The Legacy Effect: Understanding How Segregation and Environmental Injustice Unfold over Time in Baltimore

Annals of the American Association of Geographers

Volumn 108, Issue 2, 2018, Pages 524-537

  Grove, Morgan ^a   Ogden, Laura ^b   Pickett, Steward ^c   Boone, Chris ^d   Buckley, Geoff ^e   Locke, Dexter H ^f   Lord, Charlie ^g   Hall, Billy ^f  

^a USDA FOREST SERVICE   (United States)

^b Dartmouth College ^*  (United States)

^c CARY INSTITUTE OF ECOSYSTEM STUDIES   (United States)

^d ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e OHIO UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

^g Renew Energy Partners   (United States)

Author keywords

Baltimore; distributive justice; environmental justice; procedural justice; segregation

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE; LANDSCAPE; PERCEPTION; SOCIAL SEGREGATION; URBAN AREA; URBAN SOCIETY;

BALTIMORE; MARYLAND; UNITED STATES;

EID: 85031497684     PISSN: 24694452     EISSN: 24694460     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2017.1365585     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Alexander, M., 2012. The new Jim Crow: Mass incarceration in the age of colorblindness. New York: The New Press.
2. Battaglia, M., G. L., Buckley, M., Galvin, and J. M., Grove. 2014. It's not easy going green: Obstacles to tree-planting programs in East Baltimore. Cities and the Environment (CATE) 7 (2):6.
3. Blomley, N. K., 2004. Unsettling the city: Urban land and the politics of property. London and New York: Routledge.
4. Boone, C. G., 2002. An assessment and explanation of environmental inequity in Baltimore. Urban Geography 23 (6):581–95.
5. ———. 2003. Obstacles to infrastructure provision: The struggle to build comprehensive sewer works in Baltimore. Historical Geography 31:151–68.
6. ———. 2008. Environmental justice as process and new avenues for research. Environmental Justice 1 (3):149–54.
7. ———. 2010. Environmental justice, sustainability and vulnerability. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development 2 (1–2):135–40.
8. Boone, C. G., G. L., Buckley, J. M., Grove, and C., Sister. 2009. Parks & people: An environmental justice inquiry in Baltimore, Maryland. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 99 (3):767–87.
9. Boone, C. G., M. L., Cadenasso, J. M., Grove, K., Schwartz, and G. L., Buckley. 2010. Landscape, vegetation characteristics, and group identity in an urban and suburban watershed: Why the 60s matter. Urban Ecosystems 13 (3):255–71.
10. Boone, C. G., and S., Klinsky. 2016. Environmental justice and transitions to a sustainable urban future. In Handbook of urbanization and global environmental change, ed. K. C., Seto, W. D., Solecki, and C. A., Griffith, 327–35. London and New York: Routledge.
11. Buckley, G. L., 2010. America's conservation impulse: A century of saving trees in the Old Line state. Chicago: Columbia College and the Center for American Places.
12. Buckley, G. L., and C. G., Boone. 2011. “To promote the material and moral welfare of the community”: Neighborhood improvement associations in Baltimore, Maryland, 1900–1945. In Environmental and social justice in the city: Historical perspectives, ed. G., Massard-Guilbaud and R., Rodger, 43–65. Cambridge, UK: White Horse Press.
13. Buckley, G. L., C. G., Boone, and J. M., Grove. 2017. The greening of Baltimore's asphalt schoolyards. The Geographical Review 107 (3):516–35.
14. Bullard, R. D., 1990. Dumping in Dixie: Race, class, and environmental quality. Boulder, CO: Westview.
15. Cadenasso, M. L., S. T. A., Pickett, and J. M., Grove. 2006. Integrative approaches to investigating human-natural systems: The Baltimore ecosystem study. Natures Sciences Sociétés 14 (1):4–14.
16. Childers, D. L., M. L., Cadenasso, J. M., Grove, V., Marshall, B., McGrath, and S. T. A., Pickett. 2015. An ecology for cities: A transformational nexus of design and ecology to advance climate change resilience and urban sustainability.Sustainability 7 (4):3774–91.
17. Colten, C. E., and P. N., Skinner. 1996. The road to Love Canal: Managing industrial waste before EPA. Austin: The University of Texas Press.
18. Crooks, J. B., 1968. Politics and progress: The rise of urban progressivism in Baltimore, 1895–1921. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
19. Duneier, M., 2016. Ghetto: The invention of a place, the history of an idea. New York: Macmillan.
20. Euchner, C. C., 1991. The politics of urban expansion: Baltimore and the sewerage question, 1859–1905. Maryland Historical Magazine 86 (3):270–91.
21. Gibson, L. S., and S., Yoes. 2004. The battle for the links: “Nine holes could never be equal to eighteen.” Baltimore Afro-American February 14–20:3–4.
22. Grove, J. M., M. L., Cadenasso, S. T. A., Pickett, W. R., Burch, Jr., and G. E., Machlis. 2015. The Baltimore School of Urban Ecology: Space, scale, and time for the study of cities. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
23. Grove, J. M., A. R., Troy, J. P. M., O'Neil-Dunne, W. R., Burch, Jr., M. L., Cadenasso, and S. T. A., Pickett. 2006. Characterization of households and its implications for the vegetation of urban ecosystems. Ecosystems 9:578–97.
24. Harvey, D., 1978. The urban process under capitalism: A framework for analysis. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 2:101–31.
25. ———. 1987. The urbanization of capital: Studies in the history and theory of capitalist urbanization. Science and Society 51 (1):121–25.
26. Heynen, N., 2014. Urban political ecology I: The urban century. Progress in Human Geography 38 (4):598–604.
27. Heynen, N., M., Kaika, and E., Swyngedouw, eds. 2006. In the nature of cities: Urban political ecology and the politics of urban metabolism. London and New York: Routledge.
28. Housing Act of 1949 Title V of Public Law 81–171 (7/15/49).
29. Huang, G., and M. L., Cadenasso. 2016. People, landscape, and urban heat island: Dynamics among neighborhood social conditions, land cover and surface temperatures. Landscape Ecology 31 (10):1–9.
30. Huang, G., W., Zhou, and M. L., Cadenasso. 2011. Is everyone hot in the city? Spatial pattern of land surface temperatures, land cover and neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics in Baltimore, MD. Journal of Environmental Management 92:1753–59.
31. Korth, C. A., and G. L., Buckley. 2006. Leakin Park: Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr.’s critical advice. The Olmstedian 16 (1, Fall). Accessed September 29, 2017. http://www.olmstedmaryland.org/research/
32. Locke, D. H., and J. M., Grove. 2016. Doing the hard work where it's easiest? Examining the relationships between urban greening programs and social and ecological characteristics. Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy 9 (1):77–96.
33. Lord, C., and K., Norquist. 2010. Cities as emergent systems: Race as a rule in organized complexity. Environmental Law 40:551–97.
34. Markowitz, G., and D., Rosner. 2013. The politics of science: Lead wars and the fate of America's children. Berkeley: University of California Press.
35. Merse, C. L., G. L., Buckley, and C. G., Boone. 2009. Street trees and urban renewal: A Baltimore case study. The Geographical Bulletin 50 (2):65–81.
36. Nelson, R. K., L., Winling, R., Marciano, N., Connolly, et al. n.d. Mapping inequality. In American Panorama, ed. R. K., Nelson and E. L., Ayers. Accessed May 14, 2017. https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/#loc=4/36.77/-96.86&opacity=0.8.
37. Olson, S. H., 1997.Baltimore: The building of an American city. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
38. Pangburn, W., and W., Allen. 1941. Long range recreation plan, City of Baltimore, Maryland. Baltimore, MD: Department of Public Recreation.
39. Pickett, S. T. A., C. G., Boone, and M. L., Cadenasso. 2007. Relationships of environmental justice to ecological theory. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 88 (2):166–70.
40. Pickett, S. T. A., M. L., Cadenasso, J. M., Grove, C. G., Boone, P. M., Groffman, E., Irwin, S., Kaushal, et al. 2011. Urban ecological systems: Scientific foundations and a decade of progress. Journal of Environmental Management 92:331–62.
41. Pickett, S. T. A., M. L., Cadenasso, E. J., Rosi-Marshall, K. T., Belt, P. M., Groffman, J. M., Grove, E. G., Irwin, et al. 2016. Dynamic heterogeneity: A framework to promote ecological integration and hypothesis generation in urban systems. Urban Ecosystems 20 (1):1–14.
42. Power, G., 1983. Apartheid Baltimore style: The residential segregation ordinances of 1910–1913. Maryland Law Review 42:289–328.
43. Pulido, L., 2015. Geographies of race and ethnicity 1: White supremacy vs. white privilege in environmental racism research. Progress in Human Geography 39 (6):809–17.
44. Robb, I., 2016. Public statement at Baltimore City Green Network kick-off meeting, Baltimore City Department of Planning, Baltimore, MD.
45. Roberts, S., 2009. Infectious fear: Politics, disease, and the health effects of segregation. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
46. Rothstein, R., 2017. The color of law: A forgotten history of how our government segregated America. New York: Liveright.
47. Schlosberg, D., 2009. Defining environmental justice: Theories, movements, and nature. New York: Oxford University Press.
48. Shrader-Frechette, K., 2002. Environmental justice: Creating equity, reclaiming democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.
49. Smith, N., 1987. Gentrification and the rent gap. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 77:462–65.
50. Swyngedouw, E., and N. C., Heynen. 2003. Urban political ecology, justice and the politics of scale. Antipode 35:898–918.
51. Troy, A. R., J. M., Grove, and J. P. M., O'Neil-Dunne. 2012. The relationship between tree canopy and crime rates across an urban–rural gradient in the Greater Baltimore Region. Landscape and Urban Planning 106 (3):262–70.
52. Troy, A. R., J. M., Grove, J. P. M., O'Neil-Dunne, S. T. A., Pickett, and M. L., Cadenasso. 2007. Predicting opportunities for greening and patterns of vegetation on private urban lands. Environmental Management 40 (3):394–412.
53. Troy, A. R., A., Nunery, and J. M., Grove. 2016. The relationship between residential yard management and neighborhood crime: An analysis from Baltimore City and County. Landscape and Urban Planning 147:78–87.
54. United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice. 1987. Toxic wastes and race in the United States: A national report on the racial and socio-economic characteristics of communities with hazardous waste sites. Public Data Access. New York: United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice.
55. Wells, J., G. L., Buckley, and C. G., Boone. 2008. Separate but equal? Desegregating Baltimore's golf courses. The Geographical Review 98 (2):151–70.
56. Wiltse, J., 2007. Contested waters: A social history of swimming pools in America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.