Situational analysis to inform development of primary care and community-based mental health services for severe mental disorders in Nepal

International Journal of Mental Health Systems

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2017, Pages

  Angdembe, Mangesh ^a   Kohrt, Brandon A ^b   Jordans, Mark ^c   Rimal, Damodar ^a   Luitel, Nagendra P ^a  

^a Research Department Nepal Rastra Bank   (Nepal)

^b GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^c KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Community mental health; MHealth; Patient support groups; Severe mental disorders; Stigma; Task shifting

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; COMMUNITY CARE; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; NEPAL; PATIENT ADVOCACY; PATIENT REFERRAL; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; RURAL POPULATION; SOCIAL BELIEF; SOCIAL STIGMA; SUPERSTITION; SUPPORT GROUP; TELEHEALTH; TRADITIONAL HEALER; WITCHCRAFT;

EID: 85034582019     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17524458     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s13033-017-0176-9     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Kessler RC, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Chatterji S, Lee S, Ormel J, Üstün TB, Wang PS. The global burden of mental disorders: an update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc. 2009;18(01):23-33.
2. Whiteford HA, Ferrari AJ, Degenhardt L, Feigin V, Vos T. The global burden of mental, neurological and substance use disorders: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(2):e0116820.
3. WHO. The global economic burden of non-communicable diseases, September 2011. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.
4. Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. Plos Med. 2006;3(11):e442.
5. Steel Z, Marnane C, Iranpour C, Chey T, Jackson JW, Patel V, Silove D. The global prevalence of common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis 1980-2013. Int J Epidemiol. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyu038.
6. WHO. Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP): scaling up care for mental, neurological and substance abuse disorders. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.
7. Kohrt BA. "Somatization" and "Comorbidity": a study of jhum-jhum and depression in rural Nepal. Ethos. 2005;33(1):125-47.
8. Luitel NP, Jordans M, Murphy A, Roberts B, McCambridge J. Prevalence and patterns of hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption assessed using the AUDIT among Bhutanese refugees in Nepal. Alcohol Alcohol. 2013;48(3):349-55.
9. Luitel NP, Jordans MJ, Sapkota RP, Tol WA, Kohrt BA, Thapa SB, Komproe IH, Sharma B. Conflict and mental health: a cross-sectional epidemiological study in Nepal. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2013;48(2):183-93.
10. Jordans MJ, Kaufman A, Brenman NF, Adhikari RP, Luitel NP, Tol WA, Komproe I. Suicide in South Asia: a scoping review. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14(1):358.
11. Risal A, Manandhar K, Linde M, Steiner TJ, Holen A. Anxiety and depression in Nepal: prevalence, comorbidity and associations. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16(1):102.
12. Lund C, Breen A, Flisher AJ, Kakuma R, Corrigall J, Joska JA, Swartz L, Patel V. Poverty and common mental disorders in low and middle income countries: a systematic review. Soc Sci Med. 2010;71(3):517-28.
13. Hert M, Correll CU, Bobes J, Cetkovich-Bakmas M, Cohen D, Asai I, Detraux J, Gautam S, Möller HJ, Ndetei DM. Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. I. Prevalence, impact of medications and disparities in health care. World Psychiatry. 2011;10(1):52-77.
14. Teferra S, Shibre T, Fekadu A, Medhin G, Wakwoya A, Alem A, Kullgren G, Jacobsson L. Five-year mortality in a cohort of people with schizophrenia in Ethiopia. BMC Psychiatry. 2011;11(1):165.
15. Kessler RC, Foster CL, Saunders WB, Stang PE. Social consequences of psychiatric disorders, I: educational attainment. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(7):1026.
16. Marcotte DE, Wilcox-Gök V. Estimating the employment and earnings costs of mental illness: recent developments in the United States. Soc Sci Med. 2001;53(1):21-7.
17. WHO. WHO library cataloguing-in-publication data World Health Statistics 2010. 1. Health status indicators. 2. In: World health. Vol. 3. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
18. Narrow WE, Regier DA, Norquist G, Rae DS, Kennedy C, Arons B. Mental health service use by Americans with severe mental illnesses. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2000;35(4):147-55.
19. Vanelli M, Burstein P, Cramer J. Refill patterns of atypical and conventional antipsychotic medications at a national retail pharmacy chain. Psychiatric Serv. 2001;52(9):1248-50.
20. Kessler RC, Berglund PA, Bruce ML, Koch JR, Laska EM, Leaf PJ, Manderscheid RW, Rosenheck RA, Walters EE, Wang PS. The prevalence and correlates of untreated serious mental illness. Health Serv Res. 2001;36(6 Pt 1):987.
21. Kohn R, Saxena S, Levav I, Saraceno B. The treatment gap in mental health care. Bull World Health Organ. 2004;82(11):858-66.
22. Kessler RC, Demler O, Frank RG, Olfson M, Pincus HA, Walters EE, Wang P, Wells KB, Zaslavsky AM. Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders 1990 to 2003. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(24):2515-23.
23. Wittchen HU, Jacobi F. Size and burden of mental disorders in Europe-a critical review and appraisal of 27 studies. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005;15(4):357-76.
24. Wang PS, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Borges G, Bromet EJ, Bruffaerts R, Wells JE. Use of mental health services for anxiety, mood, and substance disorders in 17 countries in the WHO world mental health surveys. Lancet. 2007;370(9590):841-50.
25. Kessler RC, Demler O, Frank RG, Olfson M, Pincus HA, Walters EE, Wang P, Wells KB, Zaslavsky AM. Prevalence and treatment of mental disorders, 1990 to 2003. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(24):2515-23.
26. Prince M, Patel V, Saxena S, Maj M, Maselko J, Phillips MR, Rahman A. No health without mental health. Lancet. 2007;370(9590):859-77.
27. WHO. Atlas: country profiles of mental health resources 2011. World Health Organization: Geneva; 2011.
28. Brenman NF, Luitel NP, Mall S, Jordans MJD. Demand and access to mental health services: a qualitative formative study in Nepal. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2014;14(1):22.
29. Jordans MJ, Luitel NP, Tomlinson M, Komproe IH. Setting priorities for mental health care in Nepal: a formative study. BMC Psychiatry. 2013;13(1):332.
30. Luitel NP, Jordans MJ, Adhikari A, Upadhaya N, Hanlon C, Lund C, Komproe IH. Mental health care in Nepal: current situation and challenges for development of a district mental health care plan. BMC Confl Health. 2015;9(1):3.
31. WHO. Task shifting: rational redistribution of tasks among health workforce teams: global recommendations and guidelines. World Health Organization: Geneva; 2007.
32. WHO. mhGAP intervention guide for mental, neurological and substance use disorders in non-specialized health settings. Cancer 2017. World Health Organization: Geneva.
33. Patel V, Araya R, Chatterjee S, Chisholm D, Cohen A, De Silva M, Hosman C, McGuire H, Rojas G, van Ommeren M. Treatment and prevention of mental disorders in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet. 2007;370(9591):991-1005.
34. Patel V, Lund C, Hatherill S, Plagerson S, Corrigall J, Funk M, Flisher AJ. Mental disorders: equity and social determinants. Equity, social determinants and public health programmes. World Health Organization: Geneva; 2010. p. 115.
35. WHO. Mental health atlas 2011. World Health Organization: Geneva; 2011.
36. Zraly M, Rubin-Smith J, Betancourt T. Primary mental health care for survivors of collective sexual violence in Rwanda. Glob Public Health. 2011;6(3):257-70.
37. CBoS N. National population and housing census 2011, National Report. 2012.
38. Jahan S, Jespersen E, Mukherjee S, Kovacevic M, Bonini A, Calderon C, Cazabat C, Hsu Y, Lengfelder C, Lucic S. Human development report 2015: Work for human development. New York: UNDP; 2015.
39. van Ommeren MSB, Thapa SB, Makaju R, Prasain D, Bhattarai R, de Jong JTVM. Preparing instruments for transcultural research: use of the Translation Monitoring Form with Nepali-speaking Bhutanese refugees. Transcult Psychiatr. 1999;36:285-301.
40. Lacey A, Luff D. Qualitative data analysis trent focus sheffield. 2001.
41. Lai YM, Hong CP, Chee CY. Stigma of mental illness. Singapore Med J. 2001;42(3):111-4.
42. Tyssen R, Røvik JO, Vaglum P, Grønvold NT, Ekeberg Ø. Help-seeking for mental health problems among young physicians: is it the most ill that seeks help? Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2004;39(12):989-93.
43. Saxena S, Thornicroft G, Knapp M, Whiteford H. Resources for mental health: scarcity, inequity, and inefficiency. Lancet. 2007;370(9590):878-89.
44. Hanlon C, Luitel NP, Kathree T, Murhar V, Shrivasta S, Medhin G, Ssebunnya J, Fekadu A, Shidhaye R, Petersen I, et al. Challenges and opportunities for implementing integrated mental health care: a district level situation analysis from five low- and middle-income countries. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(2):e88437.
45. Pradhan S, Sharma S, Malla D, Sharma R. A study of help seeking behavior of psychiatric patients. J Kathmandu Med Coll. 2014;2(1):21-4.
46. Shrestha SSM, Pradhan S. Morbidity pattern of psychiatric disorders in patient seeking treatment in psychiatric OPD of private tertiary care hospital. Postgrad Med J NAMS. 2011;11(01):28-33.
47. Bekele YY, Flisher A, Alem A, Baheretebeb Y. Pathways to psychiatric care in Ethiopia. Psychol Med. 2009;39(03):475-83.
48. Edwards S, Grobbelaar P, Grobbelaar P, Makunga N, Sibaya P, Nene L, Kunene S, Magwaza A. Traditional Zulu theories of illness in psychiatric patients. J Soc Psychol. 1983;121(2):213-21.
49. Regmi SK, Pokharel A, Ojha SP, Pradhan SN, Chapagain G. Nepal mental health country profile. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2004;16(1-2):142-9.
50. Knapp M, Funk M, Curran C, Prince M, Grigg M, McDaid D. Economic barriers to better mental health practice and policy. Health Policy Plan. 2006;21(3):157-70.
51. Michels KM, Hofman KJ, Keusch GT, Hrynkow SH. Stigma and global health: looking forward. Lancet. 2006;367(9509):538-9.
52. Littlewood R. Cultural and national aspects of stigmatisation. In: Cultural and national aspects of stigmatisation. edn. London: Royal Society of Medicine 2003.
53. Fabrega H. Psychiatric stigma in non-western societies. Compr Psychiatry. 1991;32(6):534-51.
54. Shibre T, Negash A, Kullgren G, Kebede D, Alem A, Fekadu A, Fekadu D, Medhin G, Jacobsson L. Perception of stigma among family members of individuals with schizophrenia and major affective disorders in rural Ethiopia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2001;36(6):299-303.
55. Chung KF, Wong MC. Experience of stigma among Chinese mental health patients in Hong Kong. Psychiatr. 2004;28(12):451-4.
56. Padmanathan P, De Silva MJ. The acceptability and feasibility of task-sharing for mental healthcare in low and middle income countries: a systematic review. Soc Sci Med. 2013;97:82-6.
57. WHO: The World Health Report. Mental health: new understanding, new hope. In.: World Health Organization; 2001. p. 2001.
58. Desjarlais R. World mental health: problems and priorities in low-income countries. USA: Oxford University Press; 1996.
59. Cohen A. The effectiveness of mental health services in primary care: the view from the developing world. In: Mental health policy and service development, department of mental health and substance dependence, noncommunicable diseases and mental health. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001.
60. Davidson L, Chinman M, Kloos B, Weingarten R, Stayner D, Tebes JK. Peer support among individuals with severe mental illness: a review of the evidence. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 1999;6(2):165-87.
61. Petersen I, Ssebunnya J, Bhana A, Baillie K. Lessons from case studies of integrating mental health into primary health care in South Africa and Uganda. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2011;5:8.
62. Luxton DD, McCann RA, Bush NE, Mishkind MC, Reger GM. mHealth for mental health: integrating smart phone technology in behavioral healthcare. Prof Psychol. 2011;42(6):505-12.
63. Donker T, Petrie K, Proudfoot J, Clarke J, Birch MR, Christensen H. Smartphones for smarter delivery of mental health programs: a systematic review. J Med Internet Res. 2013;15(11):e247.
64. Burns MN, Begale M, Duffecy J, Gergle D, Karr CJ, Giangrande E, Mohr DC. Harnessing context sensing to develop a mobile intervention for depression. J Med Internet Res. 2011;13(3):e55.
65. Brian RM, Ben-Zeev D. Mobile health (mHealth) for mental health in Asia: objectives, strategies, and limitations. Asian J Psychiatr. 2014;10:96-100.
66. Miller G. The smartphone psychology manifesto. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2012;7(3):221-37.
67. Lund C, Tomlinson M, De Silva M, Fekadu A, Shidhaye R, Jordans M, Patel V. PRIME: a programme to reduce the treatment gap for mental disorders in five low-and middle-income countries. Plos Med. 2012;9(12):e1001359.