The genetics of panic disorder

Journal of Medical Genetics

Volumn 48, Issue 6, 2011, Pages 361-368

  Schumacher, Johannes ^a,b   Kristensen, Ann Suhl ^c   Wendland, Jens R ^b   Nöthen, Markus M ^a   Mors, Ole ^c   McMahon, Francis J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

^c AARHUS UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CAFFEINE; CARBON DIOXIDE; CHOLECYSTOKININ; MEMBRANE PROTEIN; PLAKOPHILIN; YOHIMBINE;

AGORAPHOBIA; AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS; ANXIETY; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CARBON DIOXIDE HYPERSENSITIVITY; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMORBIDITY; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GENETIC LINKAGE; GENETIC RISK; HERITABILITY; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY; INHIBITION (PSYCHOLOGY); MAJOR DEPRESSION; NEUROSIS; NONHUMAN; ONSET AGE; PANIC; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM;

EID: 85027959035     PISSN: 00222593     EISSN: 14686244     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2010.086876     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Jin R, Ruscio AM, Shear K, Walters EE. The epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:415-24.
2. Kessler RC, Stang PE, Wittchen HU, Ustun TB, Roy-Burne PP, Walters EE. Lifetime panic-depression comorbidity in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:801-8.
3. Mannuzza S, Chapman TF, Klein DF, Fyer AJ. Familial transmission of panic disorder: effect of major depression comorbidity. Anxiety 1994;1:180-5.
4. Mendlewicz J, Papadimitriou G, Wilmotte J. Family study of panic disorder: comparison with generalized anxiety disorder, major depression and normal subjects. Psychiatr Genet 1993;3:63-72.
5. Bellodi L, Perna G, Caldirola D, Arancio C, Bertani A, Di Bella D. CO2-induced panic attacks: a twin study. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:1184-8.
6. Kendler KS, Gardner CO, Prescott CA. Panic syndromes in a population-based sample of male and female twins. Psychol Med 2001;31:989-1000.
7. Kendler KS, Neale MC, Kessler RC, Heath AC, Eaves LJ. Panic disorder in women: a population-based twin study. Psychol Med 1993;23:397-406.
8. Middeldorp CM, Birley AJ, Cath DC, Gillespie NA, Willemsen G, Statham DJ, de Geus EJ, Andrews JG, van Dyck R, Beem AL, Sullivan PF, Martin NG, Boomsma DI. Familial clustering of major depression and anxiety disorders in Australian and Dutch twins and siblings. Twin Res Hum Genet 2005;8:609-15.
9. Perna G, Caldirola D, Arancio C, Bellodi L. Panic attacks: a twin study. Psychiatry Res 1997;66:69-71.
10. Scherrer JF, True WR, Xian H, Lyons MJ, Eisen SA, Goldberg J, Lin N, Tsuang MT. Evidence for genetic influences common and specific to symptoms of generalized anxiety and panic. J Affect Disord 2000;57:25-35.
11. Skre I, Onstad S, Torgersen S, Lygren S, Kringlen E. A twin study of DSM-III-R anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1993;88:85-92.
12. Torgersen S. Genetic factors in anxiety disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:1085-9.
13. Tsuang M, Domschke K, Jerskey BA, Lyons MJ. Agoraphobic behavior and panic attack: a study of male twins. J Anxiety Disord 2004;18:799-807.
14. Hettema JM, Neale MC, Kendler KS. A review and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:1568-78.
15. Hirshfeld-Becker DR, Micco JA, Simoes NA, Henin A. High risk studies and developmental antecedents of anxiety disorders. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2008;148C:99-117.
16. Finn DA, Rutledge-Gorman MT, Crabbe JC. Genetic animal models of anxiety. Neurogenetics 2003;4:109-35.
17. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:617-27.
18. Noyes R Jr, Crowe RR, Harris EL, Hamra BJ, McChesney CM, Chaudhry DR. Relationship between panic disorder and agoraphobia. A family study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:227-32.
19. Biederman J, Petty C, Faraone SV, Henin A, Hirshfeld-Becker D, Pollack MH, de Figueiredo S, Feeley R, Rosenbaum JF. Effects of parental anxiety disorders in children at high risk for panic disorder: a controlled study. J Affect Disord 2006;94:191-7.
20. Biederman J, Petty C, Hirshfeld-Becker DR, Henin A, Faraone SV, Dang D, Jakubowski A, Rosenbaum JF. A controlled longitudinal 5-year follow-up study of children at high and low risk for panic disorder and major depression. Psychol Med 2006;36:1141-52.
21. Horwath E, Wolk SI, Goldstein RB, Wickramaratne P, Sobin C, Adams P, Lish JD, Weissman MM. Is the comorbidity between social phobia and panic disorder due to familial cotransmission or other factors? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1995;52:574-82.
22. Fyer AJ, Mannuzza S, Chapman TF, Lipsitz J, Martin LY, Klein DF. Panic disorder and social phobia: effects of comorbidity on familial transmission. Anxiety 1996;2:173-8.
23. Low NC, Cui L, Merikangas KR. Specificity of familial transmission of anxiety and comorbid disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2008;42:596-604.
24. Nestadt G, Samuels J, Riddle MA, Liang KY, Bienvenu OJ, Hoehn-Saric R, Grados M, Cullen B. The relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder and anxiety and affective disorders: results from the Johns Hopkins OCD Family Study. Psychol Med 2001;31:481-7.
25. Nestadt G, Addington A, Samuels J, Liang KY, Bienvenu OJ, Riddle M, Grados M, Hoehn-Saric R, Cullen B. The identification of OCD-related subgroups based on comorbidity. Biol Psychiatry 2003;53:914-20.
26. Hettema JM, Prescott CA, Myers JM, Neale MC, Kendler KS. The structure of genetic and environmental risk factors for anxiety disorders in men and women. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:182-9.
27. Smoller JW, Gardner-Schuster E, Covino J. The genetic basis of panic and phobic anxiety disorders. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2008;148C:118-26.
28. Crowe RR, Noyes R, Pauls DL, Slymen D. A family study of panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:1065-9.
29. Goldstein RB, Weissman MM, Adams PB, Horwath E, Lish JD, Charney D, Woods SW, Sobin C, Wickramaratne PJ. Psychiatric disorders in relatives of probands with panic disorder and/or major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:383-94.
30. Harris EL, Noyes R Jr, Crowe RR, Chaudhry DR. Family study of agoraphobia. Report of a pilot study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:1061-4.
31. Weissman MM, Wickramaratne P, Adams PB, Lish JD, Horwath E, Charney D, Woods SW, Leeman E, Frosch E. The relationship between panic disorder and major depression. A new family study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:767-80.
32. Maier W, Minges J, Lichtermann D. The familial relationship between panic disorder and unipolar depression. J Psychiatr Res 1995;29:375-88.
33. Hettema JM. What is the genetic relationship between anxiety and depression? Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2008;148C:140-6.
34. Horwath E, Lish JD, Johnson J, Hornig CD, Weissman MM. Agoraphobia without panic: clinical reappraisal of an epidemiologic finding. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:1496-501.
35. Heun R, Maier W. Relation of schizophrenia and panic disorder: evidence from a controlled family study. Am J Med Genet 1995;60:127-32.
36. Goodwin RD, Lipsitz JD, Chapman TF, Mannuzza S, Klein DF, Fyer AJ. Alcohol use disorders in relatives of patients with panic disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2006;47:88-90.
37. Maier W, Lichtermann D, Minges J, Oehrlein A, Franke P. A controlled family study in panic disorder. J Psychiatr Res 1993;27(Suppl 1):79-87.
38. Swendsen JD, Merikangas KR, Canino GJ, Kessler RC, Rubio-Stipec M, Angst J. The comorbidity of alcoholism with anxiety and depressive disorders in four geographic communities. Compr Psychiatry 1998;39:176-84.
39. Enoch MA, Rohrbaugh JW, Davis EZ, Harris CR, Ellingson RJ, Andreason P, Moore V, Varner JL, Brown GL, Eckardt MJ, et al. Relationship of genetically transmitted alpha EEG traits to anxiety disorders and alcoholism. Am J Med Genet 1995;60:400-8.
40. Lasser K, Boyd JW, Woolhandler S, Himmelstein DU, McCormick D, Bor DH. Smoking and mental illness: a population-based prevalence study. JAMA 2000;284:2606-10.
41. Hollister LE. Pharmacotherapeutic considerations in anxiety disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1986;47(Suppl):33-6.
42. Zvolensky MJ, Feldner MT, Leen-Feldner EW, McLeish AC. Smoking and panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia: a review of the empirical literature. Clin Psychol Rev 2005;25:761-89.
43. Harter MC, Conway KP, Merikangas KR. Associations between anxiety disorders and physical illness. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2003;253:313-20.
44. Weissman MM, Fyer AJ, Haghighi F, Heiman G, Deng Z, Hen R, Hodge SE, Knowles JA. Potential panic disorder syndrome: clinical and genetic linkage evidence. Am J Med Genet 2000;96:24-35.
45. Hamilton SP, Fyer AJ, Durner M, Heiman GA, Baisre de Leon A, Hodge SE, Knowles JA, Weissman MM. Further genetic evidence for a panic disorder syndrome mapping to chromosome 13q. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003;100:2550-5.
46. Talati A, Ponniah K, Strug LJ, Hodge SE, Fyer AJ, Weissman MM. Panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and a possible medical syndrome previously linked to chromosome 13. Biol Psychiatry 2008;63:594-601.
47. Reiss S, McNally RJ. Expectancy model of fear. In: Reiss S, Bootzin RR, eds. Theoretical Issues in Behavior Therapy. Orlando: Academic Press, 1985:107-21.
48. Ehlers A. A 1-year prospective study of panic attacks: clinical course and factors associated with maintenance. J Abnorm Psychol 1995;104:164-72.
49. Hayward C, Killen JD, Kraemer HC, Taylor CB. Predictors of panic attacks in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000;39:207-14.
50. Schmidt NB, Zvolensky MJ, Maner JK. Anxiety sensitivity: prospective prediction of panic attacks and Axis I pathology. J Psychiatr Res 2006;40:691-9.
51. van Beek N, Perna G, Schruers K, Muris P, Griez E. Anxiety sensitivity in children of panic disorder patients. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2005;35:315-24.
52. Kagan J, Reznick JS, Snidman N. Biological bases of childhood shyness. Science 1988;240:167-71.
53. Battaglia M, Bajo S, Strambi LF, Brambilla F, Castronovo C, Vanni G, Bellodi L. Physiological and behavioral responses to minor stressors in offspring of patients with panic disorder. J Psychiatr Res 1997;31:365-76.
54. Manassis K, Bradley S, Goldberg S, Hood J, Swinson RP. Behavioural inhibition, attachment and anxiety in children of mothers with anxiety disorders. Can J Psychiatry 1995;40:87-92.
55. Rosenbaum JF, Biederman J, Bolduc-Murphy EA, Faraone SV, Chaloff J, Hirshfeld DR, Kagan J. Behavioral inhibition in childhood: a risk factor for anxiety disorders. Harv Rev Psychiatry 1993;1:2-16.
56. Warren SL, Gunnar MR, Kagan J, Anders TF, Simmens SJ, Rones M, Wease S, Aron E, Dahl RE, Sroufe LA. Maternal panic disorder: infant temperament, neurophysiology, and parenting behaviors. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003;42:814-25.
57. Biederman J, Rosenbaum JF, Bolduc-Murphy EA, Faraone SV, Chaloff J, Hirshfeld DR, Kagan J. A 3-year follow-up of children with and without behavioral inhibition. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993;32:814-21.
58. Biederman J, Rosenbaum JF, Hirshfeld DR, Faraone SV, Bolduc EA, Gersten M, Meminger SR, Kagan J, Snidman N, Reznick JS. Psychiatric correlates of behavioral inhibition in young children of parents with and without psychiatric disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:21-6.
59. Hirshfeld-Becker DR, Biederman J, Henin A, Faraone SV, Davis S, Harrington K, Rosenbaum JF. Behavioral inhibition in preschool children at risk is a specific predictor of middle childhood social anxiety: a five-year follow-up. J Dev Behav Pediatr 2007;28:225-33.
60. Mathew SJ, Price RB, Charney DS. Recent advances in the neurobiology of anxiety disorders: implications for novel therapeutics. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2008;148C:89-98.
61. Eysenck H, Eysenck S. Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Manual. San Diego, CA: EdITS, 1975.
62. Andrews G, Stewart G, Allen R, Henderson AS. The genetics of six neurotic disorders: a twin study. J Affect Disord 1990;19:23-9.
63. Martin NG, Jardine R, Andrews G, Heath AC. Anxiety disorders and neuroticism: are there genetic factors specific to panic? Acta Psychiatr Scand 1988;77:698-706.
64. Vohma U, Aluoja A, Vasar V, Shlik J, Maron E. Evaluation of personality traits in panic disorder using Swedish universities Scales of Personality. J Anxiety Disord 2010;24:141-6.
65. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Eshleman S, Wittchen HU, Kendler KS. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:8-19.
66. Haghighi F, Fyer AJ, Weissman MM, Knowles JA, Hodge SE. Parent-of-origin effect in panic disorder. Am J Med Genet 1999;88:131-5.
67. Goldstein RB, Wickramaratne PJ, Horwath E, Weissman MM. Familial aggregation and phenomenology of 'early'-onset (at or before age 20 years) panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;54:271-8.
68. Battaglia M, Bertella S, Politi E, Bernardeschi L, Perna G, Gabriele A, Bellodi L. Age at onset of panic disorder: influence of familial liability to the disease and of childhood separation anxiety disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1362-4.
69. Grillon C. Anxiety disorders: psychophysiological aspects. In: Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, eds. Kaplan and Sadock's Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 8th edn. vol. 1. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2005:1728e39.
70. Papp LA, Klein DF, Gorman JM. Carbon dioxide hypersensitivity, hyperventilation, and panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:1149-57.
71. Coryell W. Hypersensitivity to carbon dioxide as a disease-specific trait marker. Biol Psychiatry 1997;41:259-63.
72. Coryell W, Pine D, Fyer A, Klein D. Anxiety responses to CO2 inhalation in subjects at high-risk for panic disorder. J Affect Disord 2006;92:63-70.
73. Perna G, Cocchi S, Bertani A, Arancio C, Bellodi L. Sensitivity to 35% CO2 in healthy first-degree relatives of patients with panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:623-5.
74. Wilhelm FH, Gevirtz R, Roth WT. Respiratory dysregulation in anxiety, functional cardiac, and pain disorders. Assessment, phenomenology, and treatment. Behav Modif 2001;25:513-45.
75. Krystal JH, Deutsch DN, Charney DS. The biological basis of panic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57 (Suppl 10):23-31; discussion 2-3.
76. Maron E, Hettema JM, Shlik J. Advances in molecular genetics of panic disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2010;15:681-701.
77. Kaabi B, Gelernter J, Woods SW, Goddard A, Page GP, Elston RC. Genome scan for loci predisposing to anxiety disorders using a novel multivariate approach: strong evidence for a chromosome 4 risk locus. Am J Hum Genet 2006;78:543-53.
78. Camp NJ, Lowry MR, Richards RL, Plenk AM, Carter C, Hensel CH, Abkevich V, Skolnick MH, Shattuck D, Rowe KG, Hughes DC, Cannon-Albright LA. Genome-wide linkage analyses of extended Utah pedigrees identifies loci that influence recurrent, early-onset major depression and anxiety disorders. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005;135B:85-93.
79. Fyer AJ, Hamilton SP, Durner M, Haghighi F, Heiman GA, Costa R, Evgrafov O, Adams P, de Leon AB, Taveras N, Klein DF, Hodge SE, Weissman MM, Knowles JA. A third-pass genome scan in panic disorder: evidence for multiple susceptibility loci. Biol Psychiatry 2006;60:388-401.
80. Thorgeirsson TE, Oskarsson H, Desnica N, Kostic JP, Stefansson JG, Kolbeinsson H, Lindal E, Gagunashvili N, Frigge ML, Kong A, Stefansson K, Gulcher JR. Anxiety with panic disorder linked to chromosome 9q in Iceland. Am J Hum Genet 2003;72:1221-30.
81. Otowa T, Yoshida E, Sugaya N, Yasuda S, Nishimura Y, Inoue K, Tochigi M, Umekage T, Miyagawa T, Nishida N, Tokunaga K, Tanii H, Sasaki T, Kaiya H, Okazaki Y. Genome-wide association study of panic disorder in the Japanese population. J Hum Genet 2009;54:122-6.
82. Otowa T, Tanii H, Sugaya N, Yoshida E, Inoue K, Yasuda S, Shimada T, Kawamura Y, Tochigi M, Minato T, Umekage T, Miyagawa T, Nishida N, Tokunaga K, Okazaki Y, Kaiya H, Sasaki T. Replication of a genome-wide association study of panic disorder in a Japanese population. J Hum Genet 2010;55: 91-6.
83. Erhardt A, Czibere L, Roeske D, Lucae S, Unschuld PG, Ripke S, Specht M, Kohli MA, Kloiber S, Ising M, Heck A, Pfister H, Zimmermann P, Lieb R, Putz B, Uhr M, Weber P, Deussing JM, Gonik M, Bunck M, Kessler MS, Frank E, Hohoff C, Domschke K, Krakowitzky P, Maier W, Bandelow B, Jacob C, Deckert J, Schreiber S, Strohmaier J, Nothen M, Cichon S, Rietschel M, Bettecken T, Keck ME, Landgraf R, Muller-Myhsok B, Holsboer F, Binder EB. TMEM132D, a new candidate for anxiety phenotypes: evidence from human and mouse studies Mol Psychiatry. Published Online First: 6 April 2010. doi:10.1038/mp.2010.41.
84. Nomoto H, Yonezawa T, Itoh K, Ono K, Yamamoto K, Oohashi T, Shiraga F, Ohtsuki H, Ninomiya Y. Molecular cloning of a novel transmembrane protein MOLT expressed by mature oligodendrocytes. J Biochem 2003;134:231-8.
85. O'Donovan MC, Craddock NJ, Owen MJ. Genetics of psychosis; insights from views across the genome. Hum Genet 2009;126:3-12.