Long-term morphodynamics of muddy backbarrier basins: Fill in or empty out?

Water Resources Research

Volumn 53, Issue 8, 2017, Pages 7029-7054

  Mariotti, G ^a   Canestrelli, A ^b  

^a LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Tidal Forecasting and Early Warning Center   (Italy)

Author keywords

internal recycling; marsh edge erosion; nearshore; sea level rise; sediment budget; waves

Indexed keywords

ACCIDENTS; BUDGET CONTROL; EROSION; SEA LEVEL; SEDIMENTS; WAVES;

ACCOMMODATION SPACE; BIOSTABILIZATION; NEARSHORES; PROBABILISTIC ALGORITHM; RELATIVE SEA LEVEL RISE; SEA LEVEL RISE; SEDIMENT BUDGETS; WIND-WAVE MODELS;

WETLANDS;

ALGORITHM; COASTAL EROSION; LONG-TERM CHANGE; MORPHODYNAMICS; MUDFLAT; NEARSHORE DYNAMICS; RESUSPENSION; SEA LEVEL CHANGE; SEDIMENT BUDGET; SHALLOW WATER; WAVE VELOCITY; WIND-WAVE INTERACTION;

EID: 85029707573     PISSN: 00431397     EISSN: 19447973     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2017WR020461     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Anthony, E. J., F. Dolique, A. Gardel, and D. Marin (2011), Contrasting sand beach morphodynamics in a mud-dominated setting: Cayenne, French Guiana, J. Coastal Res., 64, 30–34.
2. Bartholdy, J. (2000), Processes controlling import of fine-grained sediment to tidal areas: A simulation model, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 175(1), 13–29, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.175.01.03.
3. Bartholdy, J., and D. Anthony (1998), Tidal dynamics and seasonal dependent import and export of fine-grained sediment through a back-barrier tidal channel of the Danish Wadden Sea, Spec. Publ. SEPM Soc. Sediment. Geol., 61, 43–52.
4. Battjes, J. A., and J. P. F. M. Janssen (2011), Energy loss and set-up due to breaking of random waves, Coastal Eng. Proc., 1(16), 569–587, doi:10.9753/icce.v16.
5. Belliard, J.-P., M. Toffolon, L. Carniello, and A. D'Alpaos (2015), An ecogeomorphic model of tidal channel initiation and elaboration in progressive marsh accretional contexts, J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 120, 1040–1064, doi:10.1002/2015JF003445.
6. Bendoni, M., R. Mel, L. Solari, S. Lanzoni, S. Francalanci, and H. Oumeraci (2016), Insights into lateral marsh retreat mechanism through localized field measurements, Water Resour. Res., 52, 1446–1464, doi:10.1002/2015WR017966.
7. Bijker, E. W. (1967), Some considerations about scales for coastal models with movable bed, Tech. Rep. 50, WL Delft Hydraul., Delft, Netherlands.
8. Blum, L. K., and R. R. Christian (2004), Belowground production and decomposition along a tidal gradient in a Virginia Salt Marsh, in The Ecogeomorphology of Tidal Marshes, edited by S. Fagherazzi, M. Marani, and L. K. Blum, pp. 47–73, AGU, Washington, D. C.
9. Boon, J. D., and R. J. Byrne (1981), On basin hypsometry and the morphodynamic response of coastal inlet systems, Mar. Geol., 40, 27–48.
10. Bruun, P. (1988), The Bruun rule of erosion by sea-level rise: A discussion on large-scale two- and three-dimensional usages, J. Coastal Res., 4(4), 627–648.
11. Canestrelli, A., A. Spruyt, B. Jagers, R. Slingerland, and M. Borsboom (2016), A mass-conservative staggered immersed boundary model for solving the shallow water equations on complex geometries, Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids, 81(3), 151–177, doi:10.1002/fld.4180.
12. Carniello, L., A. Defina, and L. D'Alpaos (2009), Morphological evolution of the Venice Lagoon: Evidence from the past and trend for the future, J. Geophys. Res., 114, F04002, doi:10.1029/2008jf001157.
13. Carniello, L., A. Defina, and L. D'Alpaos (2012), Modeling sand-mud transport induced by tidal currents and wind waves in shallow microtidal basins: Application to the Venice Lagoon (Italy), Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 102 103–, 105–115, doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2012.03.016.
14. Cavaleri, L., and P. M. Rizzoli (1981), Wind wave prediction in shallow water: Theory and applications, J. Geophys. Res., 86(C11), 10,961–10,973, doi:10.1029/JC086iC11p10961.
15. D'Alpaos, A., and M. Marani (2016), Reading the signatures of biologic–geomorphic feedbacks in salt-marsh landscapes, Adv. Water Resour., 93, Part B, 265–275, doi:10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.09.004.
16. D'Alpaos, A., S. Lanzoni, M. Marani, and A. Rinaldo (2007), Landscape evolution in tidal embayments: Modeling the interplay of erosion, sedimentation, and vegetation dynamics, J. Geophys. Res., 112, F01008, doi:10.1029/2006JF000537.
17. Dalrymple, R. W., B. A. Zaitlin, and R. Boyd (1992), Estuarine facies models; conceptual basis and stratigraphic implications, J. Sediment. Res., 62(6), 1130–1146, doi:10.1306/D4267A69-2B26-11D7-8648000102C1865D.
18. Day, J. W., F. Scarton, A. Rismondo, and D. Are (1998), Rapid deterioration of a salt marsh in Venice Lagoon, Italy, J. Coastal Res., 14(2), 583–590.
19. de Jong, J. D. (1977), Dutch tidal flats, Sediment. Geol., 18(1), 13–23, doi:10.1016/0037-0738(77)90004-5.
20. Deltares (2016), Delft3D-WAVE: Simulation of Short-Crested Waves With SWAN—User Manual, 214 pp., Delft, Netherlands.
21. Dissanayake, D. M. P. K., A. Wurpts, M. Miani, H. Knaack, H. D. Niemeyer, and J. A. Roelvink (2012a), Modelling morphodynamic response of a tidal basin to an anthropogenic effect: Ley Bay, East Frisian Wadden Sea—Applying tidal forcing only and different sediment fractions, Coastal Eng., 67, 14–28, doi:10.1016/j.coastaleng.2012.04.001.
22. Dissanayake, D. M. P. K., R. Ranasinghe, and J. A. Roelvink (2012b), The morphological response of large tidal inlet/basin systems to relative sea level rise, Clim. Change, 113(2), 253–276, doi:10.1007/s10584-012-0402-z.
23. Dronkers, J. (1986), Tidal asymmetry and estuarine morphology, Neth. J. Sea Res., 20, 117–131.
24. Edmonds, D. A., and R. L. Slingerland (2010), Significant effect of sediment cohesion on delta morphology, Nat. Geosci., 3(2), 105–109, doi:10.1038/ngeo730.
25. Ensign, S., C. Currin, M. Piehler, and C. Tobias (2017), A method for using shoreline morphology to predict suspended sediment concentration in tidal creeks, Geomorphology, 276, 280–288, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.09.036.
26. Erwin, R. M., D. R. Cahoon, D. J. Prosser, G. M. Sanders, and P. Hensel (2006), Surface elevation dynamics in vegetated spartina marshes versus unvegetated tidal ponds along the Mid-Atlantic Coast, USA, with implications to waterbirds, Estuaries Coasts, 29(1), 96–106.
27. Fagherazzi, S., and P. L. Wiberg (2009), Importance of wind conditions, fetch, and water levels on wave-generated shear stresses in shallow intertidal basins, J. Geophys. Res., 114, F03022, doi:10.1029/2008JF001139.
28. Fagherazzi, S., L. Carniello, L. D'Alpaos, and A. Defina (2006), Critical bifurcation of shallow microtidal landforms in tidal flats and salt marshes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 103, 8337–8341, doi:10.1073/pnas.0508379103.
29. Fisher, J. J., and E. J. Simpson (1982), Tidal deltas, in Beaches and Coastal Geology, pp. 817–818, Springer, New York.
30. FitzGerald, D. M., I. Buynevich, and B. Argow (2006), Model of tidal inlet and barrier island dynamics in a regime of accelerated sea level rise, J. Coastal Res., II, 789–795.
31. Frey, R. W., and J. D. Howard (1986), Mesotidal estuarine sequences: A perspective from the Georgia Bight, J. Sediment. Res., 56(6), 911–924.
32. Friedrichs, C. T., and D. G. Aubrey (1988), Non-linear tidal distortion in shallow well-mixed estuaries—A synthesis, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 27, 521–545.
33. Ganju, N. K., M. L. Kirwan, P. J. Dickhudt, G. R. Guntenspergen, D. R. Cahoon, and K. D. Kroeger (2015), Sediment transport-based metrics of wetland stability, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 7992–8000, doi:10.1002/2015GL065980.
34. Ganju, N. K., Z. Defne, M. L. Kirwan, S. Fagherazzi, A. D'Alpaos, and L. Carniello (2017), Spatially integrative metrics reveal hidden vulnerability of microtidal salt marshes, Nat. Commun., 8, 1–7, doi:10.1038/ncomms14156.
35. Gunnell, J. R., A. B. Rodriguez, and B. A. McKee (2013), How a marsh is built from the bottom up, Geology, 41(8), 859–862, doi:10.1130/G34582.1.
36. Harris, C. K., and P. L. Wiberg (2001), A two-dimensional, time-dependent model of suspended sediment transport and bed reworking for continental shelves, Comput. Geosci., 27(6), 675–690, doi:10.1016/S0098-3004(00)00122-9.
37. Hasselmann, K., and D. Olbers (1973), Measurements of wind-wave growth and swell decay during the Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP), Ergänzung Deut. Hydrogr. Z., Reihe A (8), 12, 1–95.
38. Hunt, S., K. R. Bryan, and J. C. Mullarney (2015), The influence of wind and waves on the existence of stable intertidal morphology in meso-tidal estuaries, Geomorphology, 228, 158–174, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.09.001.
39. Kirwan, M. L., and A. B. Murray (2007), A coupled geomorphic and ecological model of tidal marsh evolution, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 104(15), 6118–6122, doi:10.1073/pnas.0700958104.
40. Kirwan, M. L., G. R. Guntenspergen, A. D'Alpaos, J. T. Morris, S. M. Mudd, and S. Temmerman (2010), Limits on the adaptability of coastal marshes to rising sea level, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L23401, doi:10.1029/2010GL045489.
41. Komen, G. J., K. Hasselmann, and K. Hasselmann (1984), On the existence of a fully developed wind-sea spectrum, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14(8), 1271–1285, doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1984)014<1271:OTEOAF>2.0.CO;2.
42. Lawson, S. E., P. L. Wiberg, K. J. McGlathery, and D. C. Fugate (2007), Wind-driven sediment suspension controls light availability in a shallow coastal lagoon, Estuaries Coasts, 30(1), 102–112, doi:10.1007/BF02782971.
43. Leonardi, N., and S. Fagherazzi (2014), How waves shape salt marshes, Geology, 42, 887, doi:10.1130/G35751.1.
44. Leonardi, N., N. K. Ganju, and S. Fagherazzi (2016a), A linear relationship between wave power and erosion determines salt-marsh resilience to violent storms and hurricanes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 113(1), 64–68.
45. Leonardi, N., Z. Defne, N. K. Ganju, and S. Fagherazzi (2016b), Salt marsh erosion rates and boundary features in a shallow Bay, J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 121, 1861–1875, doi:10.1002/2016JF003975.
46. Lucke, J. B. (1934), Tidal inlets: A theory of evolution of lagoon deposits on shorelines of emergence, Geology, 42, 561–584.
47. Mallinson, D., S. Riggs, E. R. Thieler, S. Culver, K. Farrell, D. S. Foster, D. R. Corbett, B. Horton, and J. F. Wehmiller (2005), Late Neogene and Quaternary evolution of the northern Albemarle Embayment (mid-Atlantic continental margin, USA), Mar. Geol., 217(1–2), 97–117, doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2005.02.030.
48. Marani, M., S. Lanzoni, D. Zandolin, G. Seminara, and A. Rinaldo (2002), Tidal meanders, Water Resour. Res., 38(11), 1225, doi:10.1029/2001WR000404.
49. Marani, M., E. Belluco, A. D'Alpaos, A. Defina, S. Lanzoni, and A. Rinaldo (2003), On the drainage density of tidal networks, Water Resour. Res., 39(2), 1040, doi:10.1029/2001WR001051.
50. Marani, M., A. D'Alpaos, S. Lanzoni, L. Carniello, and A. Rinaldo (2010), The importance of being coupled: Stable states and catastrophic shifts in tidal biomorphodynamics, J. Geophys. Res., 115, F04004, doi:10.1029/2009JF001600.
51. Marani, M., A. D'Alpaos, S. Lanzoni, and M. Santalucia (2011), Understanding and predicting wave erosion of marsh edges, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L21401, doi:10.1029/2011GL048995.
52. Marciano, R., Z. B. Wang, A. Hibma, H. J. de Vriend, and A. Defina (2005), Modeling of channel patterns in short tidal basins, J. Geophys. Res., 110, F01001, doi:10.1029/2003JF000092.
53. Mariotti, G. (2016), Revisiting salt marsh resilience to sea level rise: Are ponds responsible for permanent land loss?, J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 121, 1391–1407, doi:10.1002/2016JF003900.
54. Mariotti, G., and J. Carr (2014), Dual role of salt marsh retreat: Long-term loss and short-term resilience, Water Resour. Res., 50, 2963–2974, doi:10.1002/2013WR014676.
55. Mariotti, G., and S. Fagherazzi (2010), A numerical model for the coupled long-term evolution of salt marshes and tidal flats, J. Geophys. Res., 115, F01004, doi:10.1029/2009JF001326.
56. Mariotti, G., and S. Fagherazzi (2013a), A two-point dynamic model for the coupled evolution of channels and tidal flats, J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 118, 1387–1399, doi:10.1002/jgrf.20070.
57. Mariotti, G., and S. Fagherazzi (2013b), Critical width of tidal flats triggers marsh collapse in the absence of sea-level rise, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 110(14), 5353–5356, doi:10.1073/pnas.1219600110.
58. Mariotti, G., S. Fagherazzi, P. L. Wiberg, K. J. McGlathery, L. Carniello, and A. Defina (2010), Influence of storm surges and sea level on shallow tidal basin erosive processes, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C11012, doi:10.1029/2009JC005892.
59. Mattheus, C. R., A. B. Rodriguez, B. A. McKee, and C. A. Currin (2010), Impact of land-use change and hard structures on the evolution of fringing marsh shorelines, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 88(3), 365–376, doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2010.04.016.
60. McLoughlin, S. M., P. L. Wiberg, I. Safak, and K. J. McGlathery (2014), Rates and forcing of marsh edge erosion in a shallow coastal bay, Estuaries Coasts, 38(2), 620–638, doi:10.1007/s12237-014-9841-2.
61. Möller, I. (2006), Quantifying saltmarsh vegetation and its effect on wave height dissipation: Results from a UK East coast saltmarsh, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 69(3–4), 337–351, doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2006.05.003.
62. Morris, J. T., P. V. Sundareshwar, C. T. Nietch, B. Kjerfve, and D. R. Cahoon (2002), Responses of coastal wetlands to rising sea level, Ecology, 83(10), 2869–2877, doi:10.2307/3072022.
63. Morris, J. T., et al. (2016), Contributions of organic and inorganic matter to sediment volume and accretion in tidal wetlands at steady state, Earths Future, 4, 110–121.
64. Murray, A. B. (2003), Contrasting the goals, strategies, and predictions associated with simplified numerical models and detailed simulations, in Prediction in Geomorphology, pp. 151–165, AGU, Washington, D. C.
65. Nahon, A., X. Bertin, A. B. Fortunato, and A. Oliveira (2012), Process-based 2DH morphodynamic modeling of tidal inlets: A comparison with empirical classifications and theories, Mar. Geol., 291–294, 1–11, doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2011.10.001.
66. Nichols, M. M., and J. D. Boon (1994), Chapter 7 Sediment transport processes in coastal lagoons, in Elsevier Oceanography Series, vol. 60, edited by B. Kjerfve, pp. 157–219, Elsevier, New York.
67. Nienhuis, J. H., A. D. Ashton, W. Nardin, S. Fagherazzi, and L. Giosan (2016), Alongshore sediment bypassing as a control on river mouth morphodynamics, J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 121, 664–683, doi:10.1002/2015JF003780.
68. O'Brien, M. (1931), Estuary and tidal prisms related to entrance areas, Civ. Eng., 1(8), 738–739.
69. Oertel, G. F. (2011), Hypsographic, hydro-hypsographic and hydrological analysis of coastal bay environments, Great Machipongo Bay, Virginia, J. Coastal Res., 17(4), 775–783.
70. Oertel, G. F., G. T. F. Wong, and J. D. Conway (1989), Sediment accumulation at a fringe marsh during transgression, Oyster, Virginia, Estuaries, 12(1), 18–26, doi:10.2307/1351446.
71. Parker, G., Y. Shimizu, G. V. Wilkerson, E. C. Eke, J. D. Abad, J. W. Lauer, C. Paola, W. E. Dietrich, and V. R. Voller (2011), A new framework for modeling the migration of meandering rivers, Earth Surf. Processes Landforms, 36(1), 70–86, doi:10.1002/esp.2113.
72. Partheniades, E. (1965), Erosion and deposition of cohesive soils, J. Hydraul. Div., 91(1), 105–139.
73. Pedersen, J. B. T., and J. Bartholdy (2006), Budgets for fine-grained sediment in the Danish Wadden Sea, Mar. Geol., 235(1–4), 101–117, doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2006.10.008.
74. Penland, S., A. Beall, L. D. I. Britsch, and S. J. Williams (2002), Geologic classification of coastal land loss between 1932 and 1990 in the Mississippi River Delta Plain, southeastern Louisiana, Gulf Coast Assoc. Geol. Soc. Trans., 52, 799–807.
75. Peyronnin, N., M. Green, C. P. Richards, A. Owens, D. Reed, J. Chamberlain, D. G. Groves, W. K. Rhinehart, and K. Belhadjali (2013), Louisiana's 2012 Coastal Master Plan: Overview of a science-based and publicly informed decision-making process, J. Coastal Res., 67, 1–15, doi:10.2112/SI_67_1.1.
76. Postma, H. (1961), Transport and accumulation of suspended matter in the Dutch Wadden Sea, Neth. J. Sea Res., 1(1), 148–190.
77. Priestas, A. M., G. Mariotti, N. Leonardi, and S. Fagherazzi (2015), Coupled wave energy and erosion dynamics along a salt marsh boundary, Hog Island Bay, Virginia, USA, J. Mar. Sci. Eng., 3(3), 1041–1065.
78. 2, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 112(51), 15,580–15,584.
79. Redfield, A. C. (1965), Ontogeny of a salt marsh estuary, Science, 147, 50–55, doi:10.1126/science.147.3653.50.
80. Reed, D. J. (1988), Sediment dynamics and deposition in a retreating coastal salt marsh, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 26(1), 67–79, doi:10.1016/0272-7714(88)90012-1.
81. Roelvink, J. A. (2006), Coastal morphodynamic evolution techniques, Coastal Eng., 53(2–3), 277–287, doi:10.1016/j.coastaleng.2005.10.015.
82. Schuerch, M., T. Dolch, K. Reise, and A. T. Vafeidis (2014), Unravelling interactions between salt marsh evolution and sedimentary processes in the Wadden Sea (southeastern North Sea), Prog. Phys. Geogr., 38(6), 691–715, doi:10.1177/0309133314548746.
83. Schwartz, M. L. (1973), Barrier Islands, Dowden Hutchinson Ross, Stroudsburg, Pa.
84. Schwarz, C., Q. H. Ye, D. van der Wal, L. Q. Zhang, T. Bouma, T. Ysebaert, and P. M. J. Herman (2014), Impacts of salt marsh plants on tidal channel initiation and inheritance, J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 119, 385–400, doi:10.1002/2013JF002900.
85. Schwimmer, R. A. (2001), Rates and processes of marsh shoreline erosion in Rehoboth Bay, Delaware, USA, J. Coastal Res., 17, 672–683.
86. Silinski, A., E. Fransen, T. J. Bouma, P. Meire, and S. Temmerman (2016), Unravelling the controls of lateral expansion and elevation change of pioneer tidal marshes, Geomorphology, 274, 106–115, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.09.006.
87. Stutz, M. L., and O. H. Pilkey (2011), Open-ocean barrier islands: Global influence of climatic, oceanographic, and depositional settings, J. Coastal Res., 27, 207–222, doi:10.2112/09-1190.1.
88. Swart, D. H. (1974), Offshore sediment transport and equilibrium profiles, Delft Hydraul. Lab., 131, 1–217.
89. Tambroni, N., and G. Seminara (2006), Are inlets responsible for the morphological degradation of Venice Lagoon?, J. Geophys. Res., 111, F03013, doi:10.1029/2005JF000334.
90. Tambroni, N., and G. Seminara (2012), A one-dimensional eco-geomorphic model of marsh response to sea level rise: Wind effects, dynamics of the marsh border and equilibrium, J. Geophys. Res., 117, F03026, doi:10.1029/2012JF002363.
91. Temmerman, S., T. J. Bouma, G. Govers, Z. B. Wang, M. B. De Vries, and P. M. J. Herman (2005), Impact of vegetation on flow routing and sedimentation patterns: Three-dimensional modeling for a tidal marsh, J. Geophys. Res, 110, F04019, doi:10.1029/2005JF000301.
92. Törnqvist, T. E., D. J. Wallace, J. E. A. Storms, J. Wallinga, R. L. van Dam, M. Blaauw, M. S. Derksen, C. J. W. Klerks, C. Meijneken, and E. M. A. Snijders (2008), Mississippi Delta subsidence primarily caused by compaction of Holocene strata, Nat. Geosci., 1(3), 173–176, doi:10.1038/ngeo129.
93. van der Wegen, M., and J. A. Roelvink (2008), Long-term morphodynamic evolution of a tidal embayment using a two-dimensional, process-based model, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C03016, doi:10.1029/2006JC003983.
94. van der Wegen, M., and J. A. Roelvink (2012), Reproduction of estuarine bathymetry by means of a process-based model: Western Scheldt case study, the Netherlands, Geomorphology, 179, 152–167, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.08.007.
95. van Ledden, M., Z.-B. Wang, H. Winterwerp, and H. de Vriend (2004), Sand–mud morphodynamics in a short tidal basin, Ocean Dyn., 54(3–4), 385–391, doi:10.1007/s10236-003-0050-y.
96. van Ledden, M., Z.-B. Wang, H. Winterwerp, and H. de Vriend (2006), Modelling sand–mud morphodynamics in the Friesche Zeegat, Ocean Dyn., 56(3–4), 248–265, doi:10.1007/s10236-005-0055-9.
97. van Leeuwen, S. M., M. van der Vegt, and H. E. de Swart (2003), Morphodynamics of ebb-tidal deltas: A model approach, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 57(5–6), 899–907, doi:10.1016/S0272-7714(02)00420-1.
98. van Maanen, B., G. Coco, and K. R. Bryan (2013), Modelling the effects of tidal range and initial bathymetry on the morphological evolution of tidal embayments, Geomorphology, 191, 23–34, doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.02.023.
99. Verschoren, V., D. Meire, J. Schoelynck, K. Buis, K. D. Bal, P. Troch, P. Meire, and S. Temmerman (2016), Resistance and reconfiguration of natural flexible submerged vegetation in hydrodynamic river modelling, Environ. Fluid Mech., 16, 245–265.
100. Walters, D., L. J. Moore, O. Duran Vinent, S. Fagherazzi, and G. Mariotti (2014), Interactions between barrier islands and backbarrier marshes affect island system response to sea level rise: Insights from a coupled model, J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 119, 2013–2031, doi:10.1002/2014JF003091.
101. Wang, Z. B., T. Louters, and H. J. de Vriend (1995), Morphodynamic modelling for a tidal inlet in the Wadden Sea, Mar. Geol., 126(1), 289–300, doi:10.1016/0025-3227(95)00083-B.
102. Wang, Z. B., P. Hoekstra, H. Burchard, H. Ridderinkhof, H. E. De Swart, and M. J. F. Stive (2012), Morphodynamics of the Wadden Sea and its barrier island system, Ocean Coastal Manage., 68, 39–57, doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2011.12.022.
103. Weston, N. B. (2013), Declining sediments and rising seas: An unfortunate convergence for tidal wetlands, Estuaries Coasts, 37(1), 1–23, doi:10.1007/s12237-013-9654-8.
104. Whitehouse, R., R. Soulsby, W. Roberts, and H. Mitchener (2000), Dynamics of Estuarine Muds, Thomas Telford Publishing, London.
105. Zhou, Z., G. Coco, M. Jiménez, M. Olabarrieta, M. van der Wegen, and I. Townend (2014), Morphodynamics of river-influenced back-barrier tidal basins: The role of landscape and hydrodynamic settings, Water Resour. Res., 50, 9514–9535, doi:10.1002/2014WR015891.