Increases from 2002 to 2015 in prescription opioid overdose deaths in combination with other substances

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

Volumn 178, Issue , 2017, Pages 501-511

  Kandel, Denise B ^a,b,c   Hu, Mei Chen ^a   Griesler, Pamela ^a,b   Wall, Melanie ^a,b,c  

^a Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

^b NEW YORK STATE PSYCHIATRIC INSTITUTE   (United States)

^c Department of Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

Benzodiazepines; Heroin; Overdose deaths; Prescription opioids; Synthetic opioids other than methadone

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; COCAINE; DIAMORPHINE; METHADONE; OPIATE; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; AGE; ARTICLE; CAUSE OF DEATH; CHILD; DRUG OVERDOSE; DRUG SAFETY; ETHNICITY; FEMALE; HISPANIC; HUMAN; MALE; PRESCRIPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEX DIFFERENCE; SUBSTANCE USE; ANCESTRY GROUP; CHEMISTRY; ETHNIC GROUP; MORTALITY; PERCEPTION; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICANS; ANALGESICS, OPIOID; BENZODIAZEPINES; COCAINE; CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS; DRUG OVERDOSE; ETHANOL; ETHNIC GROUPS; HEROIN; HUMANS; MALE; METHADONE; PRESCRIPTIONS; SOCIAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 85030628305     PISSN: 03768716     EISSN: 18790046     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.047     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Arias, E., Heron, M., Hakes, J.K., The validity of race and Hispanic-origin reporting on death certificates in the United States: an update. Vital Health Stat., 2(176), 2016 (U.S. Census Bureau, National Center for Health Statistics).
2. Babalonis, S., Walsh, S.L., Warnings unheeded: the risks of co-prescribing opioids and benzodiazepines. Pain Clin. Updates 23 (2015), 1–7.
3. Bachhuber, M.A., Hennessy, S., Cunningham, C.O., Starrels, J.L., Increasing benzodiazepine prescriptions and overdose mortality in the United States, 1996–2013. Am. J. Public Health 106 (2016), 686–688.
4. Berecki-Gisolf, J., Hassani-Mahmooei, B., Clapperton, A., McClure, R., Prescription opioid dispensing and prescription opioid poisoning: population data from Victoria, Australia 2006–2013. Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health 41 (2017), 85–91, 10.1111/1753-6405.12568.
5. Berterame, S., Erthal, J., Thomas, J., Fellner, S., Vosse, B., Clare, P., Hao, W., Johnson, D.T., Mohar, A., Pavadia, J., Samak, A.K.E., Sipp, W., Sumyai, V., Suryawati, S., Toufiq, J., Yans, R., Mattick, R.P., Use of and barriers to access to opioid analgesics: a worldwide, regional, and national study. Lancet 387 (2016), 1644–1656, 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00161-6.
6. Bohnert, A., Logan, J.E., Ganoczy, D., Dowell, D., A detailed exploration into the association of prescribed opioid dosage and overdose deaths among patients with chronic pain. Med. Care 54 (2016), 435–441.
7. Calcaterra, S., Binswanger, I.A., Psychostimulant-related deaths as reported by a large national database. Subst. Abuse 34 (2013), 129–136.
8. Calcaterra, S., Glanz, J., Binswanger, I.A., National trends in pharmaceutical opioid related overdose deaths compared to other substance related overdose deaths: 1999–2009. Drug Alcohol Depend. 131 (2013), 263–270.
9. Carpenter, C.S., McClellen, C.B., Rees, D.I., Economic Conditions, Illicit Drug Use, and Substance Use Disorders in the United States. Working Paper 22051, NBER Working Paper Series. 2016, National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, 1–38.
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Opioid Painkiller Prescribing: Where You Live Makes a Difference. 2014, CDC, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, Atlanta, GA (https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/opioid-prescribing/. Accessed 18 January 2017).
11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, What Is Fentanyl?. 2016, CDC, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of Unintentional Injury Prevention, Atlanta, GA (https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/opioids/fentanyl.html).
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Multiple Cause of Death 1999–2015 on CDC WONDER Online Database. CDC, Data Are from the Multiple Cause of Death Files, 1999- as Compiled from Data Provided by the 57 Vital Statistics Jurisdictions Through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program: National Center for Health Statistics. 2016 (http://wonder.cdc.gov/mcd-icd10.html Accessed 20 December 2016).
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Opioid Data Analysis: Categories of Opioids. 2017, CDC, Atlanta, GA, 2017 https://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/analysis.html.
14. Chen, L.H., Hedegaard, H., Warner, M., Drug-poisoning Deaths Involving Opioid Analgesics: United States, 1999–2011. 2011, NCHS Data Brief, National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsvill, MD, 166.
15. Coffin, P.O., Galea, S., Ahern, J., Leon, A.C., Vlahov, D., Tardiff, K., Opiates, cocaine and alcohol combinations in accidental drug overdose deaths in New York City, 1990–98. Addiction 98 (2003), 739–747, 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00376.x.
16. Compton, W.M., Boyle, M., Wargo, E., Prescription opioid abuse: problems and responses. Prev. Med. 80 (2015), 5–9, 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.04.003.
17. Compton, W.M., Jones, C.M., Baldwin, G.T., Relationship between nonmedical prescription-opioid use and heroin use. N. Engl. J. Med. 374 (2016), 154–163, 10.1056/NEJMra1508490.
18. Darke, S., Duflou, J., Path, M.M., Torok, M., Comparative toxicology of intentional and accidental heroin overdose. J. Forensic Sci. 55 (2010), 1015–1018, 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01385.x.
19. Dasgupta, N., Funk, M.J., Proescholdbell, S., Hirsch, A., Ribisi, K.M., Marshall, S., Cohort study of the impact of high-dose opioid analgesics on overdose mortality. Pain Med. 17 (2016), 85–98, 10.1111/pme.12907.
20. Davis, G., Complete republication: National Association of Medical Examiners position paper: recommendations for the investigations, diagnosis, and certification of deaths related to opioid drugs. J. Med. Toxicol. 10 (2014), 100–106, 10.1007/s13181-013-0323-x.
21. Degenhardt, L., Whiteford, H.A., Ferrari, A.J., Charlson, F.J., Hall, W.D., Freedman, G., Burstein, R., Johns, N., Engell, R.E., Flaxman, A., Murray, C.J., Vos, T., Global burden of disease attributable to illicit drug use and dependence: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet 382 (2013), 1564–1574, 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61530-5.
22. Dhalla, I.A., Persaud, N., Juurlink, D.N., Facing up to the prescription opioid crisis. BMJ, 343, 2011, d5142, 10.1136/bmj.d5142.
23. Dowell, D., Haegerich, T.M., Chou, R., CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain – United States. JAMA 315 (2016), 1624–1664 http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.1464.
24. Drug Enforcement Administration, National Heroin Threat Assessment Summary. DEA Intelligence Report., 2016, U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), Drug Enforcement Administration: Strategic Intelligence Section (https://www.dea.gov/divisions/hq/2016/hq062716_attach.pdf. Accessed 18 January 2017).
25. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Addiction, European Drug Report., 2014, EMCDDA, Lisbon, Portugal (http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/edr2014).
26. Fischer, B., Jones, W., Urbanoski, K., Skinner, R., Rehm, J., Correlations between prescription opioid analgesic dispensing levels and related mortality in Ontario, Canada, 2005–2011. Drug Alcohol Rev. 33 (2014), 19–26, 10.1111/dar.12089.
27. Franklin, G., Sabel, J., Jones, C.M., Mai, J., Baumgartner, C., Banta-Green, C.J., Neven, D., Tauben, D.J., A comprehensive approach to address the prescription opioid epidemic in Washington State: milestones and lessons learned. Am. J. Public Health 105 (2015), 463–469, 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302367.
28. Frenk, S.M., Porter, K.S., Paulozzi, L.J., Prescription Opioid Analgesic Use Among Adults: United States 1999–2012. No. 189. 2015, National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), Hyattsville, MD, 2015.
29. Gladden, R.M., Martinez, P., Seth, P., Fentanyl law enforcement submissions and increases in synthetic opioid-involved overdose deaths – 27 states, 2013–2014. MMWR 65 (2016), 837–843, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6533a2.
30. Goldberger, B.A., Maxwell, J.C., Campbell, A., Wilford, B.B., Uniform standards and case definitions for classifying opioid-related deaths: recommendations by a SAMHSA concensus panel. J. Addict. Dis. 32 (2013), 231–243, 10.1080/10550887.2013.824334.
31. Gomes, T., Mamdani, M.M., Dhalla, I.A., Paterson, J.M., Juurlink, D.N., Opioid dose and drug-related mortality in patients with nonmalignant pain. Arch. Intern. Med. 171 (2011), 686–691, 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.117.
32. Gudin, J.A., Mogali, S., Jones, J.D., Comer, S.D., Risks, management, and monitoring of combination opioid benzodiazepines, and/or alcohol use. Postgrad. Med. 125 (2013), 115–130.
33. Han, B., Compton, W.M., Jones, C.M., Cai, R., Nonmedical prescription opioid use and use disorders among adults aged 18 through 64 years in the United States, 2003–2013. JAMA 314 (2015), 1468–1478, 10.1001/jama.2015.11859.
34. Hedegaard, H., Warner, M., Paulozzi, L., Johnson, R., 2014. Excerpts from: Issues to consider when analyzing ICD-10 coded data on drug poisoning (overdose) deaths. In clearance at the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), and the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
35. Hu, M.-C., Griesler, P.C., Wall, M., Kandel, D.B., Age-related patterns and trends in nonmedical prescription opioid use in the US population from 2002 to 2014. Drug Alcohol Depend. 177 (2017), 237–243.
36. Hwang, C.S., Kang, E.M., Kornegay, C.J., Staffa, J.A., Jones, C.M., McAninch, J.K., Trends in the concomitant prescribing of opioids and benzodiazepines, 2002–2014. Am. J. Prev. Med. 51 (2016), 151–160.
37. Jann, M., Kennedy, W.H., Lopez, G., Benzodiazepines: a major component in unintentional prescription drug overdoses with opioid analgesics. J. Pharm. Prac. 27 (2014), 5–16.
38. Jones, C.M., McAninch, J.K., Emergency department visits and overdose deaths from combined use of opioids and benzodiazepines. Am. J. Prev. Med. 49 (2015), 493–501.
39. Jones, J.D., Mogali, S., Comer, S.D., Polydrug abuse: a review of opioid and benzodiazepine combination use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 125 (2012), 8–18, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.07.004.
40. Jones, C.M., Mack, K.A., Paulozzi, L.J., Pharmaceutical overdose deaths, United States 2010. JAMA 309 (2013), 657–659.
41. Jones, C.M., Paulozzi, L.J., Mack, K.A., Alcohol involvement in opioid pain reliever and benzodiazepine drug abuse-related emergency department visits and drug-related deaths – United States, 2010. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 63 (2014), 881–885.
42. Jones, C.M., Logan, J., Gladden, M., Bohm, M.K., Vital signs: demographic and substance use trends among heroin users –United States, 2002–2013. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 64 (2015), 719–725.
43. Jones, C.M., Baldwin, G.T., Compton, W.M., Recent increases in cocaine-related overdose deaths and the role of opioids. Am. J. Public Health 107 (2017), 430–432, 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303627.
44. Jones, C.M., Frequency of prescription pain reliever nonmedical use: 2002–2003 and 2009–2010. Arch. Intern. Med. 172 (2012), 1265–1267.
45. Jones, C.M., Heroin use and heroin use risk behaviors among nonmedical users of prescription opioid pain relievers–United States, 2002–2004 and 2008–2010. Drug Alcohol Depend. 132 (2013), 95–100.
46. Kolata, G., Cohen, S., Drug Overdoses Propel Rise in Mortality Rates of Whites. 2016, New York Times, New York, NY (January 17, www.nytimes.com/2016/01/17/science/drug-overdoses-propel-rise-in-mortality-rates-of-young-whites.html. Accessed 18 January 2016).
47. Martins, S.S., Segura, L.E., Santaella-Tenorio, J., Perimutter, A., Fenton, M.C., Cerdá, M., Keyes, K.M., Ghandour, L.A., Storr, C.L., Hasin, D.S., Prescription opioid use disorder and heroin use among 12–34 year-olds in the United States from 2002 to 2014. Addict. Behav. 65 (2017), 236–241, 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.08.033.
48. McCance-Katz, E.F., Sullivan, L., Nallani, S., Drug interactions of clinical important among the opioids, methadone and buprenorphine, and other frequently prescribed medications: a review. Am. J. Addict. 19 (2010), 4–16.
49. National Center for Health Statistics, International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM), 2017 Update. 2017, NCHS (https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd10cm.htm. 23 January 2017).
50. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Overdose Death Rates. Supporting Data Document on National Overdose Deaths from Prescription and Illicit Drugs. 2017, NIDA, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,: D www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates. Accessed 17 January 2017).
51. Oliver, P., Forrest, R., Keen, J., Benzodiazepines and Cocaine as Risk Factors in Fatal Opioid Overdoses. 2007, National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse, London, UK (Research Briefing: 31) http://www.nta.nhs.uk/uploads/nta_rb31_benzos_cocaine_in_fatal_opioid_overdose.pdf.
52. Pain and Policy Studies Group/WHO Collaborating Center, United States of America – Opioid Consumption in Morphine Equivalence (ME). 2015 www.painpolicy.wisc.edu/sites/www.painpolicy.wisc.edu/files/country_files/morphine_equivalence/unitedstatesofamerica_me_methadone.pdf. Accessed 26 February 26 2016.
53. Paone, D., Tuazon, E., Nolan, M., Mantha, S., Unintentional Drug Poisoning (overdose) Deaths Involving Heroin And/or Fentanyl in New York City, 2000–2015, 74, 2016, Department of Health and Mental Hygiene: Epi Data Brief, 1–3.
54. Park, T.W., Saitz, R., Ganoczy, D., Ilgen, M.A., Bohnert, A.S., Benzodiazepine prescribing patterns and deaths from drug overdose among US veterans receiving opioid analgesics: case-cohort study. BMJ, 350, 2015.
55. Paulozzi, L.J., Prescription drug overdoses: a review. J. Safety Res. 43 (2012), 283–289.
56. Peterson, A.B., Gladden, M., Delcher, C., Spies, E., Garcia-Williams, A., Wang, Y., Halpin, J., Zibbell, J., McCarty, C.L., DeFiore-Hyrmer, J., DiOrio, M., Goldberger, B.A., Increases in fentanyl-related overdose deaths – Florida and Ohio, 2013–2015. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 65 (2016), 844–849, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6533a3.
57. Rudd, R.A., Seth, P., David, F., Scholl, L., Increases in drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths –United States: 2010–2015. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 65 (2016), 1445–1452.
58. Rudd, R.A., Aleshire, N., Zibbell, J.E., Gladden, M., Increases in drug and opioid overdose deaths –United States, 2000–2014. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 64 (2016), 1378–1382.
59. Saunders, K.W., Von Korff, M., Campbell, C.I., Banta-Green, C.J., Sullivan, M.D., Merrill, J.O., Weisner, C., Concurrent use of alcohol and sedatives among persons prescribed chronic opioid therapy: prevalence and risk factors. J. Pain 13 (2012), 266–275.
60. Shei, A., Hirst, M., Kirson, N.Y., Enloe, C.J., Birnbaum, H.G., Dunlop, W.C.N., Estimating the health care burden of prescription opioid abuse in five European countries. Clin. Econ. Outcomes Res. 15 (2015), 477–488, 10.2147/CEOR.S85213.
61. Slavova, S., O'Brien, D.B., Creppage, K., Dao, D., Fondario, A., Haile, E., Hume, B., Largo, T.W., Nguyen, C., Sabel, J.C., Wright, D., Drug overdose deaths: let's get specific. Pub. Health Rep. 130 (2015), 339–342, 10.1177/003335491513000411.
62. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH – 2015). 2016, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, CBHSQ, Rockville, MD https://www.datafiles.samhsa.gov/study/national-survey-drug-use-and-health-nsduh-2015-nid16893.
63. Suzuki, J., El-Haddad, S., A review: fentanyl and non-pharmaceutical fentanyls. Drug Alcohol Depend. 171 (2017), 107–116.
64. The White House, Fact Sheet: Obama Administration Announces Additional Actions to Address the Prescription Opioid Abuse and Heroin Epidemic. March 29, 2016. 2016, Office of the Press Secretary, Washington, DC (https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2016/03/29/fact-sheet-obama-administration-announces-additional-actions-address. Accessed: 31 March 2016).
65. Tomassoni, A.J., Hawk, K.F., Jubanyik, K., Nogee, D.P., Durant, T., Lynch, K.L., Patel, R., Dinh, D., Ulrich, A., D'Onofrio, G., Multiple fentanyl overdoses – New Haven, Connecticut, june 23, 2016. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 66 (2017), 107–111, 10.15585/mm6604a4.
66. Trinidad, J.P., Warner, M., Bastian, B.A., Miniño, A.M., Hedegaard, H., Using Literal Text from the Death Certificate to Enhance Mortality Statistics: Characterizing Drug Involvement in Deaths., 2016, National Vital Statistics Reports; National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), Hyattsville, MD, 65.
67. United Nations, World Drug Report., 2006, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Vienna, Austria (Accessed September 28, 2016) https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2006.html.
68. Volkow, N.D., Frieden, T.R., Hyde, T.R., Cha, S.S., Medication-assisted therapies –tackling the opioid-overdose epidemic. N. Engl. J. Med. 370 (2014), 2063–2066, 10.1056/NEJMp1402780.
69. Volkow, N.D., America's addiction to opioids: heroin and prescription drug abuse. Senate Caucus on International Narcotics Control Hearing America's Addiction to Opioids: Heroin and Prescription Drug Abuse, 2014, Senate, Washington, D.C (https://www.drugabuse.gov/about-nida/legislative-activities/testimony-to-congress/2016/americas-addiction-to-opioids-heroin-prescription-drug-abuse. Accessed 30 October 2016).
70. Warner, M., Chen, L.H., Makuc, D.M., Increase in Fatal Poisonings Involving Opioid Analgesics in the United States, 1999–2006. 2009, NCHS Data Brief; National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), Hyattsville, MD, 22.
71. Warner, M., Trinidad, J.P., Bastian, B.A., Miniño, A.M., Hedegaard, H., Drugs Most Frequently Involved in Drug Overdose Deaths: United States, 2010–2014., 2014, National Vital Statistics Reports; National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), Hyattsville, MD, 65.
72. White, J.M., Irvine, R.J., Mechanisms of fatal opioid overdose. Addiction 94 (1999), 961–972, 10.1046/j.1360-0443.999.9479612.x.