Are flat-field snow depth measurements representative? A comparison of selected index sites with areal snow depth measurements at the small catchment scale

Hydrological Processes

Volumn 29, Issue 7, 2015, Pages 1717-1728

  Gru¨newald, Thomas ^a,b   Lehning, Michael ^a,b  

^a WSL INSTITUTE FOR SNOW AND AVALANCHE RESEARCH SLF   (Switzerland)

^b EPFL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Index station; Laser scanning; LiDAR; Representativeness; Snow depth; Spatial variability

Indexed keywords

CATCHMENTS; LASER APPLICATIONS; OPTICAL RADAR; RUNOFF; SNOW MELTING SYSTEMS; SURFACE ANALYSIS;

INDEX STATION; LASER SCANNING; REPRESENTATIVENESS; SNOW DEPTHS; SPATIAL VARIABILITY;

SNOW;

AIRBORNE SURVEY; CATCHMENT; COMPARATIVE STUDY; LIDAR; SATELLITE DATA; SNOW COVER; SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT; SPATIAL VARIATION; TOPOGRAPHIC MAPPING;

ALPS; PYRENEES; ROCKY MOUNTAINS;

EID: 85028171457     PISSN: 08856087     EISSN: 10991085     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/hyp.10295     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Balk B, Elder K. 2000. Combining binary decision tree and geostatistical methods to estimate snow distribution in a mountain watershed. Water Resources Research 36(1): 13-26. DOI: 10.1029/1999wr900251
2. Baltsavias EP. 1999. Airborne laser scanning: basic relations and formulas. Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 54: 199-214.
3. Bavay M, Gru¨newald T, Lehning M. 2013. Response of snow cover and runoff to climate change in high Alpine catchments of Eastern Switzerland. Advances in Water Resources 55(0): 4-16. DOI: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.12.009
4. Bavay M, Lehning M, Jonas T, Lo¨we H. 2009. Simulations of future snow cover and discharge in Alpine headwater catchments. Hydrological Processes 23(1): 95-108. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.7195
5. Carroll SS, Cressie N. 1996. A comparison of geostatistical methodologies used to estimate snow water equivalent. Water Resources Bulletin 32(2): 267-278.
6. Chang ATC, Kelly REJ, Josberger EG, Armstrong RL, Foster JL, Mognard NM. 2005. Analysis of ground-measured and passive-microwave-derived snow depth variations in midwinter across the northern Great Plains. Journal of Hydrometeorology 6(1): 20-33. DOI: 10.1175/jhm-405.1
7. Dadic R, Mott R, Lehning M, Burlando P. 2010a. Parameterization for wind-induced preferential deposition of snow. Hydrological Processes 24(14): 1994-2006. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.7776
8. Dadic R, Mott R, Lehning M, Burlando P. 2010b. Wind influence on snow depth distribution and accumulation over glaciers. Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface 115: 8. DOI: 10.1029/2009JF001261
9. Daly SF, Davis R, Ochs E, Pangburn T. 2000. An approach to spatially distributed snow modelling of the Sacramento and San Joaquin basins, California. Hydrological Processes 14(18): 3257-3271. DOI: 10.1002/1099-1085(20001230)14:18<3257: aid-hyp199>3.0.co;2-z.
10. DeBeer CM, Pomeroy JW. 2010. Simulation of the snowmelt runoff contributing area in a small alpine basin. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14(7): 1205-1219. DOI: 10.5194/hess-14-1205-2010
11. Deems JS, Painter TH. 2006. Lidar measurement of snow depth: accuracy and error sources. Proceedings International Snow Science Workshop ISSW 2006, Telluride, CO, Proceedings International Snow Science Workshop ISSW 384-391.
12. Deems JS, Painter TH, Finnegan DC. 2013. Lidar measurement of snow depth: a review. Journal of Glaciology 59(215): 467-479. DOI: 10.3189/2013JoG12J154
13. Egli L. 2008. Spatial variability of new snow amounts derived from a dense network of Alpine automatic stations. Annals of Glaciology 49: 51-55. DOI: 10.3189/172756408787814843
14. Egli L, Griessinger N, Jonas T. 2011. Seasonal development of spatial snow-depth variability across different scales in the Swiss Alps. Annals of Glaciology 52(58): 216-222. DOI: 10.3189/172756411797252211
15. Erxleben J, Elder K, Davis R. 2002. Comparison of spatial interpolation methods for estimating snow distribution in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Hydrological Processes 16(18): 3627-3649. DOI: 10.1002/Hyp.1239
16. Geist T, Ho¨fle B, Rutzinger M, Sto¨tter J. 2009. Laser scanning - a paradigm change in topographic data acquisition for natural hazard management. In Sustainable Natural Hazard Management in Alpine Environments, Veulliet E, Sto¨tter J, Weck-Hannemann H (eds). Springer: Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London, New York, Berlin; 309-344.
17. Geist T, Sto¨tter J. 2008. Documentation of glacier surface elevation change with multi-temporal airborne laser scanner data - case study: Hintereisferner and Kesselwandferner, Tyrol, Austria. Zeitschrift fu¨r Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie 41: 77-106.
18. Gru¨newald T, Dierer S, Cattin R, Steiner P, Steinkogler W, Fundel F, Lehning M. 2012. Mapping frequencies of icing on structures in Switzerland. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 107-108: 76-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.jweia.2012.03.022
19. Gru¨newald T, Lehning M. 2011. Altitudinal dependency of snow amounts in two small alpine catchments: can catchment-wide snow amounts be estimated via single snow or precipitation stations? Annals of Glaciology 52(58): 153-158. DOI: 10.3189/172756411797252248
20. Gru¨newald T, Schirmer M, Mott R, Lehning M. 2010. Spatial and temporal variability of snow depth and ablation rates in a small mountain catchment. The Cryosphere 4(2): 215-225. DOI: 10.5194/tc-4-215-2010
21. Gru¨newald T, Sto¨tter J, Pomeroy JW, Dadic R, Moreno Baños I, Marturia` J, Spross M, Hopkinson C, Burlando P, Lehning M. 2013. Statistical modelling of the snow depth distribution on the catchment scale. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10: 3237-3282.
22. Gru¨newald T, Bu¨hler Y, and Lehning M. 2014. Elevation dependency of mountain snow depth, The Cryosphere Discuss 8: 3665-3698, DOI: 10.5194/tcd-8-3665-2014
23. Helfricht K, Scho¨ber J, Schneider K, Sailer R, Kuhn M. Submitted. Inter-annual persistence of the seasonal snow cover in a glacierized catchment. Journal of Glaciology 13J197, accepted for publication.
24. Hopkinson C, Sitar M, Chasmer L, Treitz P. 2004. Mapping snowpack depth beneath forest canopies using airborne lidar. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 70(3): 323-330.
25. Lehning M, Bartelt P, Brown B, Russi T, Stockli U, Zimmerli M. 1999. SNOWPACK model calculations for avalanche warning based upon a new network of weather and snow stations. Cold Regions Science and Technology 30(1-3): 145-157.
26. Lehning M, Bartelt P, Brown B, Russi T, Sto¨ckli U, Zimmerli M. 1998. A network of automatic weather and snow stations and supplementary model calculations providing snowpack information for avalanche warning. Proceedings of the International Snow Science Workshop "a merging of theory and practice", September 27 to October 1, 1998, Sunriver, Oregon; 225-233.
27. Lopez-Moreno JI, Fassnacht SR, Begueria S, Latron JBP. 2011. Variability of snow depth at the plot scale: implications for mean depth estimation and sampling strategies. The Cryosphere 5(3): 617-629. DOI: 10.5194/tc-5-617-2011
28. MacDonald MK, Pomeroy JW, Pietroniro A. 2010. On the importance of sublimation to an alpine snow mass balance in the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14(7): 1401-1415. DOI: 10.5194/hess-14-1401-2010
29. Magnusson J, Jonas T, Lopez-Moreno I, Lehning M. 2010. Snow cover response to climate change in a high alpine and half-glacierized basin in Switzerland. Hydrology Research 41(3-4): 230-240. DOI: 10.2166/nh.2010.115
30. Meromy L, Molotch NP, Link TE, Fassnacht SR, Rice R. 2012. Subgrid variability of snow water equivalent at operational snow stations in the western USA. Hydrological Processes. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.9355
31. Moreno Banos I, Ruiz Garcia A, Marturia I, Alavedra J, Oller I, Figueras P, Pina Iglesias J, Garcia Selles C, Martinez I, Figueras P, Talaya Lopez J. 2009. Snowpack depth modelling and water availability from LIDAR measurements in eastern Pyrenees, Proceedings of the International Snow Science Workshop ISSW 2009 Europe, Davos, Switzerland, pp. 202-206.
32. Mott R, Schirmer M, Bavay M, Gru¨newald T, Lehning M. 2010. Understanding snow-transport processes shaping the mountain snow-cover. The Cryosphere 4(4): 545-559. DOI: 10.5194/tc-4-545-2010
33. Neumann NN, Derksen C, Smith C, Goodison B. 2006. Characterizing local scale snow cover using point measurements during the winter season. Atmosphere-Ocean 44(3): 257-269. DOI: 10.3137/ao.440304
34. Pomeroy J, Fang X, Solohub M, and Guan XJ. 2011. Marmot Creek hydrometeorological database (Nakiska Alpine Tidgetop AWS), in, IP3. Archive (www.usask.ca/ip3/data.php)
35. Rice R, Bales RC. 2010. Embedded-sensor network design for snow cover measurements around snow pillow and snow course sites in the Sierra Nevada of California. Water Resources Research 46. DOI: 10.1029/2008wr007318
36. Schirmer M, Lehning M. 2011. Persistence in intra-annual snow depth distribution: 2. Fractal analysis of snow depth development. Water Resources Research 47(9): W09517. DOI: 10.1029/2010wr009429
37. Shook K, Gray DM. 1996. Small-scale spatial structure of shallow snowcovers. Hydrological Processes 10(10): 1283-1292. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199610)10:10<1283::AID-HYP460>3.0.CO;2-M.
38. Watson FGR, Anderson TN, Newman WB, Alexander SE, Garrott RA. 2006. Optimal sampling schemes for estimating mean snow water equivalents in stratified heterogeneous landscapes. Journal of Hydrology 328(3-4): 432-452. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.12.032
39. Wehr A, Lohr U. 1999. Airborne laser scanning-an introduction and overview. Journal of Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing 54: 68-82.
40. Winstral A, Marks D. 2014. Long-term snow distribution observations in a mountain catchment: assessing variability, time stability, and the representativeness of an index site. Water Resources Research 50(1): 293-305. DOI: 10.1002/2012wr013038
41. Yang D, Woo M-K. 1999. Representativeness of local snow data for large scale hydrologic investigations. Hydrological Processes 13(12-13): 1977-1988. DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(199909)13:12/13<1977::aid-hyp894>3.0.co;2-b.