The development of American citizenship, 1608-1870

The Development of American Citizenship, 1608-1870

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 1-391

  Kettner, James H ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85028799546     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (337)

1. J. Mervyn Jones, British Nationality: Law and Practice (Oxford, 1947), 1-4.
2. W. A. Shaw, ed., Letters of Denization and Acts of Naturalization for Aliens in England and Ireland, 1603-1700 (Huguenot Society of London, Publications, XVIII [Lymington, 1911]), i-ii.
3. John W. Salmond, “Citizenship and Allegiance,” Law Quarterly Review, XVII (1901), 270-282.
4. Clive Parry, British Nationality Law and the History of Naturalisation (Milan, 1954), 8.
5. Alexander Cockburn, Nationality: or the Laws Relating to Subjects and Aliens Considered with a View to Future Legislation (London, 1869), 7.
6. William S. Holdsworth, A History of English Law, IX (London, 1926), 92.
7. Samuel MacChntock, Aliens under the Federal Laws of the United States (Chicago, 1909), 13.
8. Holdsworth, History of English Law, IX, 94.
9. St. George Tucker, ed., Blackstone’s Commentaries: with Notes of Reference, to the Constitution and Laws, of the Federal Government of the United States; and of the Commonwealth of Virginia (Philadelphia, 1803), 1:2, 372.
10. Thomas C. Barrow, Trade and Empire: The British Customs Service in Colonial America (Cambridge, Mass., 1967), 5.
11. Charles M. Andrews, The Colonial Period of American History (New Haven, Conn., 1934-1938), IV, 65-66.
12. T. B. Smith, British Justice: The Scottish Contribution (London, 1961), 24-27.
13. T. B. Smith, Studies Critical and Comparative (Edinburgh, 1962), 20-27.
14. Margaret Atwood Judson, The Crisis of the Constitution: An Essay in Constitutional and Political Thought in England (New Brunswick, N.J., 1949).
15. Shaw, ed., Denization and Naturalization, 1603-1700, iii.
16. Sir Francis Piggott, Nationality, Including Naturalization and English Law on the High Seas and beyond the Realm, I (London, 1907), 41.
17. Charles Viner, A General Abridgment of Law and Equity…, II (Aldershot, 1747), 261-262.
18. Joseph Henry Smith, Appeals to the Privy Council from the American Plantations, Columbia University School of Law, Publications of the Foundation for Research in Legal History (New York, 1950), 467.
19. Harvey Wheeler, “Calvin’s Case (1608) and the Mcllwain-Schuyler Debate,” American Historical Review, LXI (1955-1956), 589.
20. Jones, British Nationality, 29.
21. W. Cobbett and John Wright, eds., Cobbett’s Parliamentary History of England. From the Norman Conquest in 1066. (To the Year, ISO) (London, 1806-1820), I, 1018.
22. Edward Coke, The Second Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England… (London, 1797), I.
23. Ernst H. Kantorowicz, The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Mediaeval Political Theology (Princeton, N.J., 1957), 3-23.
24. Charles Howard Mc-Ilwain, The American Revolution: A Constitutional Interpretation (New York, 1923), 92-93.
25. Sir John Kelyng, “A Treatise upon Treason,” 17, in Sir John Kelyng’s Report of Crown Cases in the time of King Charles II,… Together with a Treatise upon the Law and Proceedings in cases of High Treason, ed. Richard L. Loveland, 3d ed. (London, 1873).
26. Compare Wheeler, “Calvin’s Case,” AHR, LXI (1955-1956), 593.
27. The Fourth Part of the Institutes of the Laws of England… (London, 1797), chap. 76, 349-361.
28. Robert Livingston Schuyler, Parliament and the British Empire: Some Constitutional Controversies concerning Imperial Legislative Jurisdiction (New York, 1929), 64-68.
29. David Ogg, England in the Reigns of James II and William 111 (Oxford, 1955), 266-267.
30. Holds worth, History of English Law, IX, 80.
31. Shaw, ed., Denization and Naturalization, 1603-1700, iii-iv.
32. Shaw, ed., Denization and Naturalization, 1603-1700, vi-viii.
33. Tucker, ed., Blackstone’s Commentaries, 1:2, 373-374.
34. Coke, Fourth Institutes, chap. 1, 36.
35. Tucker, ed., Blackstone’s Commentaries, 1:2, 373-374.
36. Knightley D’Anvers, A General Abridgment of the Common Law., 2d ed., I ([London], 1725), 322.
37. Sir John Comyns, A Digest of the Laws of England, I (London, 1762), 321.
38. Viner, General Abridgment of Law, II, 259.
39. Edward T. Lampson, “Some New Light on the Growth of Parliamentary Sovereignty: Wimbish versus Taillebois,” American Political Science Review, XXXV (1941), 952-960.
40. Parry, British Nationality Law, 55-58.
41. John Lilly, The Practical Register; or, a general abridgment of the law., 2d ed., I ([London], 1735), 606.
42. Mcllwam, American Revolution, 96-99.
43. Theodora Keith, Commercial Relations of England and Scotland, 1603-1707 (Cambridge, 1910), 18, 45-46.
44. William A. Whitehead et al., eds., Documents Relating to the Colonial History of the State of New Jersey (Archives of the State of New Jersey, 1st Ser.), I-XXX1II.
45. George S. Pryde, “The Scots in East New Jersey,” New Jersey Historical Society, Proceedings, N.S., XV (1930), 24-30.
46. Russell Bartlett, ed., Records of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, in New England (Providence, R.I., 1856-1865), IV, 23.
47. W. Noel Sainsbury et al., eds., Calendar of State Papers, Colonial Series, America and West Indies… (London, 1860-1953), XIX, 279.
48. Willard Hurst, “English Sources of the American Law of Treason,” Wisconsin Law Review, MCMXLV (1945), 315-356.
49. Sir Michael Foster, A Report of some proceedings on the Commission ofOyerand Terminer and Goal Delivery for the trial of the Rebels in the’year Í746 in the County of Surry, and of other Crown Cases. To which are added Discourses upon a few branches of the Crown Law (Oxford, 1762).
50. Nathaniel Bacon, An Historical and Political Discourse of the Laws and Government of England, from the First Times to the End of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth. With a Vindication of the Antient Way of Parliaments in England, 5th ed. (London, 1760 [orig. publ. 1651]), pt. II, 45-53.
51. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett, II (Cambridge, 1960), sec. 151.
52. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett, II (Cambridge, 1960), sec. 211.
53. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, ed. Peter Laslett, II (Cambridge, 1960), sec. 223.
54. Tucker, ed., Blackstone’s Commentaries, 1:2, 369-370.
55. “Subjects or Citizens? A Note on British Views Respecting the Legal Effects of American Independence,” Virginia Law Review, LXII (1976), 945-967.
56. Leo Francis Stock, ed., Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliaments respecting North America, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 338 (Washington, D.C., 1924-1941), I, 36, 39.
57. Wallace Notestein et al., eds., Commons Debates, 1621, I-V (New Haven, Conn., 1935).
58. Edward P Cheyney, “The Manor of East Greenwich in the County of Kent,” AHR, XI (1905-1906), 29-35.
59. Stock, ed., Proceedings and Debates, I, 204.
60. Parry, British Nationality Law, 49.
61. Shaw, ed., Denization and Naturalization, 1603-1700, xxvii.
62. Francis Newton Thorpe, ed. and comp., The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws… (Washington, D.C., 1909), VII.
63. E. B. O’Callaghan and Berthold Fernow, eds., Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York (Albany, N. Y, 1856-1887), II, 297.
64. Charles W. Baird, History of the Huguenot Emigration to America (New York, 1885), I, 162.
65. Susan M. Kingsbury, ed., Records of the Virginia Company of London, III (Washington, D.C., 1933), 491.
66. Caroline Robbins, “A Note on General Naturalization under the Later Stuarts and a Speech in the House of Commons on the Subject in 1664,” Journal of Modern History, XXXIV (1962), 169n.
67. Thomas W. Perry, Public Opinion, Propaganda, and Politics in Eighteenth-Century England: A Study of the Jew Bill of 1753, Harvard Historical Monographs, LI (Cambridge, Mass., 1962), 15, 79n.
68. Cecil Roth, A History of the jews in England, 3d ed. (Oxford, 1964), 182.
69. Samuel Oppenheim, “A List ofjews made Denizens in the Reigns of Charles II and James II, 1661-1687,” American Jewish Historical Society, Publications, No. 20 (1911), 109-113.
70. Lee M. Friedman, “Early Jewish Residents in Massachusetts,” Am. Jewish Hist. Soc., Pubs., No. 23 (1915), 80.
71. Max J. Kohler, “Civil Status of the Jews in Colonial New York,” Am. Jewish Hist. Soc, Pubs., No. 6 (1897), 104.
72. W. A. Shaw, ed., Letters of Denization and Acts of Naturalization for Aliens in England and Ireland, 1701-1800 (Hug. Soc. of London, Pubs., XXVII [Manchester, 1923]), 47.
73. W. L. Grant and James Munro, eds., Acts of the Privy Council of England, Colonial Series (London, 1908-1912), II, 95-96.
74. Herbert L. Osgood, The American Colonies in the Eighteenth Century, II (New York, 1924), 488-489.
75. Robbins, “A Note on General Naturalization,” Jour. Mod. Hist., XXXIV (1962), 170-176.
76. Geoffrey Holmes, British Politics in the Age of Anne (New York, 1967), 67-69.
77. Osgood, American Colonies in the 18th Century, II, 494-495.
78. Knittle, Palatine Emigration, chaps. 4-5.
79. David L. Keir, The Constitutional History of Modem Britain since 1485, 8th ed. (New York, 1966), 287.
80. Keith Feiling, A History of the Tory Party, 1640-1714 (Oxford, 1924), 445-446.
81. Robbins, “A Note on General Naturalization,” Mod. Hist., XXXIV (1962), 171.
82. Josiah Tucker, Reflections on the expediency of a law for the Naturalization of Foreign Protestants (London, 1751), pt. i, 64.
83. Joseph Willard, Naturalization in the American Colonies, with more Particular Reference to Massachusetts (Boston, 1859), 10-12.
84. Frank Hayden Miller, “Legal Qualifications for Office in America, 1619-1899,” A.H.A., Annual Report… for the Year 1899, I (1900), 9.
85. William H. Whitmore, ed., The Colonial Laws of Massachusetts. Reprinted from the Edition of 1660, with the Supplements to 1672 (Boston, 1889), 229.
86. Albert S. Batchellor, comp., Laws of New Hampshire (Manchester, Concord, N.H., etc., 1904-1922), I, 25-26.
87. Carolina charter, Thorpe, ed. and comp., Constitutions, Charters, and Laws, V, 2749-2750.
88. Harold D. Hazeltine, “Appeals from Colonial Courts to the King in Council, with Especial Reference to Rhode Island,” A.H.A., Annual Report… for the Year 1894 (1895), 308.
89. Zechariah Chafee, Jr., “Colonial Courts and the Common Law,” in David H. Flaherty, ed., Essays in the History of Early American Law (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1969), 53-82.
90. St. George Leakin Sioussat, “The Theory of the Extension of English Statutes to the Plantations,” in Association of American Law Schools, Select Essays in Anglo-American Legal History, I (Boston, 1907), 424.
91. William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large, Being a Collection of all the Laws of Virginia, from the First Session of the Legislature in the Year 1619 (Richmond, New York, and Philadelphia, 1809-1823), I, 486.
92. “Extracts from Proceedings of the House of Burgesses of Virginia, 1652-1661,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, VIII (1900-1901), 393-394.
93. Mattie Erma Edwards Parker, ed., North Carolina Charters and Constitutions, 1578-1698 in Mattie Erma Edwards Parker et al., eds., The Colonial Records of North Carolina, N.S., I (Raleigh, N.C., 1963), 151-152.
94. Edward A. Hoyt, “Naturalization under the American Colonies: Signs of a New Community,” Political Science Quarterly, LXVII (1952), 250.
95. Arthur Henry Hirsch, The Huguenots of Colonial South Carolina (Durham, N.C., 1928), 114-115.
96. The Colonial Laws of New York from the Year 1664 to the Revolution (Albany, N.Y., 1894-1896), I, 123-124.
97. Gertrude MacKinney and Charles F. Hoban, eds., Pennsylvania Archives, 8th Ser. (Philadelphia, 1931-1935), I, App., 328-330.
98. Leland Harder, “Plockhoy and His Settlement at Zwaanendael, 1663,” Delaware History, III (1948-1949), 152.
99. Thomas Cooper and David J. McCord, eds., The Statutes at Large of South Carolina (Columbia, S.C., 1836-1841), II, 58-60.
100. Clifford K. Shipton, “Immigration to New England, 1680-1740,” of Political Economy, XLIV (1936), 225.
101. Emberson Edward Proper, Colonial Immigration Laws: A Study of the Regulation of Immigration by the English Colonies in America (New York, 1900), chap. 4.
102. A. H. Carpenter, “Naturalization in England and the American Colonies,” AHR, IX (1903-1904), 296.
103. Elisha R. Potter, Memoir concerning the French Settlements and French Settlers in the Colony of Rhode Island (Providence, R.I., 1879), 1-9.
104. J. Hammond Trumbull and Charles J. Hoadly, eds., The Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut… (Hartford, Conn., 1850-1890), IV, 153.
105. Ethel Stanwood Bolton, “Immigrants to New England, 1700-1775,” Essex Institute, Historical Collections, LXIII-LXVII (1927-1931).
106. Sidney S. Rider, The History of Denization and Naturalization in the Colony of Rhode Island, 1636-1790 (Providence, R.I., [1905?]), 8-9.
107. Beverly McAnear, “The Place of the Freeman in Old New York,” New York History, XXI (1940), 418-419.
108. Francis Seybolt, The Colonial Citizen of New York City: A Comparative Study of Certain Aspects of Citizenship Practice in Fourteenth-Century England and Colonial New York City (Madison, Wis., 1918).
109. William Hand Browne et al., eds., Archives of Maryland (Baltimore, 1883-), II, 144-145.
110. H. R. Mcllwaine and John Pendleton Kennedy, eds., Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia, 1619-1776 (Richmond, Va., 1905-1915), 1659160-1693, 120-126.
111. Elmer Beecher Russell, The Review of American Colonial Legislation by the King in Council, Columbia University Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law, No. 155 (New York, 1915), 18.
112. O. A. Keach, “The Hack Family,” Tyler’s Quarterly Historical and Genealogical Magazine, VII (1925-1926), 253.
113. Frank George Franklin, The Legislative History of Naturalization in the United States, from the Revolutionary War to 1861 (Chicago, 1906), 17.
114. E. B. O’Callaghan, ed., Calendar of Historical Manuscripts in the Office of the Secretary of State, Albany, N.Y. (Albany, N.Y., 1865-1866), II, 317.
115. A. Shaw, ed., Calendar of Treasury Books… Preserved in the Public Record Office (London, 1904-1957), IX, Pt. vii, 1159.
116. Leonard Woods Labaree, ed., Royal Instructions to the British Colonial Governors, 1670-Í776 (New York, 1935), I, 84.
117. J. Bryan Grimes, comp., Abstract of North Carolina Wills (Raleigh, N.C., 1910), 285.
118. A. S. Salley, Jr., ed., Records in the British Public Record Office Relating to South Carolina (Atlanta, Ga., and Columbia, S.C., 1928-1947), III, 166.
119. James T. Mitchell and Henry Flanders, eds., Statutes at Large of Pennsylvania from 1682 to 1801 (Harrisburg, Pa., 1896-1911), II, 29-31.
120. Richard S. Rodney, “Early Relations of Delaware and Pennsylvania,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, LIV (1930), 238-240.
121. Walter A. Powell, A History of Delaware (Boston, 1928), 94-95.
122. “The Oath of Abjuration, 1715-1716,” New-York Historical Society Quarterly Bulletin, III (1919), 35-40.
123. “Early Maryland Naturalizations, Etc., from Kilty’s Laws,” in Gaius Marcus Brumbaugh, ed., Maryland Records: Colonial, Revolutionary, County and Church from Original Sources, II (Lancaster, Pa., 1928), 311-313.
124. John R. Stevenson, “Persons Naturalized in New Jersey between 1702 and 1776,” New York Genealogical and Biographical Record, XXVIII (1897), 86-89.
125. Allen D. Candler, comp., The Colonial Records of the State of Georgia (Atlanta, Ga., 1904-1916), I, 79.
126. George Fenwick Jones, ed., Detailed Reports on the Salzburger Emigrants Who Settled in America, trans. Hermann J. Lacher, I (Athens, Ga., 1968), 35-36.
127. Klaus G. Loewald et al., eds. and trans., “Johann Martin Bolzius Answers a Questionnaire on Carolina and Georgia,” WMQ, 3d Ser., XIV (1957), 254.
128. Herbert Friedenwald, “Isaac Levy’s Claim to Property in Georgia,” Am. Jewish Hist. Soc., Pubs., No. 9 (1901), 57.
129. Miller, “Legal Qualifications for Office.,” A.H.A., Annual Report 1899, I, 87-105.
130. Andreas Dorpalen, “The Political Influence of the German Element in Colonial America,” Pennsylvania History, VI (1939), 147-158.
131. Israel Daniel Rupp, A Collection of Upwards of Thirty Thousand Names of German, Swiss, Dutch, French, and Other Immigrants in Pennsylvania from 1727 to 1776…, 2ded. rev. (Baltimore, 1965 [orig. publ. Philadelphia, 1876]).
132. William Thomas Johnson, “Some Aspects of the Relations of the Government and German Settlers in Colonial Pennsylvania, 1683-1754,” Pa. Hist., XI (1944), 95.
133. Frank Ried Diffenderffer, The Cernían Immigration into Pennsylvania Through the Port of Philadelphia, 1700 to 1775, II (Lancaster, Pa., 1900), 78-89.
134. Richard Hofstadter, America at 1750: A Social Portrait (New York, 1971), 46-49, 208-209.
135. Abbot Emerson Smith, Colonists in Bondage: White Servitude and Convict Labor in America, 1607-1776 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1947), 120-122.
136. William J. Hinke, ed. and trans., “Report of the Journey of Francis Louis Michel from Berne, Switzerland, to Virginia, October 2, 1701-December 1, 1702,” KMHB, XXIV (1916), 298.
137. P Palmer et al., eds., Calendar of Virginia State Papers and Other Manuscripts. (Richmond, Va., 1875-1893), I, 3.
138. Fairfax Harrison, “Brent Town, Ravensworth, and the Huguenots in Stafford,” Tyler’s Qtly. Hist, and Genial. Mag., V (1923-1924), 175.
139. James Bisset, ed., Abridgment and Collection of the Acts of Assembly Of the Province of Maryland, At present in Force. (Philadelphia, 1759), 37.
140. J. H. Hollander, “The Naturalization of Jews in the American Colonies under the Act of 1740,” Am. Jewish Hist. Soc., Pubs., No. 5 (1897), 111-117.
141. Leon Hühner, “Naturalization of Jews in New York under the Act of 1740,” Am. Jewish Hist. Soc., Pubs… No. 13 (1905), 6.
142. Leon Hühner, “The Jews of Virginia from the Earliest Times to the Close of the Eighteenth Century,” Am. Jewish Hist. Soc., Pubs., No. 20 (1911), 89.
143. J H. Hollander, “Some Unpublished Material Relating to Dr. Jacob Lumbrozo, of Maryland,” Am. Jewish Hist. Soc., Pubs.., No. 1 (1893), 29.
144. David C. Adelman, “Strangers. Civil Rights of Jews in the Colony of Rhode Island,” Rhode Island Jewish Historical Notes, I, No. 2 (1954), 110.
145. Max J. Kohler, “Civil Status of the Jews in Colonial New York,” Am. Jewish Hist. Soc., Pubs., No. 6 (1897), 105-106.
146. J. H. Hollander, “The Civil Status of the Jews in Maryland, 1634-1776,” Am. Jewish Hist. Soc., Pubs.., No. 2 (1894), 41.
147. Adelman, “Civil Rights ofJews m R.I.,” R.I. Jewish Hist. Notes, I, No. 2(1954), 106.
148. Kohler, “Jews in Colonial N.Y.,” Am. Jewish Hist. Soc., Pubs., No. 6(1897), 98.
149. Adelman, “Civil Rights of Jews in R.I.,” R.I. Jewish Hist. Notes, I, No. 2 (1954), 110.
150. Bruce M. Bigelow, “Aaron Lopez: Colonial Merchant of Newport,” R.I. Jewish Hist. Notes., II, No. 1 (1956), 4-17.
151. MaxJ. Kohler, “The Jews in Newport,” Am. Jewish Hist. Soc., Pubs., No. 6 (1897), 71.
152. Leon Hühner, “The Jews of New England (Other than Rhode Island) prior to 1800,” Am. Jewish Hist. Soc., Pubs., No. 11 (1903), 81.
153. Mack E. Thompson, “The Ward-Hopkins Controversy and the American Revolution in Rhode Island: An Interpretation,” IVMQ, 3d Ser., XVI (1959), 363-375.
154. W. Winner, “Ezra Stiles and the Jews,” Am. Jewish Hist. Soc., Pubs., No. 8 (1900), 126.
155. H. R. Mcllwaine, ed., Executive Journals of the Council of Colonial Virginia, I (Richmond, Va., 1925), 389.
156. Michael Kämmen, “The Meaning of Colonization in American Revolutionary Thought,” Journal of the History of Ideas, XXXI (1970), 337-358.
157. Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, Mass., 1967), esp. chaps. 4-6.
158. G. H. Guttridge, English Whiggism and the American Revolution (Berkeley and Los Angeles, Cal., 1942), 61.
159. R. A. Humphreys, “The Rule of Law and the American Revolution,” Law Quarterly Review, LIII (1937), 80.
160. Thomas Jefferson, A Summary View of the Rights of British America. (Williamsburg, Va., 1774), ed. Thomas E Abernethy (New York, 1943), 20.
161. James Otis, A I/indication of the Conduct of the House of Representatives in the Province of Massachusetts-Bay. (Boston, 1762).
162. Charles F. Mullett, ed., Some Political Writings of James Otis, University of Missouri Studies, IV (Columbia, Mo., 1929), 43.
163. James Otis, The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved (Boston, 1764).
164. Bernard Bailyn, ed., Pamphlets of the American Revolution, 7750-7776, I (Cambridge, Mass., 1965), 475.
165. Stephen Hopkins, The Rights of Colonies Examined (Providence, R.I., 1765).
166. Martin Howard, Jr., A Letter from a Gentleman at Halifax, to His Friend in Rhode-Island, Containing Remarks upon a Pamphlet, Entitled, The Rights of the Colonies Examined (Newport, R.I., 1765).
167. Harry Alonzo Gushing, ed., The Writings of Samuel Adams (New York, 1904-1908), I, 155.
168. William Forsyth, Cases and Opinions on Constitutional Law, and Various Points of English Jurisprudence. (London, 1869), 1.
169. Richard Bland, The Colonel Dismounted: Or The Rector Vindicated. (Williamsburg, Va., 1764).
170. Charles F. Mullett, “Coke and the American Revolution,” Económica, XII (1932), esp. 468-470.
171. Samuel E. Morison, ed., William Knox on American Taxation, 1769, Old South Association, Old South Leaflets, No. 210 (Boston, 1917), 4-5.
172. Gerald Stourzh, “William Blackstone: Teacher of Revolution,” Jahrbuch für Amerikastudien, XV (1970), 186-187.
173. Gerald Stourzh, Alexander Hamilton and the Idea of Republican Government (Stanford, Cal., 1970), 12-13, 21-22, and 216n.
174. Josiah Quincy, Jr., Reports of Cases Argued and Adjudged in the Superior Court of judicature of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, between 1761 and 1772 (Boston, 1865), 258-260.
175. J. R. Pole, Political Representation in England and the Origins of the American Republic (London, 1966), 22.
176. Richard Koebner, Empire (Cambridge, 1961), 134, 135, 145.
177. Edmund S. Morgan, ed., Prologue to Revolution: Sources and Documents on the Stamp Act Crisis, 1764-1766 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1959), 62.
178. Henry Campbell Black, Black’s Law Dictionary: Definitions of the Terms and Phrases of American and English Jurisprudence, Ancient and Modem, 4th ed. rev. (St. Paul, Minn., 1968), 897.
179. St. George Leakin Sioussat, The English Statutes in Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, XXI (Baltimore, 1903), 24.
180. Daniel Dulany, Sr, The Right of the Inhabitants of Maryland to the Benefit of the English Laws (Annapolis, Md., 1728).
181. [James Wilson], Considerations on the Nature and Extent of the Legislative Authority of the British Parliament (Philadelphia, 1774).
182. James Iredell, “Address to the Inhabitants of Great Britain,” Sept. 1774, in Griffith J. McRee, ed., Life and Correspondence of James Iredell…, I (New York, 1857), 216.
183. John Bigelow, ed. and comp., The Complete Works of Benjamin Franklin. (New York and London, 1887-1888), IV, 309.
184. Morton J. Horwitz, “The Emergence of an Instrumental Conception of American Law, 1780-1820,” Perspectives Am. Hist., V (1971), 293-294.
185. [John Dickinson], The Farmer’s Letters to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies, “Letter III” (Virginia, 1769), in Political Writings of John Dickinson, I, 170, 171.
186. Múllete, “Coke and the American Revolution,” Económica, XII (1932), 462.
187. Michael G. Hall et al., eds., The Glorious Revolution in America: Documents on the Colonial Crisis a/1689 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1964), 12-13.
188. Viola Florence Barnes, The Dominion of New England: A Study in British Colonial Policy (New Haven, Conn., 1923), 99, 119-120.
189. Andrew Burnaby, Travels through the Middle Settlements in North America, in the Years 1759 and 1760. With Observations upon the State of the Colonies, 2d ed. (Ithaca, N.Y., 1968 [orig. publ. London, 1775]), 24.
190. [Moses Mather], America’s Appeal to the Impartial World. (Hartford, Conn., 1775).
191. Harold C. Syrett and Jacob E. Cooke, eds., The Papers of Alexander Hamilton, I (New York, 1961), 91.
192. David Ammerman, In the Common Cause: American Response to the Coercive Acts 0/1774 (Charlottesville, Va., 1974), 58-60.
193. Worthington Chauncey Ford et al., eds., Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789 (Washington, D.C., 1904-1937), II, 410.
194. William M. Dabney and Marion Dargan, William Henry Drayton and the American Revolution (Albuquerque, N.M., 1962), 183.
195. Thomas Jefferson, “Notes of Proceedings in the Continental Congress,” [June 7-Aug. 1, 1776], in Julian E Boyd et al., eds., The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, I (Princeton, N.J., 1950), 311.
196. Angermann, “Ständische Rechtstraditionen,” Historische Zeitschrift, CC (1965), 80.
197. Angermann, “Ständische Rechtstraditionen,” Historische Zeitschrift, CC (1965), 88-89.
198. Angermann, “Ständische Rechtstraditionen,” Historische Zeitschrift, CC (1965), 79, 86-88.
199. Willi Paul Adams, Republikanische Verfassung und bürgerliche Freiheit: Die Verfassungen und politischen Ideen der amerikanischen Revolution (Darmstadt, 1973), 73-74.
200. Jere R. Daniell, Experiment in Republicanism: New Hampshire Politics and the American Revolution, 1741-1794 (Cambridge, Mass., 1970), 110-111.
201. Epaphroditus Peck, The Loyalists of Connecticut (New Haven, Conn., 1934), 11.
202. R.I. Col. Recs., VII, 522-526.
203. John H. Hazelton, The Declaration of Independence: Its History (New York, 1906), 240-281.
204. Bradley Chapín, The American Law of Treason: Revolutionary and Early National Origins (Seattle, Wash., 1964), 29-32.
205. Paul H. Smith, Loyalists ana Redcoats: A Study in British Revolutionary Policy (New York, 1964), 10-31.
206. Curtis E Nettels, “A Link in the Chain of Events Leading to American Independence,” WMQ, 3d Ser., III (1946), 39-40.
207. Claude Halstead Van Tyne, The Loyalists in the American Revolution (New York, 1902).
208. Willard Hurst, “Treason in the United States,” Harvard Law Review, LVIII (1944-1945), 248n, 256n.
209. Van Tyne, Loyalists in the American Revolution, 280.
210. Henry J. Young, “Treason and Its Punishment in Revolutionary Pennsylvania,” PMHB, XC (1966), 299.
211. Samuel Hazard, ed., Pennsylvania Archives, 1st Ser. (Philadelphia and Harrisburg, Pa., 1852-1856), VI, 704-705, 713, VII, 246.
212. Dorothy MacKay Quynn, “The Loyalist Plot in Frederick,” MA. Hist. Mag., XL (1945), 201-210.
213. John M. Coleman, “The Treason of Ralph Morden and Robert Land,” PMHB, LXXIX (1955), 439-451.
214. Isaac Samuel Harrell, Loyalism in Virginia: Chapters in the Economic History of the Revolution (Durham, N.C., 1926), 59.
215. Robert O. DeMond, The Loyalists in North Carolina during the Revolution (Durham, N.C., 1940), 20.
216. John Bassett Moore, ed., Arbitration of Claims for Compensation for Losses and Damages resultingfrom Lawful Impediments to the Recovery ofPre-War Debts, in John Bassett Moore, ed., International Adjudications, Ancient and Modern…, Mod. Ser., III (New York, 1931), 1-4.
217. Van Tyne, Loyalists in the American Revolution, 286-307.
218. Wallace Brown, The Good Americans: The Loyalists in the American Revolution (New York, 1969), 171-179.
219. Charles R. Ritcheson, Aftermath of Revolution: British Policy toward the United States, 1783-1795 (Dallas, Tex., 1969), 49-62.
220. Merrill Jensen, The New Nation: A History of the United States during the Confederation, 1781-1789 (New York, 1950), 268-281.
221. DeMond, Loyalists in North Carolina, 153-169.
222. Oscar Zeichner, “The Rehabilitation of Loyalists in Connecticut,” New England Quarterly, XI (1938), 308-330.
223. Oscar Zeichner, “The Loyalist Problem in New York after the Revolution,” N.Y. Hist., XXI (1940), 284-302.
224. Julius Goebel, Jr., ed., The Law Practice of Alexander Hamilton: Documents and Commentary (New York, 1964-1969), I, 197-202.
225. Henry C. Van Schaack, The Life of Peter Van Schaack. (New York, 1842), 56.
226. William H. Nelson, The American Tory (Boston, 1961), 122.
227. Van Schaack, Life oj Peter Van Schaack, 57-58.
228. Thad W. Täte, “The Social Contract in America, 1774-1787: Revolutionary Theory as a Conservative Instrument,” WMQ, 3d Ser., XXII (1965), 375-391.
229. James Kent, Commentaries on American Law, II (New York, 1827), 33-35.
230. Kettner, “Subjects or Citizens? A Note on British Views,” Va. Law Rev., LXII (1976), esp. 952-967.
231. Samuel Flagg Bemis, Jay’s Treaty: A Study in Commerce and Diplomacy, 2d ed. rev. (New Haven, Conn., 1962), 466.
232. Boyd et al., eds., Jefferson Papers, I, 344, 353, 363.
233. Acts and Laws of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (Boston, 1890-1898 [orig. publ. Boston, 1781-1805]), 1786-1787, 744.
234. The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States, 1789-1824. (Washington, D.C., 1834-1856).
235. Charles J. Hoadly et al., eds., The Public Records of the State of Connecticut… (Hartford, Conn., 1894-), V, 325-326.
236. Laws of the State of New York passed at the Sessions of the Legislature (Albany, N.Y., 1886-1887), I, 557.
237. Chester James Antieau, “Paul’s Perverted Privileges or the True Meaning of the Privileges and Immunities Clause of Article Four,” William and Mary Law Review, IX (1967-1968), 2-5.
238. [Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison], The Federalist; A Commentary on the Constitution of the United States…, with an introduction by Edward Meade Earle (New York, 1937), No. 42, 276-277.
239. James Madison, Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 (Athens, Ohio, 1966).
240. “Index by Clauses of the Constitution,” in Max Farrand, ed., The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, 2d ed. rev. (New Haven, Conn., 1966 [orig. publ. 1937]), IV, 107-123.
241. Antieau, “Paul’s Perverted Privileges,” W. and M. Law Rev., IX (1967-1968), 5-10.
242. Raymond Walters, Jr., Albert Gallatin: Jeffersonian Financier and Diplomat (New York, 1957), 50.
243. John P Roche, The Early Development of United States Citizenship (Ithaca, Ñ.Y., 1949).
244. Joseph Bloomfield, comp. Laws of the State of New Jersey, from 1800 to 1811. (Trenton, N.J., 1811), 172 (Nov. 7, 1806).
245. James Morton Smith, Freedom’s Fetters: The Alien and Sedition Laws and American Civil Liberties (Ithaca, N.Y., 1956), 23.
246. John C. Miller, Crisis in Freedom: The Alien and Sedition Acts (Boston, 1951), 42.
247. Noble E. Cunningham, Jr., The Jeffersonian Republicans: The Formation of Party Organization, 1789-1801 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1957), 126.
248. V. Ames, “The Proposed Amendments to the Constitution of the United States during the First Century of Its History,” A.H.A., Annual Report… for the Year 1896, II (1897), 30, 74.
249. Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men (New York, 1970), 250-260.
250. Michael Leib (Pa.), Annals of Congress, 7th Cong., 2d sess., 576.
251. John E Roche, “Pre-Statutory Denaturalization,” Cornell Law Quarterly, XXXV (1949-1950), 123-125.
252. Roche, “Pre-Statutory Denaturalization,” Cornell Law Qtly., XXXV (1949-1950), 123-125.
253. Everett Somerville Brown, The Constitutional History of the Louisiana Purchase, 1803-1812 (Berkeley, Cal, 1920), 18-19, 26, 46-47, 52.
254. Henry D. Gilpm, ed., Opinions of the Attorneys General of the United States, from the beginning of the Government to March 1st, 1841…, 1 (Washington, D.C., 1841), 218-219.
255. John Bassett Moore, ed., A Digest of International Law, III (Washington, D.C., 1906), 314.
256. Felix S. Cohen, Handbook of Federal Indian Law (Washington, D.C., 1942), 153.
257. Arnold J. Lien, The Acquisition of Citizenship by the Native American Indians, Washington University Studies, Humanistic Series No. 1 (Concord, N.H., 1925), 164-176.
258. Arnold Lien, Concurring Opinion: The Privileges or Immunities Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment (St. Louis, Mo., 1957).
259. Charles Fairman, Reconstruction and Reunion, 1864-88, Part One, in Paul A. Freund, ed., The Oliver Wendell Holmes Devise History of the Supreme Court of the United States, VI (New York, 1971), 1123.
260. Max Farrand, “The Judiciary Act of 1801,” AHR, V (1899-1900), 682-686.
261. Kathryn Turner, “Federalist Policy and the Judiciary Act of 1801,” WMQ, 3d Ser., XXII (1965), 3-32.
262. Dwight F. Henderson, Courts for a New Nation (Washington, D.C., 1971).
263. Felix Frankfurter and James M. Landis, The Business of the Supreme Court: A Study in the Federal Judicial System (New York, 1928), esp. 4-55.
264. Edwin Merrick Dodd, American Business Corporations until 1860, with Special Reference to Massachusetts (Cambridge, Mass., 1954), 150-155.
265. William W. Frechling, Prelude to Civil War: The Nullification Controversy in South Carolina, 1816-1836 (New York, 1966), esp. 309-321.
266. Rising Lake Morrow, “The Early American Attitude toward the Doctrine of Expatriation,” American Journal of International Law, XXVI (1932), 552-564.
267. Duane Douglas Smith, “The Evolution of the Legal Concept of Citizenship in the United States” (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1936), chap. 6.
268. Benjamin F. Hall, comp., Official Opinions of the Attorneys-General of the United States. (Washington, D.C., 1852-1858), IX, 356.
269. Morrow, “Early American Attitude toward Expatriation,” Am. Jour. Int. Law, XXVI (1932), 559-561.
270. [John Lowell], Review of a Treatise on Expatriation by George Hay, Esq…. By a Massachusetts Lawyer (Boston, 1814).
271. Alexander DeConde, The Quasi-War: The Politics and Diplomacy of the Undeclared War with France, 1797-1801 (New York, 1966), 266.
272. Morrow, “Early American Attitude toward Expatriation,” Am. Jour. Int. Law, XXVI (1932), 555-556.
273. W. Stitt Robinson, Jr., “The Legal Status of the Indian in Colonial Virginia,” VMHB, LXI (1953), 247-259.
274. Yasu Kawashima, “Jurisdiction of the Colonial Courts over the Indians in Massachusetts, 1689-1763,” NEQ, XLII (1969), 532-550.
275. Yasu Kawashima, “Legal Origins of the Indian Reservation in Colonial Massachusetts,” American Journal of Legal History, XIII (1969), 42-56.
276. James P. Ronda, “Red and White at the Bench: Indians and the Law in Plymouth Colony, 1620-1691,” Essex Inst., Hist. Colls., CX (1974), 200-215.
277. E. Edwards Beardsley, “The Mohegan Land Controversy,” New Haven Colony Historical Society, Papers, III (New Haven, Conn., 1882), 205-225.
278. Richard S. Dunn, Puritans and Yankees: The Winthrop Dynasty of New England, 1630-1717 (Princeton, N.J., 1962), 339-343.
279. P Richard Metcalf, “Who Should Rule at Home? Native American Politics and Indian-White Relations,” Journal of American History, LXI (1974), 654-657.
280. Michael T. Smith, “The History of Indian Citizenship,” Great Plains Journal, X (1970), 25-35.
281. Francis Paul Prucha, American Indian Policy in the Formative Years: The Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts, 1790-1834 (Cambridge, Mass., 1962).
282. J. Youngblood Henderson and Rüssel L. Barsh, “Oyate kiN hoye keyuga u pe (The Tribe Sends a Voice as They Come),” Harvard Law School Bulletin (Apr. 1974), 10-15.
283. Robert Ericson and D. Rebecca Snow, “The Indian Battle for Self-Determination,” California Law Review, LVIII (1970), 445-490.
284. Gerald Günther, “Governmental Power and New York Indian Lands-A Reassessment of a Persistent Problem of Federal-State Relations,” Buffalo Law Review, VIII (1958-1959), 1-26.
285. Francis J. O’Toole and Thomas N. Tureen, “State Power and the Passamaquoddy Tribe: ‘A Gross National Hypocrisy?'" Maine Law Review, XXIII (1971), 1-39.
286. Joseph C. Burke, “The Cherokee Cases: A Study in Law, Politics, and Morality,” Stanford Law Review, XXI (1968-1969), 500-531.
287. David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823 (Ithaca, N. Y, 1975).
288. Robert M. Cover, Justice Accused: Antislavery and the Judicial Process (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1975).
289. Oscar and Mary F. Handlin, “Origins of the Southern Labor System,” WMQ, 3d Ser., VII (1950), 199-222.
290. Winthrop D. Jordan, White over Black: American Attitudes toward the Negro, 1550-1812 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1968).
291. Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery-American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (New York, 1975).
292. William M. Wiecek, “Somerset: Lord Mansfield and the Legitimacy of Slavery in the Anglo-American World,” University of Chicago Law Review, XLII (1974-1975).
293. Arthur Zilversmit, The First Emancipation: The Abolition of Slavery in the North (Chicago, 1967).
294. Ira Berlin, Slaves without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South (New York, 1974), 3-12.
295. Helen Tunnicliff Catterall, ed., Judicial Cases concerning American Slavery and the Negro, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication No. 374 (Washington, D.C., 1926-1937).
296. William W. Frechling, “The Founding Fathers and Slavery,” AHR, LXXVII (1971-1972), 81-93.
297. Duncan J. MacLeod, Slavery, Race, and the American Revolution (Cambridge, 1974), 12-13.
298. Leon F. Litwack, North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States, 1790-1860 (Chicago, 1961), 3-15.
299. Benjamin Quarles, The Negro in the American Revolution (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1961).
300. Lawrence M. Friedman, A History of American Law (New York, 1973), 192-201.
301. Donald J. Senese, “The Free Negro and the South Carolina Courts, 1790-1860,” South Carolina Historical Magazine, LXVIII (1967), 140-153.
302. “American Slavery and the Conflict of Laws,” Columbia Law Review, LXXI (1971), 74-99.
303. Harold W. Horowitz, “Choice-of-Law Decisions Involving Slavery: ‘Interest Analysis’ in the Early Nineteenth Century,” UCLA Law Review, XVII (1969-1970), 587-601.
304. Kempes Schnell, “Anti-Slavery Influence on the Status of Slaves in a Free State’ Journal of Negro History, L (1965), 257-273.
305. Thomas D. Morris, Free Men All: The Personal Liberty Laws of the North, 1780-1861 (Baltimore, 1974), 1-23.
306. Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Conflict of Laws, Foreign and Domestic. (Boston, 1834), 27, 38, 96-97, 101-106.
307. Ronald Harry Graveson, Status in the Common Law (London, 1953).
308. W. Campbell, The Slave Catchers: Enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law, 1850-1860 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1970), 7-8.
309. Donald M. Roper, “In Quest ofjudicial Objectivity: The Marshall Court and the Legitimation of Slavery,” Stanford Law Review, XXI (1968-1969), 532-539.
310. Kent Newmyer, “On Assessing the Court in History: Some Comments on the Roper and Burke Articles,” Stanford Law Review., 540-547.
311. Charles Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History, rev. ed., II (Boston, 1926), 67-73.
312. Joseph C. Burke, “What Did the Prigg Decision Really Decide?" PMHB, XCIII (1969), 73-85.
313. Vincent C. Hopkins, Dred Scott’s Case (New York, 1951).
314. Stanley I. Kutler, ed., The Dred Scott Decision: Law or Politics? (Boston, 1967), pt. iii.
315. James G. Randall, Constitutional Problems under Lincoln, rev. ed. (Urbana, 111., 1951).
316. Charles P Roland, The Confederacy (Chicago, 1960).
317. Charles Robert Lee, Jr., The Confederate Constitutions (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1963).
318. W. Patrick, ed., The Opinions of the Confederate Attorneys General, 1861-1865 (Buffalo, N.Y., 1950), 134-135.
319. Patrick, ed., Opinions ofConfed. Attorneys General, 114-115.
320. E. Merton Coulter, The Confederate States of America, 1861-1865 (Baton Rouge, La., 1950), 67-68.
321. William M. Robinson, Jr., Justice in Grey: A History of the Judicial System of the Confederate States of America (Cambridge, Mass., 1941), 57, 178-181.
322. Alexander M. Bickel, “The Original Understanding and the Segregation Decision,” Harv. Law Rev., LXIX (1955-1956), 1-65.
323. Alexander M. Bickel, “Citizenship in the American Constitution,” Arizona Law Review, XV (1973), 369-387.
324. Fairman, Reconstruction and Reunion, 1864-88, esp. chaps. 19-20.
325. Howard Jay Graham, “The ‘Conspiracy Theory’ of the Fourteenth Amendment,” Yale Law Journal, XLVII (1937-1938), 371-403.
326. Robert J. Kaczorowski, “Searching for the Intent of the Framers of Fourteenth Amendment,” Connecticut Law Review, V (1972-1973), 368-398.
327. Benj. B. Kendrick, The Journal of the Joint Committee of Fifteen on Reconstruction (New York, 1914).
328. U.S., Congress, Senate, Congressional Globe, 39th Cong., 1st sess., 1865-1866.
329. Joseph B. James, The Framing of the Fourteenth Amendment, Illinois Studies in the Social Sciences, XXXVII (Urbana, 111., 1956).
330. W. R. Brock, An American Crisis: Congress and Reconstruction, 1865-1867 (New York, 1963).
331. James M. McPherson, The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction (Princeton, N.J., 1964).
332. U.S., Congress, Senate, Congressional Globe, 39th Cong., 1st sess., 1865-1866, pt. 1, 474-476.
333. James G. Randall and David Donald, The Civil War and Reconstruction, 2d ed. (Boston, 1961), 584-585, 633-634.
334. Bickel, “The Original Understanding,” Harv. Law Rev., LXIX (1955-1956), 7, 46.
335. Richard Claude, “Constitutional Voting Rights and Early U. S. Supreme Court Doctrine,” Jour. Negro Hist., LI (1966), 114-124.
336. LaWanda Cox and John H. Cox, Politics, Principle, and Prejudice, 1865-1866: Dilemma of Reconstruction America (New York, 1963), 207, 228.
337. John H. Cox, “Negro Suffrage and Republican Politics: The Problem of Motivation in Reconstruction Historiography,” Journal of Southern History, XXXIII (1967), 303-330.