), TR-NWT-917, “Regenerator,” October 1990.
206. M. Abramovitch and I. Stegun, editors, Handbook ofMathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards, United States Department of Commerce, 1972.
207. S.M. Sze, Physics ofSemiconductor Devices, Wiley, 1981.
208. C. Kittel, Elementary Statistical Physics, Robert E. Krieger, 1988.
209. M. Schwartz, Information, Transmission, Modulation, and Noise, McGraw-Hill, 1970.
210. A. Papoulis, Probability, Random Variables, and Stochastic Processes, 3rd ed., Mc-Graw-Hill, 1991.
211. A. Papoulis, Systems and Transforms with Applications in Optics, McGraw-Hill, 1968.
212. A. Yariv, Optical Electronics, 3rd ed., Chapter 11, pp. 345-382, CBS College Publishing, 1991.
213. S.O. Kasap, Optoelectronics and Photonics, Prentice-Hall, 2001.
214. R.J. Baker, CMOS: Mixed Signal Circuit Design, Wiley/IEEE Press, 2002.
215. S.V. Kartalopoulos, “DWDM: Networks, Devices and Technology,” Wiley/IEEE Press, 2003.
216. S.V. Kartalopoulos, Fault Detactability in DWDM, IEEE Press, 2001.
217. A. van der Ziel, Noise: Sources, Characterization, Measurements, Prentice-Hall, 1954.
218. S.V. Kartalopoulos, “What is DWDM?,” SPIE Optical Engineering Reports, no. 203, pp. 4 and 12, November 2000.
219. E. Desurvire, Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers, Wiley, 1994.
220. F.N. Robinson, Noise and Fluctuations in Electronic Devices and Circuits, Oxford University Press, 1974.
221. M.J. Buckingham, Noise in Electronic Devices and Systems, Wiley-Halsted, 1983.
222. P.K. Pepeljugoski and K.Y. Lau, “Interfoerometric Noise Reduction in Fiber-Optic Links by Superposition ofHigh Frequency Modulation,” Journal Lightwave Technology, 10, 7,957-963, June 1992.
223. LT. Monroy, E. Tangdiongga, and H. de Waardt, “On the Distribution and Performance Implications of Filtered Interfoerometric Crosstalk in Optical WDM Networks,” Journal Lightwave Technology, 17, 6, 989-997, June 1999.
224. LT. Monroy, E. Tangdiongga, and H. de Waardt, “Interfoerometric-Crosstalk Reduction by Phase Scrambling,” Journal Lightwave Technology, 18, 5, pp. 637-646, May 2000.
225. J. Zhang, M.Yao, Q. Xu, H. Zhang, C. Peng, and Y. Gao, “Interferometric Noise in Optical Time Division Multiplexing Transmission System,” Journal Lightwave Technology, 20, 8, pp. 1329-1334,2002.
226. B. Giles and E. Desurvire, “Modeling Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers,” Journal Lightwave Technology, 9, 271-283, February 1991.
227. E. Desurvire, JR. Simpson, and P.C. Becker, “High-Gain Erbium-Doped TravelingWave Fiber Amplifiers,” Optics Letters, 12, 11, 888-890,. November 1987.
228. RJ. Mears, L. Reekie, LM. Jauncey, and D.N. Payne, “Low-Noise Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier Operating at 1.54 urn,” Electronics Letters, 23, 19, 1026-1028, September 1987.
229. H. Meyr, M. Moeneclaey, and S.A. Fechtel, Digital Communications Receivers, Wiley, 1999.
230. F. Tong, “Multiwavelength Receivers for WDM Systems,” IEEE Communications Mag., 36, 12,42-49, November 1998.
231. LB. Johnson, “Thermal Agitation of Electricity in Conductors,” Physical Review, 32, 97-109,1928.
232. H. Nyquist, “Thermal Agitation of Electric Charge in Conductors,”Physical. Review, 32, 110-113, 1928.
233. J. B. Johnson, “Electronic Noise, the First Two Decades,” IEEE Spectrum, February 1971, pp. 42-46.
234. A. Papoulis, Systems and Transforms ‘with Applications in Optics, McGraw-Hill, 1968.
235. G.P. Agrawal, Nonlinear Fibwwer Optics, Academic Press, 1995.
236. E. Desurvire, Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers, Wiley, 1994.
237. C.E. Shannon, “A Mathematical Theory of Communication,” Bell System Technical Journal, 27, 379-423, 623-656, 1948.
238. S.O. Rice, “Mathematical analysis of random noise,” Bell System Technical Journal, 23, 1-51, 1944.
239. N. Shibata, K. Nosu, K. Iwashita, and Y. Azuma, “Transmission Limitations Due to Fiber Nonlinearities in Optical FDM Systems,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 8, 6, 1068-1077, August 1990.
240. N.A. Olsson, and J. Hegarty, “Noise Properties of a Raman Amplifier,” IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, LT-4, 4, 396-399, April 1986.
241. K. Vilhelmsson, “Simultaneous Forward and Backward Raman Scattering in LowAttenuation Single-Mode Fibers,” Journal Lightwave Technology, LT-4, 4, 400-404, 1986.
242. M. Yan, J. Chen, W. Jiang, J. Li, J. Chen, and X. Li, “Pump Depletion Induced Noise and Crosstalk in Distributed Optical Fiber Raman Amplifiers,”IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 13, 7,651-653,2001.
243. J. Skinner and C.H.R. Lane, “A Low-Crosstalk Microoptic Liquid Crystal Switch,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication, 6, 7, 1178-1185, August 1988.
244. P.A. Humblet and W.M. Hamdy, “Crosstalk Analysis and Filter Optimization of Singleand Double-Cavity Fabry-Perot Filters,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication, 8, 6, 1095-1107, August 1990.
245. A.M. Hill and D.B. Payne, “Linear Crosstalk in Wavelength Division Multiplexed Optical Fiber Transmission Systems,” Journal Lightwave Technology, LT-3, 643-651, 1985.
246. A.R. Chraplyvy, “Optical Power Limits in Multi-Channel Wavelength-Division-Multiplexed System Due to Stimulated Raman Scattering,” Electronics Letters, 20, 2, 58-59, January 1984.
247. B.E.A. Saleh and M.C. Teich, “Multiplied-Poisson Noise in Pulse, Particle, and Photon Detection,” Proceedings of IEEE, 70,220-245,1982.
248. U. Fano, “Ionization Yield of Radiations. II. The Fluctuation of the Number of Ions,” Physical Review, 72,26,1947.
249. R. Matloob, R. Loudon, M. Artoni, S. Bennett, and J. Jeffers, “Electromagnetic Field Quantization in Amplifying Dielectrics,” Physical Review A, 55, 1623-1633, 1997.
250. Jeffers, N. Imoto, and R. Loudon, “Quantum Optics of Traveling-Wave Attenuators and Amplifiers,” Physical Review A, 47, 3346-3349, 1993.
251. M.B. Gray, AJ. Stevenson, H.A. Bachor, and D.E. McClelland, “Harmonic Demodulation of Non-Stationary Shot Noise,” Optics Letters, 18, 759-761, 1993.
252. T.M. Niebauer, R. Schilling, K. Danzmann, A. Ruediger, and W. Winkler, “Nonstationary Shot Noise and Its Effect on the Sensitivity of Interferometers,” Physical Review A, 43, 5022-5029, 1991.
253. C.R.S. Fludger, V. Handerek, and RJ. Mears, “Fundamental Noise Limits in Broadband Raman Amplifiers,” Technical Digest OFC 2001, paper MA5-1, March 2001.
254. P.C.D. Hobbs, “Shot Noise Limited Optical Measurements at Baseband with Noisy Lasers,” in Laser Noise, R. Roy, editor, Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., 1376, 216-221, 1991.
255. A.M. Bacon, H.Z. Zhao, LJ. Wang, and J.E. Thomas, “Microwatt Shot-Noise Measurement,” Applied Optics, 34, 24,1995.
256. C.WJ. Beenakker and M. Patra, “Photon Shot Noise,” Modern Physics Letters B, 13, 337-347, 1999.
257. H.P. Yuen and V.W.S. Chan, “Noise in Homodyne and Heterodyne Detection,” Optics Letters, 8, 177-179, 1983.
258. H.A. Bachor and P.T.H. Fisk, “Quantum Noise-a Limit in Photodectors,” Applied Physics B. 49, 291-300, 1989.
259. C.W.J. Beenakker and C. Schoenenberger, “Quantum Shot Noise,” Physics Today, 37-44, May 2003.
260. A.L. McWhorter, "1/f Noise and Related Surface Effects in Germanium,” in R.H. Kingston (Ed.): Semiconductor Surface Physics, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1956.
261. A. van der Zeil, “Flicker Noise in Electronic Devices,” Advances Electronics & Electron Physics, 49, 225-297, 1979.
262. M.B. Weissman, "1/f Noise and Other Slow, Nonexponential Kinetics in Condensed Matter,” Review Modern Physics, 60, 537-571, 1988.
263. S.B. Lowen and M.C. Teich, “Generalized l/f Shot Noise,” Electronics Letters, 25, 16, 1072-1074, 1989.
264. C. Schutte and P. Rademeyer, “Subthreshold l/fNoise Measurements in MOS Transistors Aimed at Optimizing Focal Plane Array Signal Processing,” Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, 2, 3, 171-177, 1992.
265. V. Radeka, “Low-Noise Techniques in Detectors,” Annals Review Nuclear Particle Sciences, 38, 217-277, 1988.
266. P.S. Andre, L.L. Pinto, A.N. Pinto, and T. Almeida, “Performance Degradations due to Crosstalk in Multiwavelength Optical Networks Using Optical Add Drop Multiplexers Based on Fibre Bragg Gratings,” Revista Do Detua, Portugal, 3, 2, 85-90, September 2000.
267. A.R. Chraplyvy, “High-Capacity Lightwave Transmission Experiments,” Bell Labs Technical Journal, 4, 1,230-245, 1999.
268. P.P.Mitra and J.B. Stark, “Nonlinear Limits to the Information Capacity of Optical Fibre Communications, Nature, 411, 1027-1030,2001.
269. E. Narimanov and P.P. Mitra, “The Channel Capacity ofa Fiber Optics Communication System,” Proceeding ofOptical Fiber Communications Conference, 2002, paper ThQl, pp. 504-505, 2002.
270. W. Shieh, “Principal States of Polarization for an Optical Pulse,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 11, 5, pp. 677-679, 1999.
271. E. Lichtman, “Limitations Imposed by Polarization-Dependent Gain and Loss on AllOptical Ultralong Communications Systems,” Journal Lightwave Technology, 13, 906-913, May 1995.
272. JP. Gordon, and H. Kogelnik, “PMD Fundamentals: Polarization Mode Dispersion in Optical Fibers,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97, 9,4541-4550, April 25, 2000.
273. C.D. Poole, R.W. Tkach, A.R. Chraplyvy, and D.A. Fishman, “Fading in Lightwave Systems due to Polarization-Mode Dispersion,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 3, 68-70, January 1991.
274. C.D. Poole and R.E. Wagner, “Phenomenological Approach to Polarization Dispersion in Long Single-Mode Fibers,” Electronics Letters, 22, 19,1029-1030, 1986.
275. P. Lu, L. Chen, and X. Bao, “Polarization Mode Dispersion and Polarization Dependent Loss for a Pulse in Single-Mode Fibers,” Journal Lightwave Technology, 19, 6, 856-860, June 2001.
276. P. Lu, L. Chen, and X. Bao, “Principal States Of Polarization for an Optical Pulse in the Presence of Polarization Mode Dispersion and Polarization Dependent Loss,” in Proc. 2000 International Conference on Applications ofPhotonic Technology (ICAPT’2000), Quebec, Canada, June 12-16,2000.
277. Y. Sun, A.K. Srivastava, J. Zhou, and IW. Sulhoff, “Optical Fiber Amplifiers for WDM Optical Networks,” Bell Labs Technology J., 4, 1, 187-206, 1999.
278. G. Eisenstein, “Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers,” IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine, 5, 4, 25-30, July 1989.
279. N. Gisin, “Statistics of Polarization Dependent Losses,” Optics Communications, 114, 399-405, 1995.
280. G. Waarts, and R.P. Braun, “Crosstalk due to Stimulated Brillouin Scattering in Monomode Fibers,” Electronics Letters, 24, 78-80, 1988.
281. P.T. Thomas, et al., “Normal Acoustic Modes and Brillouin Scattering in Single-Mode Optical Fibers,” Physical Review, B19, 4986-4998, 1979.
282. K. Inoue, “Phase-Mismatching Characteristics of FWM in Fiber Lines with Multi-Stage Optical Amplifiers,” Optics Letters, 17, 801-803, 1992.
283. K.O Hill, D. C. Johnson, B. S. Kawasaki, and R.I. MacDonald, CW Three-Wave Mixing in Single-Mode Optical Fibers,” Journal Applied Physics, 49, 5098-5106, 1978.
284. IP. Pocholle, J. Raffy, M. Papuchon, and E. Desurvire, “Raman and Four Photon Mixing Amplification in Single Mode Fibers,” Optical Engineering, 24, 4, 600-608, 1985.
285. M. Yan, J. Chen, W. Jiang, J. Li, J. Chen, and X. Li, “Pump Depletion Induced Noise and Crosstalk in Distributed Optical Fiber Raman Amplifiers,”IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 13,7,651-653,2001.
286. IR. Thompson and R. Roy, “Multiple four-wave mixing process in an optical fiber,” Optics Letters, 16, 8,557-559, April 1991.
287. K. Inoue, “Four-Wave Mixing in an Optical Fiber in the Zero-Dispersion Wavelength Region,” Journal Lightwave Tech., 10, 11, 1553-61, November 1992.
288. K. Inoue, “Phase-Mismatching Characteristics ofFWM in Fiber Lines with Multi-Stage Optical Amplifiers,” Optics Letters, 17, 801-803,1992.
289. K.O Hill, D. C. Johnson, B. S. Kawasaki, and R.I. MacDonald, CW Three-Wave Mixing in Single-Mode Optical Fibers,” Journal Applied Physics, 49, 5098-5106, 1978.
290. C.R.S. Fludger, V. Handerek, and R.I Mears, “Pump to Signal RIN Transfer in Raman Fiber Amplifiers,” IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, 19, 8, 1140-1148, August 2001.
291. C.R.S. Fludger, V. Handerek, and R.J. Mears, “Fundamental Noise Limits in Broadband Raman Amplifiers,” Proceedings of Optical Fiber Communications Conference, 2001, paper MA5-1, March 2001.
292. S. Song, C.T. Allen, K.R. Demarest, and R. Hui, “Intensity-Dependant Phase-Matching Effects on Four-Wave Mixing in Optical Fibers,” Journal ofLightwave Technology, 17, 11, 2285-2290, November 1999.
293. J. Hansryd, H. Sunnerud, P.A. Andrekson, and M. Karlsson, “Impact ofPMD on FourWave-Mixing-Induced Crosstalk in WDM Systems,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 12,9, 1261-1263, September, 2000.
294. H. Kogelnik, “Theory of Dielectric Waveguides,” in Integrated Optics, 2nd ed., Chapter 2, T. Tamir (Ed.), Springer-Verlag, 1979.
295. H. Kogelnik, “High-Capacity Optical Communications,” IEEE Selected Topics Quantum Elecelectronics, 6, 6, 1279,2000.
296. G. Bendelli, C. Cavazzoni, R. Giraldi, and R. Lano, “Optical Performance monitoring techniques,” Proceedings ofEuropean Conference on Optical Communication 2000, 4, 113-116,2000.
297. ANSI/IEEE 812-1984, Definition ofTerms Relating to Fiber Optics, 1984.
298. IEC Publication 793-2, Part 2, Optical Fibres-Part 2: Product Specifications, 1992.
299. ITU-T Recommendation G.650, Definition and Test Methods for the Relevant Parameters ofSingle-Mode Fibres, 1997.
300. ITU-T Recommendation G.652, Characteristics ofa Single-Mode Optical Fiber Cable, 1997.
301. ITU-T Recommendation G.653, Characteristics of a Dispersion-Shifted Single-Mode Optical Fibre Cable, 1997.
302. ITU-T Recommendation G.654, Characteristics ofa Cut-OffShifted Single-Mode Optical Fibre Cable, 1997.
303. ITU-T Recommendation G.655, Characteristics ofa Non-Zero-Dispersion Shifted Single-Mode Optical Fibre Cable, 1996.
304. ITU-T Recommendation G.671, Transmission Characteristics ofPassive Optical Components, 1996.
305. D. Middleton, An Introduction to Statistical Communication Theory, IEEE Press, 1996.
306. P. R. Triscitta and E. Vanna, Jitter in Digital Transmission Systems. Artech House, 1989.
307. P.R. Trischitta, and P. Sannuti, “The Accumulation of Pattern-Dependent Jitter for a Chain of Fibre Optic Regenerators,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, 36, 6, 761-765, June 1988.
308. E.G. Shapiro, M.P. Fedoruk, and S.K. Turitsyn, “Numerical Estimate ofBER in Optical Systems with Strong Patterning Effects,” Electronics Letters, 37, 19, 1179-1181, 2001.
309. F. Matera and M. Settembre, “Role of Q-factor and of Time Jitter in the Performance Evaluation of Optically Amplified Transmission Systems,” IEEE J. ofSelected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 6, 2, 308-316, 2000.
310. A. Yariv, “Signal-to-Noise Considerations in Fiber Links with Periodic or Distributed Optical Amplification,” Optic Letters, 15, 19, 1064-1066, October 1990.
311. K. Fussgaenger and S. Casselli, Per Channel Bit Error Ratio, Q-Facto r, EL SNR and OSNR Relations for Single-and Multi-Channel Long-Haul Systems with Optical Amplifiers, in Draft Recs. G.691, G.692, and G.onp, ITU-T SG 15 White Paper Contribution, COM 15-31, November 1997.
312. H. Okamura, Asynchronous Sampling Technique for the Q-Factor Measurement in Transparent Optical Networks, ITU-T SG 15 Delayed Contribution, NTT, D.393 (WP 4/15), Q 16/15, October 1998.
313. T. Alberty and V. Hespelt, “A New Pattern Jitter Free Frequency Error Detector,” IEEE Transactions on Commuications, 37, 2, 159-163, February 1989.
314. R.G. Kusyk, W.A. Krzymien, and T.E. Moore, “Analysis of Techniques for the Reduction of Jitter Caused by SONET Pointer Adjustments,” IEEE Transactions on Commuications, 42, 2036-2050, February/MarchiApril 1994.
315. R.P. Singh, S-H. Lee, and C-K. Kim, “Jitter and Clock Recovery for Periodic Traffic in Brodband Packet Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, 42, 5, 2189-2196, May 1994.
316. J.Y. Hui, E. Karasan, J. Li, and J. Zhang, “Client-Server Synchronization and Buffering for Variable Rate Multimedia Retrievals,” IEEE JSAC, 14,226-237, January 1996.
317. K. Murakami, “Jitter in Synchronous Residual Time Stamp,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, 44, 6, 742-748, June 1996.
318. O. Collins, “The Design of Low Jitter Hard Limiters,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, 44, 5, 601-608, May 1996.
319. J. Walker and A. Cantoni, “Modeling of the Synchronization Process Jitter Spectrum with Input Jitter,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, 47, 2, 316-324, February 1999.
320. M. Stefanovic, N. Zlatkovic, and D. Milosevic, “The Probability of Error in AM-PM Systems Due to Noncoherent Demodulation, Interference and Noise,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, 42, 1445-1449, February/MarchiApril 1994.
321. L.C. Schooley and G.R. Davis, “Jitter Effects on Bit Error Rate Reexamined,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, 29, 6, 920-922, June 1981.
322. ANSI T1.101, Syncronous Interface Standards for Digital Networks, 1999.
323. ANSI T1.102, Digital Hierarchy-Electrical Interfaces, 1993.
324. ANSI Tl.105, Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)-Basic Description Including Multiplex Structures, Rates and Formats, 1995.
325. ANSI T.105.01, Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)-Automatic Protection Switching, 1995.
326. ANSI Tl.105.03, Telecommunications-Sychronous Optical Network (SONET)-Jitter at Network Interfaces, 1994.
327. ANSI Tl.105.03a, Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)-Jitter and Network Interfaces-DS1 Supplement, 1995.
328. ANSI T1.105.03b, Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)-Jitter and Network Interfaces-DS3 Supplement, 1995.
329. CCITT Recommendation G.703, Physical/Electrical Characteristics of Hierarchical Digital Interfaces, 1991.
330. ITU-T Recommendation G.707, Network Node Interface for the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), 1996.
331. ITU-T Recommendation G.735, Characteristics ofPrimary PCM Multiplex Equipment Operating at 2048 Kbit/s and Offering Synchronous Digital Access at 384 Kbit/s and/or 64 KBit/s, 1988.
332. ITU-T Recommendation G.742, Second Order Digital Multiplex Equipment Operating at 8448 KBIit/s and Using Positive Justification, 1988.
333. ITU-T Recommendation G.751, Digital Multi/ex Equipment Operating at the Third Order bit rate of34,368 KBit/s and the Fourth Order bit rate of139,264 KBit/s and Using Positive Justification, 1988.
334. ITU-T Recommendation G.781, Synchronization Layer Functions, 6/1991.
335. ITU-T Recommendation G.783, Characteristics of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) Equipment Functional Blocks, 10/2000.
336. ITU-T Recommendation G.810, Definitions and Terminology for Synchronization Networks, 8/96.
337. CCITT Recommendation G.811, Timing Requirements at the Outputs of Primary Reference Clocks Suitable for Plesiochronous Operation of International Digital Links, 1988.
338. CCITT Recommendation G.812, Timing Requirements at the Outputs of Slave Clocks Suitable for Plesiochronous Operation of International Digital Links, 1988.
339. ITU-T Recommendation G.813, Timing Characteristics for SDH Equipment Slave Clocks (SEC), 1996.
340. CCITT Recommendation G.822, Controlled Slip Rate Objectives on an International Digital Connection, 1988.
341. INCITS TR 25-1999, Fiber Channel, Methodologiesfor Jitter Specification, 1999.
342. ITU-T Recommendation G.823, The Control of Jitter and Wander Within Digital Networks which are Based on the 2048 kbit/s Hierarchy, 1993.
343. ITU-T Recommendation G.824, The Control ofJitter and Wander Within Digital Networks which are Based on the 1544 kbit/s Hierarchy, 1993.
344. ITU-T Recommendation G.825, The Control ofJitter and Wander Within Digital Networks which are Based on the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), 1993.
345. ITU-T Recommendation G.832, Transport ofSDHElements on PDHNetworks-Frame and Multiplexing Structures, 10/1998.
346. ITU-T Recommendation G.955, Digital Line Systems Based on the 1544 kbit/s and the 2048 kbit/s Hierarchy on Optical Fibre Cables, 1993.
347. ITU-T Recommendation G.957, Optical Interfacesfor Equipments and Systems Relating to the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, 1995.
348. ITU-T Recommendation G.958, Digital Line Systems Based on the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy for Use on Optical Fibre Cables, 1994.
349. ITU-T Recommendation G.8251, The Control ofJitter and Wander within the Optical Transport Network (OTN), 11/2001.
350. ITU-T Recommendation 0.150, General Requirements for Instrumentation for Performance Measurements on Digital Transmission Equipment, 1996.
351. ITU-T Recommendation 0.171, Timing Jitter and Wander Measuring Equipment for Digital Systems which are Based on the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH), 4/1997.
352. ITU-T Recommendation 0.172, Jitter and Wander Measuring Equipment for Digital Systems which are Based on the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), 3/2001.
353. Telcordia (formerly Bellcore) GR-378-CORE, Generic Requirements for Timing Generators, Issue 2, February 1999.
354. RFC 1305, Network Time Protocol (version 3), Specification, Implementation and Analysis.
355. Telcordia (formerly Bellcore) GR-253-CORE, Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) Transport Systems: Common Generic Criteria, Issue 2, December 1995.
356. Telcordia (formerly Bellcore) GR-1377, SONET OC-192 Transport Systems Generic Criteria, Issue 3, August 1996.
357. Telcordia (formerly Bellcore) TR-NWT-499, Transport Systems Generic Requirements (TSGR): Common Requirements, issue 5, December 1993.
358. Telcordia (formerly Bellcore), TR-NWT-917, Regenerator, October 1990.
359. A. Papoulis, Probability, Random Variables, and Stochastic Processes, McGraw-Hill, 1984.
360. D. Middleton, An Introduction to Statistical Communication Theory, IEEE Press, 1996.
361. M. Schwartz, Information, Transmission, Modulation, and Noise, McGraw-Hill, 1970.
362. Abramovitch and Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards, 1964.
363. D. Derickson, Fiber Optic Test and Measurement, Prentice Hall, 1998.
364. S.V. Kartalopoulos, DWDM: Networks, Devices and Technology, Wiley/IEEE-Press, 2003.
365. S.V. Kartalopoulos, Fault Detectability DWDM: Technology Data in a Rainbow, Wiley/IEEE-Press,2000.
366. T. Wildi, Units and Conversion Charts, 2nd ed., IEEE Press, 1995.
367. M. C. Jeruchim, P. Balaban, and K.S. Shanmugan, Simulation of Communications Systems, Plenum Press, 1992.
368. R.I. Baker, CMOS: Mixed Signal Circuit Design, Wiley/IEEE-Press, 2002.
369. R. Marz, Integrated Optics: Design and Modeling, Artech House, 1995.
370. E.N. Gilbert, “Capacity of a Burst Noise Channel,” Bell System Technical Journal, 39, 1253-1265,1960.
371. M.C. Jeruchim, “Techniques for Estimating the Bit Error Rate in the Simulation of Digital Systems,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, SAC-2, 1, 153-170, 1984.
372. V. Ramaswami and L.I. Wang, “Analysis of the Link Error Monitoring Protocols in the Common Channel Signalling Network,” IEEE/Association for Computing Machinery Transactions on Networking, 1, 1, 31-47, 1993.
373. N.L. Kanal and A.R.K. Sastry, “Models for Channels With Memory and Their Applications to Error Control,” Proceedings ofIEEE, 66, 7,724-744, 1978.
374. M.D. Knowles and A.I. Drukarev, “Bit Error Rate Estimation for Channels with Memory,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, 36, 6,767-769,1988.
375. C.E. Shannon, “A Mathematical Theory of Communications, Part A,” Bell Systems Technology Journal, 27, 379-423, 1948.
376. C.E. Shannon, “A Mathematical Theory of Communications, Part B,” Bell Systems Technology Journal, 27, 623-656, 1948.
377. S.R. Nagle, “Optical Fiber-The Expanding Medium,” IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine, 5, 2,36-45, March 1989.
378. R.H. Stolen, “Non-Linear Properties of Optical Fibers,” in Optical Fiber Telecommunications, S.E. Miller and G. Chynoweth (Eds.), Academic Press, 1979.
379. N. Gisin, “Statistics of Polarization Dependent Losses,” Optics Communications, 114, 1995,399-405.
380. C.R.S. Fludger, V. Handerek, and R.J. Mears, “Fundamental Noise Limits in Broadband Raman Amplifiers,” Technical Digest OFC 2001, paper MA5-1, March 2001.
381. P.K. Pepeljugoski and K.Y. Lau, “Interfoerometric Noise Reduction in Fiber-Optic Links by Superposition of High Frequency Modulation,” Journal Lightwave Technology, 10, 7, 957-963, June 1992.
382. LT. Monroy, E. Tangdiongga, and H. de Waardt, “On the Distribution and Performance Implications of Filtered Interfoerometric Crosstalk in Optical WDM Networks,” Journal Lightwave Technology, 17, 6, 989-997, June 1999.
383. LT. Monroy, E. Tangdiongga, and H. de Waardt, “Interfoerometric-Crosstalk Reduction by Phase Scrambling,” Journal Lightwave Technology, 18, 5,637-646, May 2000.
384. F. Matera and M. Settembre, “Role of Q-factor and of Time Jitter in the Performance Evaluation of Optically Amplified Transmission Systems,” IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 6, 2, 308-316, 2000.
385. C. J. Anderson and J.A. Lyle, “Technique for Evaluating System Performance Using Q in Numerical Simulations Exhibiting Intersymbol Interference,” Electronics Letters, 30, 1,71-72, 1994.
386. S.V. Kartalopoulos, “Factors Affecting the Signal Quality and Eye-Diagram Method For The Estimation ofBER and SNR in Optical Data Transmission,” Proceedings ofthe International Conference on Information Technology, ITCC-04, Las Vegas, April 5-7, pp. 615-619,2004.
387. P.A. Humblet and M. Azizoglu, “On the Bit Error Rate of Lightwave Systems with Optical Amplifiers,” Journal ofLightwave Technology, 9, 11, 1576-1582, 1991.
388. E. Forestieri, “Evaluating the Error Probability in Lightwave Systems with Chromatic Dispersion, Arbitrary Pulse Shape and Pre-and Post-Detection Filtering,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, 18, 11, 1493-1503,2000.
389. M.R.N. Ribeiro, H. Waldman, J. Klein, and L. de Souza Mendes, “Error-Rate Patterns for the Modeling of Optically Amplified Transmission Systems,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 15, 4, 707-716, 1997.
390. E.G. Shapiro, M.P. Fedoruk, and S.K. Turitsyn, “Numerical Estimate ofBER in Optical Systems with Strong Patterning Effects,” Electronics Letters, 37, 3,304-306, 1993.
391. D. Marcuse, “Derivation of Analytical Expressions for the Bit-Error Probability in Lightwave Systems with Optical Amplifiers,” Journal ofLightwave Technology, 8, 12, 1816-1823, 1990.
392. Z. Zalevsky and V. Eckhouse, “In-Channel OSNR and BER Measurement Using Temporal Superresolution Via Dyanic Range Conversion,” Journal ofLightwave Technology, 21, 11,2734-2738, November 2003.
393. S.V. Kartalopoulos, “Apparatus and method for optical pattern detection,” U.S. patent 6,617,566, issued 9/9/2003.
394. JC. Cartledge and G.S. Burtley, “The Effect of Laser Chirping on Lightwave System Performance,” Journal Lightwave Technology, 7, 3, 568-573, 1989.
395. J.J. O’Reilly, and J.R.F. da Rocha, “Improved Error Probability Evaluation Methods for Direct Detection Optical Communication Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, IT-33, 6, 839-848, 1987.
396. R. Dogliotti, A. Luvison, and G. Pirani, “Error Probability in Optical Fiber Transmission Systems,” IEEE Transactions Information Theory, IT-25, 170-178, March 1979.
397. W. Hauk, F. Bross, and M. Ottka, “The Calculation of Error Rates for Optical Fiber Systems,” IEEE Transactions Communications, COM-26, 1119-1126, July 1978.
398. P. Balaban, “Statistical Evaluation of the Error Rate of the Fiberguide Repeater Using Importance Sampling,” Bell Systems Technology Journal, 745-766, July-August 1976.
399. G.L. Gariolato, “Error Probability in Digital Fiber Optic Communication Systems,” IEEE Transactions Information Theory, IT-24, 213-221, 1978.
400. R. Lugannani, “Intersymbol Interference and Probability of Error in Digital Systems,” IEEE Transactions Information Theory, IT-15, 682-688, 1969.
401. G. Bendelli, C. Cavazzoni, R. Giraldi, and R. Lano, “Optical Performance Monitoring Techniques,” Proceedings of the European Conference on Optical Communication, ECOC 2000,4, 113-116,2000.
402. H. Nishimoto et al., New Method of Analyzing Eye Patterns and its Application to HighSpeed Optical Transmission System,” Journal Lightwave Technology, 6, 5, 678-685, 1988.
403. K. Hinton and T. Stephens, “Modeling High-Speed Optical Transmission Systems,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 11,4,380-392,1993.
404. A.J. Lowery, Computer-Aided Photonics Design,” IEEE Spectrum, 34, 4, April 1997, 26-31.
405. M. Kawasaki, “Silica Waveguides on Silicon and Their Application to Integrated Optic Components,” Optics Quantum Electronics, 22, 1990, 391-416.
406. ANSI/IEEE 812-1984, Definition ofTerms Relating to Fiber Optics, 1984.
407. Bellcore (currently Telcordia) GR-253-CORE, Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) Transport Systems: Common Generic Criteria, 1995.
408. CCITT Recommendation 0.151, Error Performance Measuring Equipment Operating at the Primary Rate and Above, 1992.
409. CCITT Recommendation 0.153, Basic Parameters for the Measurement ofError Performance at Bit Rates Below the Primary Rate, 1992.
410. ITU-T Recommendation G.650, Definition and Test Methods for the Relevant Parameters ofSingle-Mode Fibres, 1997.
411. ITU-T Recommendation G.652, Characteristics ofa Single-Mode Optical Fiber Cable, 1997.
412. ITU-T Recommendation G.653, Characteristics of a Dispersion-Shifted Single-Mode Optical Fibre Cable, 1997.
413. ITU-T Recommendation G.654, Characteristics ofa Cut-OffShifted Single-Mode Optical Fibre Cable, 1997.
414. ITU-T Recommendation G.655, Characteristics ofa Non-Zero-Dispersion Shifted Single-Mode Optical Fibre Cable, 1996.
415. ITU-T Recommendation G.661, Definition and Test Methods for the Relevant Generic Parameters ofOptical Fiber Amplifiers, November 1996.
416. ITU-T Recommendation G.671, Transmission Characteristics ofPassive Optical Components, 2001.
417. ITU-T Recommendation G.691, Optical Interfaces for Single Channel STM-64, STM256 and Other SDHSystems with Optical Amplifiers, 10/2000.
418. ITU-T Recommendation G.692, Optical Interfaces for Multichannel Systems with Optical Amplifiers, 10/1998.
419. ITU-T Recommendation G.693, Optical Interfaces for Intra-Office-Systems, 11/2001.
420. ITU-T Recommendation G.826, Error Performance Parameters and Objectives for International, Constant Bit Rate Digital Paths at or Above the Primary Rate, 1993.
421. ITU-T Recommendation G.828, Error Performance Parameters and Objectives for International, Constant Bit Rate Synchronous Digital Paths, 3/2000.
422. ITU-T Recommendation G.829, Error Performance Parameters Events for SDH Multiplex and Regenerator Sections, 3/2000.
423. ITU-T G.955, Digital Line Systems Based on the 1544 kbit/s and the 2048 kbit/s Hierarchy on Optical Fibre Cables, 1996.
424. ITU-T G.957, Optical Interfaces for Equipments and Systems Relating to the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, 1999.
425. ITU-T Recommendation L.41, Maintenance Wavelength on Fibres Carrying Signals, May 2000.
426. ITU-T Recommendation 0.150, General Requirements for Instrumentation for Performance Measurements on Digital Transmission Equipment, 5/1996.
427. Telcordia (previously Bellcore), TR-NWT-499, Transport Systems Generic Requirements (TSGR): Common Requirements, issue 5, Dec. 1993.
428. M. Abramovitch and I. Stegun (Eds.), Handbook ofMathematical Functions, National Bureau of Standards, United States Department of Commerce, 1964.
429. T. Wildi, Units and Conversion Charts, 2nd ed., IEEE Press, 1995.
430. S.V. Kartalopoulos, DWDM: Networks, Devices and Technology, Wiley/IEEE-Press, 2003.
431. S.V. Kartalopoulos, Fault Detectability DWDM: Toward Higher Signal Quality & System Reliability, Wiley/IEEE-Press, 2001.
432. D. Derickson, Fiber Optic Test and Measurement, Prentice-Hall, 1998.
433. A.D. Whalen, Detection ofSignaI in Noise, Academic Press, 1971.
434. M. C. Jeruchim, P. Balaban, and K.S. Shanmugan, Simulation ofCommunications Systems, Plenum Press, 1992.
435. R. Marz, Integrated Optics: Design and Modeling, Artech House, 1995.
436. M.C. Jeruchim, “Techniques for Estimating the Bit Error Rate in the Simulation of Digital Systems,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, SAC-2, 1, 153-170, 1984.
437. K. Hinton and T. Stephens, “Modeling High-Speed Optical Transmission Systems,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 11,4,380-392,1993.
438. A.J. Lowery, “Computer-Aided Photonics Design,” IEEE Spectrum, 34, 4,26-31, April 1997.
439. G. Bendelli, C. Cavazzoni, R. Giraldi, and R. Lano, “Optical Performance Monitoring Techniques,” Proceedings of the European Conference on Optical Communication, ECOC 2000,4, 113-116,2000.
440. F. Abramovich and P. Bayvel, “Some Statistical Remarks on the Derivation ofBER in Amplified Optical Communications Systems,” IEEE Trans. on Communications, 45, 9, 1032-1034, 1997.
441. F. Matera and M. Settembre, “Role of Q-factor and of Time Jitter in the Performance Evaluation of Optically Amplified Transmission Systems,” IEEE J. ofSelected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 6,2,308-316,2000.
442. C. J. Anderson and J.A. Lyle, “Technique for Evaluating System Performance Using Q in Numerical Simulations Exhibiting Intersymbol Interference,” Electronics Letters, 30, 1,71-72, 1994.
443. N.S. Bergano, F.W. Kerfoot, and C.R. Davidson, “Margin Measurements in Optical Amplifier Systems,” IEEE Photonic Technical Letters, 5, 3, 304-305, March 1993.
444. D. Marcuse, “Derivation of Analytical Expressions for the Bit-Error Probability in Lightwave Systems with Optical Amplifiers,” Journal Lightwave Technology, 8, 1816-1823, 1990.
445. S. V. Kartalopoulos, “Factors Affecting the Signal Quality, and Eye-Diagram Estimation Method for BER and SNR in Optical Data Transmission,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Technology, ITCC-2004, Las Vegas, April 5-7, pp. 615-619,2004.
446. S. V. Kartalopoulos, “Per-port Circuit for Statistical Estimation of Bit Error Rate and Optical Signal to Noise Ratio in DWDM Telecommunications,” Proceedings of SPIE Fluctuation and Noise 2004 Conference, Las Palmas, Maspalomas, Gram Canaria, Spain, May 25-28, 2004.
447. S.V. Kartalopoulos, “Apparatus and Method for Optical Pattern Detection,” U.S. patent 6,617,566, issued 9/9/2003.
448. Z. Zalevsky and V. Eckhouse, “In-Channel OSNR and BER Measurement Using Temporal Superresolution Via Dynamic Range Conversion,” Journal ofLightwave Technology, 21, 11,2734-2738, November 2003.
449. H. Nishimoto et al., New Method ofAnalyzing Eye Patterns and its Application to HighSpeed Optical Transmission System,” J. Lightwave Tech., 6, 5, 678-685, 1988.
450. K.Mueller, N. Hanik, A. Gladisch, H-M Foisel, and C. Caspar, “Applications of Amplitude Histograms for Quality of Service Measurements of Optical Channel and Fault Identification,” in Proceedings ofECOC’98, 707-708, September 1998.
451. N. Hanik et al., “Application of Amplitude Histograms to Monitor Performance of Optical Channels,” Electronic Letters, 5, 403-404, 1999.
452. C.M. Weinert, “Histogram Method for Performance Monitoring of the Optical Channel,” in Proceedings of ECOC 2000, 4, 121-11622, 2000.
453. I. Shake and H. Takara, “Averaged Q-Factor Method Using Amplitude Histogram Evaluation for Transparent Monitoring of Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio Degradation in Optical Transmission System,” Journal Lightwave Technology, 29, 8, 1367-1373,2002.
454. I. Shake and H. Takara, “Transparent and Flexible Performance Monitoring Using Amplitude Histogram Method,” in OFC’02 Tech. Digest, paper TuEl, pp. 19-21, OFC’02, Anaheim, CA, 2002.
455. I. Shake et al., “Determination of the Origin of BER Degradation Utilizing Asynchronous Amplitude Histograms,” in CLEO Pacific Rim 2001, vol. II, 560-561, 2001.
456. I. Shake et al., “Bit Rate Flexible Quality Monitoring of 10 to 160 Gbit/S Optical Signals Based on Optical Sampling,” Electronic Letters, 25, 2087-2088, 2000.
457. S. Kobayashi and Y. Fukuda, “A Burst-mode Packet Receiver with Bit-rate-discriminating Circuit for Multi-bit-rate Transmission System,” in IEEE LEOS’99, WX4, 595-596, 1999.
458. ANSI/IEEE 812-1984, Definition ofTerms Relating to Fiber Optics, 1984.
459. Bellcore (currently Telcordia) GR-253-CORE, Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) Transport Systems: Common Generic Criteria, 1995.
460. CCITT Recommendation 0.151, Error Performance Measuring Equipment Operating at the Primary Rate and Above, 1992.
461. CCITT Recommendation 0.153, Basic Parameters for the Measurement of Error Performance at Bit Rates Below the Primary Rate, 1992.
462. ITU-T Recommendation G.650, Definition and Test Methods for the Relevant Parameters ofSingle-Mode Fibres, 1997.
463. ITU-T Recommendation G.661, Definition and Test Methods for the Relevant Generic Parameters ofOptical Fiber Amplifiers, November 1996.
464. ITU-T Recommendation G.671, Transmission Characteristics ofPassive Optical Components, 2001.
465. ITU-T Recommendation G.691, Optical Interfaces for Single Channel STM-64, STM256 and Other SDH Systems with Optical Amplifiers, 10/2000.
466. ITU-T Recommendation G.692, Optical Interfaces for Multichannel Systems with Optical Amplifiers, 10/1998.
467. ITU-T Recommendation G.693, Optical Interfaces for Intra-Office-Systems, 11/2001.
468. ITU-T Recommendation G.826, Error Performance Parameters and Objectives for International, Constant Bit Rate Digital Paths at or Above the Primary Rate, 1993.
469. ITU-T Recommendation G.828, Error Performance Parameters and Objectives for International, Constant Bit Rate Synchronous Digital Paths, 3/2000.
470. ITU-T Recommendation G.829, Error Performance Parameters Eventsfor SDH Multiplex and Regenerator Sections, 3/2000.
471. ITU-T G.957, Optical Interfaces for Equipments and Systems Relating to the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, 1999.
472. ITU-T Recommendation 0.150, General Requirements for Instrumentation for Performance Measurements on Digital Transmission Equipment, 5/1996.
473. J. Adamek, Foundations ofCoding, Wiley, 1991.
474. JL. Massey, Threshold Decoding, MIT Press, 1963.
475. G.D. Forney, Concatenated Codes, MIT Press, 1966.
476. E.R. Berlekamp, Algebraic Coding Theory, McGraw-Hill, 1968; revised edition, Aegean Park Press, 1984.
477. W.W. Peterson and EJ. Weldon, Error Correcting Codes, MIT Press, 1972.
478. F.J. MacWilliams and JA. Sloane, The Theory ofError-Correcting Codes, North-Holland, 1977.
479. N. Glover and T. Dudley, Practical Error Correction Design for Engineers, 2nd ed., Data Systems Technology Corp., Bloomfield, CO, 1998.
480. V. Pless, Introduction to the Theory ofError-Correcting Codes, 3rd ed., Wiley, 1998.
481. R.E. Blahut, Theory and Practice ofError Control Codes, Addison-Wesley, 1983.
482. S. Lin and DJ. Costello, Jr., Error Control Coding: Fundamentals and Applications, Prentice Hall, 1983.
483. R.W. Hamming, “Error Detecting and Error Correcting Codes,” Bell System Technical Journal, 28, pp. 147-160, 1950.
484. P. Elias, “Coding for Noisy Channels,” in IRE Conv. Rec. part 4, pp. 37-47, 1955.
485. Hocquenghem, “Codes Correcteurs d’Erreurs,” vol. 2, Chiffres, (pp. 147-156), September 1959.
486. R.C. Bose and D.K. Ray-Chaudhuri, “On a Class of Error Correcting Binary Group Codes,” Information and Control, 3, 68-79, March 1960.
487. R.C. Bose and D.K. Ray-Chaudhuri, “Further Results on Error Correcting Binary Group Codes,” Information and Control, 3, 279-290, September 1960.
488. LS. Reed and G. Solomon, “Polynomial Codes over Certain Finite Fields,” J. Soc. Ind. Appl. Math., 8, 300-304, June 1960.
489. W.W Peterson, “Encoding and Error Correction Procedures for the Bose-Chaudhuri Codes,” IRE Trans. Inform. Theory, IT-6, 459-470, September 1960.
490. D. Gorenstein and N. Ziegler, “A Class of Cyclic Linear Error-Correcting Codes in pm Symbols,” J. Soc. Ind. Appl. Math., 9, 107-214, June 1961.
491. R.M. Fano, “A Heuristic Discussion of Probability Coding,” IEEE Trans. Information. Theory, IT-9, 64-74, April 1963.
492. JL. Masey, “Step-by-Step Decoding of the Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem Codes,” IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, IT-ii, 580-585, 1965.
493. AJ. Viterbi, “Error Bounds for Convolutional Codes and an Asymptotically Optimum Decoding Algorithm,” IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, IT-i3, 260-269, April 1967.
494. JL. Masey, “Shift-Register Synthesis and BCH Decoding,” IEEE Trans. Info. Theory, IT-i5, 122-127, January 1969.
495. A.J. Viterbi, “Convolutional Codes and Their Performance in Communications,” IEEE Trans. Commun. Techno!., COM-i9, 5,751-772, October 1971.
496. G.D. Forney, “Burst-Correctign Codes for the Classic Burst Channel,” IEEE Trans. Comm. Techno!., COM-i9, 5,772-781, October 1971.
497. E. Prange, “Cyclic Error-Correcting Codes inn Two Symbols,” AFCRC-TN-57, i03, Air Force Cambridge Research Center, Cambridge, Mass, 1972.
498. G.D. Forney, “The Viterbi Algorithm,” Proceedings ofthe IEEE, 6i, 3,268-278, March 1973.
499. E.R. Berlekamp, “The Technology of Error-Correcting Codes,” Proceedings of the IEEE, 68, 5, 564-592, May 1980.
500. Srivastava, S. Vandris, A. Velingker, and S.R. Goldman, “Enhanced Forward Error Correction Algorithms,” in Technical Proceedings ofNFOEC, pp. 653-662,2002.
501. ANSI/IEEE 812-1984, Definition ofTerms Relating to Fiber Optics, 1984.
502. ANSI TIX1.5/99-002, A Proposal for Providing Channel-Associated Optical Channel Overhead in the OTN, Lucent Technologies (January 1999), http://www.t1.org/index/0816.htm.
503. ANSI TIX1.5/99-003, A Proposal Implementation for a Digital “Wrapper” for OCh Overhead, Lucent Technologies (January 1999), http://www.tl.org/index/0816.htm.
504. ANSI TIX1.5/99-004, Optical Channel Overhead Carried on the Optical Supervisory Channel, Lucent Technologies (January 1999), http://www.t1.org/index/0816.htm.
505. IEC Publication 1280-2-1, Fibre Optic Communication Subsystem asic Test Procedures; Part 2: Test Procedures for Digital Systems; Section i-Receiver Sensitivity and Overload Measurement.
506. IEC Publication 1280-2-2, Fibre Optic Communication Subsystem Basic Test Procedures; Part 2: Test Procedures for Digital Systems; Section 2-0ptical Eye Pattern, Waveform and Extinction Ratio Measurement.
507. IEEE 802.3ab, 1000BaseT.
508. Internet study group: http://www.internet2.edu.
509. ITU-T Recommendation G.650, Definition and Test Methods for the Relevant Parameters ofSingle-Mode Fibres, 1996.
510. ITU-T Recommendation G.702, Digital Hierarchy Bit Rates, 1988.
511. ITU-T Draft Rec. G.798, Characteristics ofOptical Transport Networks (OTN) Equipment Functional Blocks, October 1998.
512. ITU-T Rec. G.805, Generic Functional Architecture of Transport Networks, October 1998.
513. ITU-T G.825, The Control and Wander Within Digital Networks which are Based on the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), March 2000.
514. ITU-T Rec. G.873, Optical Transport Network Requirements, October 1998.
515. ITU-T Recommendation G.957, Optical Interfacesfor Equipments and Systems Relating to the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, June 1995.
516. ITU-T G.975, Forward Error Correctionfor Submarine Systems, November 1996.
517. Telcordia (formerly Bellcore) GR-253-CORE, Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) Transport Systems: Common Generic Criteria, Issue 2, December 1995.