BABYLON

Brill's Companions to Classical Studies

Volumn , Issue , 2002, Pages 475-496

  Kuhrt, Amélie ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 85028331794     PISSN: 18723357     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1163/9789004217584_022     Document Type: Chapter

References (42)

1. 1 Earlier on, another Labynetos appears as mediator resolving the conflict between Cyaxares and Alyattes on the Halys (1.74). Herodotus digresses here to mention the Persian king's practice of having water from the Choaspes transported for his consumption when on the move (1.188; cf. Briant (1994)). He also describes Cyrus dividing the Gyndes river into channels as punishment for drowning one of the sacred white horses, before moving to Babylon.
2. 2 Herodotus says that this was the first time Babylon was taken, pointing forward to his elaborate tale, 'The ruse of Zopyrus', when Babylon fell to Darius I (3.150- 60). He continues with a description of Babylonian contributions to the satrapal and royal coffers, over and above the regular tribute. At 3.92, he lists its annual tribute as 1,000 talents of silver and 500 boys to be made into eunuchs.
3. 3 Brinkman (I968), (I984). For a discussion of the problems involved in defining Chaldeans, and a critique of the idea that they were 'tribal', see von Dassow (I999).
4. 4 Edzard (1975); Kuhrt (1982).
5. 5 E.g., MacGinnis (1986); cf. Dalley (1994).
6. 6 For detailed criticism of these approaches, see Rollinger (1993), (1998).
7. 7 Redfield (1985); Rosselini and Sai:d (1978).
8. 8 Gould (1989) 89; Bichler and Rollinger (2000) 29- 31.
9. 9 MacNeal (1988); Dillery (1992).
10. 10 See, e.g., Dyson (I971), for a discussion of the odd reports by British travellers in India in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
11. 11 Redfield (1985) 109- 12; Rollinger (1993) 182.
12. 12 Langdon (1912); Berger (1973).
13. 13 Cf. Beaulieu (1989); Kuhrt (1983), (1990c).
14. 14 Kuhrt (1983), (1990a) 180- 1, (1987), (1990b); van der Spek (1983).
15. 15 Grayson (1975); Glassner (1993).
16. 16 Kuhrt (1990a) 179- 80; Sachs and Hunger (1988); Stolper (1988); Walker (1997).
17. 17 Many aspects of the rich Uruk archives (which seem to cease in the early years of Darius I) have been, and continue to be, studied, and more texts published (cf. Kessler (1991) for survey; for the end of the archive: van Driel (1998)). The most recent substantial studies (with bibliography) of the Sippar material, which comes to an end in the early years of Xerxes, are: Bongenaar (1997); Jursa (1995); MacGinnis (1995).
18. 18 Weidner (1939); cf. Pedersen (1998) 183- 4. That they certainly did exist is clear from occasional references in other texts to directives received from the king, and by analogy with the enormous documentation surviving from the Assyrian state archives, now being published in full in the series State Archives efAs~ria, Helsinki 1987- . So far, fifteen volumes of texts with translations have appeared, plus twelve books in the companion monograph series (State Archives efAs~ria Studies). Discussions of Assyrian history and society linked to the project appear regularly in the biannual journal, State Archives efAs~ria Bulletin.
19. 19 The archive of the governor, who, unusually, was a Babylonian appointed by the Persian regime, is being published and analysed by Stolper (1987), (1990), (1995).
20. 2°For survey offindspots and publications: Pedersen (1998) 186- 9, 198- 9, 203- 4, 210- 12.
21. 21 Cf. Pedersen (1998) 187- 9, n. 73, for publications; add now Wunsch (2000).
22. 22 Cardascia (1951); Stolper (1985); Donbaz and Stolper (1997).
23. 23 For full references to reports, and publications, of the Sippar library, see Pedersen (1998) 197, n. 85.
24. 24 Sachs (1948), (1952); Rochberg-Halton (1984), (1991).
25. 25 Larsen (1976); Veenhof (1995).
26. 26 Lanfranchi (2000) has argued that by the early seventh century some Greeks were settled as subjects inside the Assyrian empire.
27. 27 It is often assumed that Nabopolassar belonged to the powerful Chaldaean tribe, who lived in the extreme south of Iraq (see Brinkman (1968), (1984)), but this is debatable (Kuhrt (1995a) 621, n. 4).
28. 28 See the important evidence from ancient Dur Katlimmu, Kuhne et al. (1993); cf. Kuhrt (1995b).
29. 29 Full discussion of Mesopotamian history in Kuhrt (1995a) chs. 1- 2, 7, 9, 11; details of Cyrus' conquest, Kuhrt (1983), (1988); Nabonidus provided with revenues, Briant (I985).
30. 30 The most important analyses of Darius' usurpation are Dandamaev (1976); Briant (1996) 109-39. For discussion of Herodotus' account of Darius' accession and its relationship to the Behistun inscription, see Balcer (1987).
31. 1 Kuhrt and Sherwin-White (1987) 71- 2; Briant (1998) 217- 19, 224.
32. 32 Rollinger (1998) stresses, rightly, that we do not know precisely which Artaxerxes had these titles (it could be either I, II or III). Attributing the documents (there are so far only three) to Artaxerxes I is based on the assumption that there is an evolution in the titulary.
33. 33 Briant (1992); Kuhrt (1997); Rollinger (1998).
34. 34 Haerinck (1990), (1997); Schmid (1981), (1995).
35. 35 Koldewey (1990); Unger (1928).
36. 36 Precise height is not known, as all that survives at Babylon is a badly denuded stump. The ziggurat at Ur (c. 2100 BC) was originally c. 12 m. high; the thirteenth-century one at Choga Zanbil was 100 m. square and c. 48 m. high. Only at Khorsabad in Assyria (eighth-century) is there a trace of spiral access.
37. 37 Two distinct rituals are dubbed 'sacred marriage': one is the marriage of two gods, represented by their statues; the other a ceremony during which the goddess of erotic love, Inanna/Ishtar (represented by a priestess?), and the king in the guise of her mythical lover, Dumuzi, had intercourse. How this latter was enacted precisely is enigmatic as, apart from literary allusions, no descriptions survive. Scholars are, therefore, divided on what it involved. For arguments denying its performance, see Leick (1994) 111- 38; for acceptance, Frymer-Kensky (1992) 50- 7. Best recent assessments of ritual, Cooper (1993); Goodnick-Westenholz (1995).
38. 38 The topography of Babylon is re-examined, using the literary texts known as 'The Description of Babylon' and more recent examinations of the city's terrain, in George (1992), (1993), (1997); this supersedes, in many important respects, the earlier study by Unger (1931).
39. 39 Vallat (1989); Haerinck (1990), (1997).
40. 4°Kuhrt (1989), Leick (1994).
41. 41 For a full, recent discussion of Babylonia under Persian rule, see Wiesehofer (1999).
42. 42 For analysis of Herodotus' ideas about Assyrian and Babylonian history (and that of later classical writers), see Kuhrt (1982), (I995c).