Boston against busing: Race, class, and ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s

Boston against Busing: Race, Class, and Ethnicity in the 1960s and 1970s

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1-356

  Formisano, Ronald P ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 85027813423     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (440)

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147. David L. Kirp, Just Schools: The Idea of Racial Equality in American Education (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), p. 296.
148. J. Anthony Lukas, Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985), pp. 223-31.
149. Andy Merton, “Boston’s Least Liked Man,” Boston Magazine, April 1975, pp. 56-59
150. John Kifner, “Judge Who Advocates Busing,” New York Times, Dec. 19, 1974
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158. Robert A. Dentler and Marvin B. Scott, Equal Education in Massachusetts: A Chronicle 3 (December 1981): 10, 11.
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162. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Hearing Held in Boston, Massachusetts, June 16-20,1975 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1978), pp. 77-78.
163. Alan Lupo, Liberty’s Chosen Home: The Politics of Violence in Boston (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1977), pp. 167-86.
164. D. Garth Taylor, Public Opinion & Collective Action: The Boston School Desegregation Conflict (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1986), p. 73
165. Christine Rossell, “School Desegregation and Community Social Change,” Law and Contemporary Problems 42 (Summer 1978): 146.
166. Tom Sheehan, “Desegregation Day: Southie: Ugly Crowds At the Trouble Spot,” Boston Phoenix (hereafter Phoenix), Sept. 17, 1974, pp. 5,12.
167. Ken O. Botwright, “Kerrigan Calls For Citywide Boycott of Business to Discourage Busing,” Globe, Oct. 17, 1974
168. Edward F. Connolly, A Cop’s Cop (Boston: Quinlan Press, 1985), p. 162.
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172. Charles V. Willie and Susan L. Greenblatt, eds., Community Politics and Educational Change: Ten School Systems under Court Order (New York: Longman, 1981), pp. 38,42
173. Frank J. Harris, “The Boston Church and Desegregation,” America, Sept. 11, 1976, pp. 113-16.
174. Tom Sheehan, “ROAR Gets Louder-Garrity’s Ruling Fires Up the Anti-Busers,” Phoenix, May 20, 1975.
175. Robert A. Dentler and Marvin B. Scott, Equal Education in Massachusetts: A Chronicle 3 (December 1981): 10.
176. Robert A. Dentler and Marvin B. Scott, Schools on Trial: An Inside Account of the Boston Case (Cambridge, Mass.: Abt Books, 1981), pp. 196-97.
177. Pamela Bullard, Joyce Grant, and Judith Stoia, “Ethnic Resistance to a Comprehensive Plan,” p. 44.
178. Mel King, “Three Stages of Black Politics in Boston, 1950-1980,” in James Jennings and Mel King, eds., From Access to Power: Black Politics in Boston (Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman Books, 1986), pp. 30-31.
179. Richard A. Brisbin, Jr., School Desegregation and Defended Neighborhoods: The Boston Controversy (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1982), p. 7
180. Gerald Suttles, The Social Construction of Communities (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972), pp. 38-39.
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182. Carl P. Hensler, Leslie K. Speer, “Whites’ Opposition to ‘Busing’: Self-Interest or Symbolic Politics?” American Political Science Review 73 (June 1979): 371
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187. David Rogers, “South Boston Reacts to Phase II Like a Seasoned Fighter,” Boston Globe (hereafter Globe), Aug. 30, 1975
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189. Monica McGoldrick, “Irish Families,” in Monica McGoldrick, John K. Pearce, and Joseph Giordano, Ethnicity & Family Therapy (New York: The Guilford Press, 1982), p. 227
190. Nathan Glazer and Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Beyond the Melting Pot (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1964), p. 245.
191. Jack Beatty, “Respect for South Boston,” New England Monthly, September 1984, p. 38.
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193. William L. Riordan, Plunkitt of Tammany Hall (New York: E. P. Dutton and Co., 1963), p. 35.
194. J. Anthony Lukas, Common Ground: A. Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985), pp. 68-71, 79.
195. Lupo, Liberty’s Chosen Home: The Politics of Violence in Boston (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1977), p. 189
196. George V. Higgins, Style versus Substance:Boston’s Kevin White & The Politics of Illusion (New York: Macmillan Co., 1985), p. 44
197. John Kifner, “Tensions and Violence in Boston Schools Are Rooted in Traditions of White Ethnic Communities,” New York Times, May 18, 1975
198. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Desegregating the Boston Public Schools: A Crisis in Civic Responsibility (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1976), p. 84.
199. Richard E Radford, Trooper: True Stories From A Proud Tradition (Boston: Quinlan Press, 1986)
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201. Edward E Connolly, A Cop’s Cop (Boston: Quinlan Press, 1985), p. 164.
202. Dill McBride, “Charlestown Braces for Busing-Some Townies Ready for Compromise,” Christian Science Monitor, Sept. 2, 1975, p. 7
203. Langley Carleton Keyes, Jr., The Rehabilitation Planning Game: A Study in the Diversity of Neighborhood (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1969), pp. 91,93.
204. James Gillespie Blaine, “The Birth of a Neighborhood: Nineteenth-Century Charlestown, Massachusetts,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, 1978.
205. Burt Solomon, “Charlestown Sunday: One More Battle of Bunker Hill,” Real Paper, July 3, 1974, p. 8.
206. Tom Sheehan, “No Way! Not My kids on a Bus,” Phoenix, Sept. 16, 1975, p.26.
207. Pamela Bullard and Judith Stoia, The Hardest Lesson: Personal Accounts of a School Desegregation Crisis (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1980), pp. 111-26.
208. Jonathan Rieder, Canarsie: The Jews and Italians of Brooklyn against Liberalism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), p. 32.
209. Ethnic Alienation: The Italian Americans (Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1974), pp. 198-201.
210. Richard A. Cohen, The Educational Experience of East Boston and the North End (Boston: Action for Boston Community Development, 1971), p. 13.
211. Richard Gambino, Blood of My Blood: The Dilemma of the Italian-Americans (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press, 1975)
212. Kristen Kelch, "‘Eastie’ On Busing: Inevitable,” Christian Science Monitor, Feb. 4, 1975
213. Alan Lupo, Frank Colcord, and Edmund P. Fowler, Rites of Way: The Politics of Transportation in Boston and the U.S. City (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1971), p. 37.
214. William M. DeMarco, Ethnics and Enclaves: Boston’s Italian North End (Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI Research Press, 1981).
215. Matza and O’Brian, “Report from Hyde Park,” Phoenix, Sept. 28, 1982, pp. 6, 7.
216. Michael Kenney, “The Massing of the Hardhats: A Protest with Differences,” Boston Globe (hereafter Globe), June 29, 1972
217. J. Anthony Lukas, Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985), pp. 259
218. James S. Kunen, “Who Are These People?” Boston Magazine, Nov. 1974, p. 51.
219. Alan Lupo, Liberty’s Chosen Home: The Politics of Violence in Boston (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1977), p. 17
220. Ione Malloy, Southie Won’t Go: A Teacher’s Diary of the Desegregation of South Boston High School (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986), p. 228.
221. Pamela Bullard and Judith Stoia, The Hardest Lesson: Personal Accounts of a School Desegregation Crisis (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1980), pp. 127-38.
222. William H. Chafe, The Unfinished Journey: America Since World War II (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), p. 432.
223. Gerald D. Suttles, The Social Construction of Communities (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972)
224. Monica McGoldrick, “Irish Families,” in Monica McGoldrick, John K. Pearce, and Joseph Giordano, eds., Ethnicity & Family Therapy (New York: The Guilford Press, 1982), p. 321
225. Kathleen Kilgore, “Militant Mothers: The Politicization of ROAR Women,” Real Paper, Nov. 13, 1976, p. 6
226. Todd Gitlin, The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making & Unmaking of the New Left (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980), esp. p.17.
227. Scott Kauffer, “Is Boston a Bush-League Town?” Boston Magazine, Sept. 1975, p. 66
228. Dave O’Brian, “The ROAR of the Crowd: Their Cause Is Still Not Seen as a National Issue,” Phoenix, Mar. 25, 1975, p. 13.
229. Nick King, “Mothers’ Protest Ends With Curses,” Globe, Sept. 19, 1975.
230. Dianne Dumanoski, “Charlestown-‘My Town’-Braces for Busing,” Phoenix, Sept. 2, 1975, p. 10
231. Dave O’Brian, “Shifting Moods: Cops and the Crowds in Charlestown,” Phoenix, Sept. 16, 1975, p. 8
232. Richard E Radford, Trooper: True Stories From A Proud Tradition (Boston: Quinlan Press, 1986), pp. 139
233. Mary G. Colvario, “Recollections of South Boston High School before and during Its First Year of Desegregation,” May 1, 1978
234. Murray Levin, The Alienated Voter: Politics in Boston (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1960)
235. George V Higgins, Style versus Substance: Boston’s Kevin White & The Politics of Illusion (New York: Macmillan Co., 1985), pp. xii-xiii.
236. Howard Husock, “Southie Anti-Busers: Using the System?” Phoenix, Oct. 19, 1976, p. 32.
237. Robert Nisbet, The Twilight of Authority (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975).
238. Jonathan Rieder, Canarsie: The Jews and Italians of Brooklyn against Liberalism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), pp. 132-67.
239. Alan Lupo, Frank Colcord, and Edmund P. Fowler, Rites of Way: The Politics of Transportation in Boston and the U.s. City (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1971), pp. 34, 36, 37.
240. Douglas Yates, The Ungovernable City: The Politics of Urban Problems and Policy Making (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1977), pp. 34-37.
241. Alan Dennis Burke, Firewatch (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1980), p. 130.
242. Diane Ravitch, The Great School Wars: New York City, 1805-1973 (New York: Basic Books, 1974), pp. 233-47.
243. Joseph M. Cronin and Richard M. Haller, Organizing an Urban School System for Diversity: A Report on the Boston Public School Department (Boston: Boston School Committee, 1970), p. 38.
244. David C. Martin, “U.S. High Schools Riddled With Violence, Panel Is Told,” Globe, June 12, 1975.
245. Mel King, Chain of Change: Struggles for Black Community Development (Boston: South End Press, 1981), pp. 119-21.
246. Harry C. Boyte, The Backyard Revolution: Understanding the New Citizen Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980), pp. 2-3, 18.
247. Miriam Clasby, Ross Zerchykov, and Brian Powers, Patterns of Citizen Participation in Educational Decisionmaking, Vol. 1: An Overview (Boston: Institute for Responsive Education, 1978), pp. 73-75.
248. Sara M. Evans and Harry C. Boyte, Free Spaces:The Sources of Democratic Change in America (New York: Harper and Row, 1986), p. 197.
249. Boston Urban Study Group, Who Rules Boston? A Citizen’s Guide to Reclaiming the City (Boston: The Institute for Democratic Socialism, 1984).
250. Ken O. Botwright, “Kerrigan Calls for Citywide Boycott of Businesses to Discourage Busing,” Boston Globe (hereafter Globe), Oct. 17, 1974
251. Peter Schrag, Village School Downtown (Boston: Beacon Press, 1967), p. 46
252. J. Brian Sheehan, The Boston School Integration Dispute: Social Change and Legal Maneuvers (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), pp. 76-78.
253. Mark Zanger, “The Myth of Populism in the Anti-Busing Movement,” Boston Ledger, Jan. 10, 1975, p. 5.
254. J. Anthony Lukas, Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985), pp. 451-52.
255. John E Stack, Jr., International Conflict in an American City: Boston’s Irish, Italians, and Jews, 1935-1944 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1979)
256. Norman Mailer, The Naked and the Dead (New York:Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976), pp. 266-79.
257. Robert A. Dentler, “Boston School Desegregation: The Fallowness of Common Ground,” New England Journal of Public Policy 2 (Winter/Spring 1986): 95-96, 99-100.
258. Patrick E McDonough, “Forced Busing Generates Hate and Humiliation,” Globe, Nov. 1, 1974
259. Nathan Glazer, Affirmative Discrimination: Ethnic Inequality and Policy (New York: Basic Books, 1976)
260. Joe R. Feagin, “School Desegregation:A Political-Economic Perspective,” in Walter G. Stephan and Feagin, eds., School Desegregation: Past, Present and Future (New York: Plenum Press, 1980), pp. 25-50.
261. Richard A. Brisbin, Jr., School Desegregation and Defended Neighborhoods: The Boston Controversy (Lexington, Mass.:D. C. Heath and Co., 1982)
262. Thomas J. Cottle, “The Buses Come for These Two,” Boston Sunday Globe, April 13, 1975.
263. J. Michael Ross and William M. Berg, “I Respectfully Disagree With the Judge’s Order”: The Boston School Desegregation Controversy (Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1981), pp. 166, 125.
264. Jonathan Rieder, Carnarsie: The Jews and Italians of Brooklyn against Liberalism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985), p. 42.
265. David Nyhan, “Pitaro Stands to Be Counted,” Globe, Sept. 12, 1972, p. 23
266. Julie Aubuchon, “Pixie Palladino: A School Committee Race in Boston,” paper, Clark University, May 1986, pp. 6-7.
267. Ione Malloy, Southie Won’t Go: A Teacher’s Diary of the Desegregation of South Boston High School (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986), p. 227
268. Richard Krickus, Pursuing the American Dream: White Ethnics and the New Populism (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1976), pp. 279, 291-92.
269. Ted Morgan, “Remembering Rene,” New York Times Magazine, Nov. 11, 1973, pp. 34-36.
270. Pamela Bullard and Judith Stoia, The Hardest Lesson: Personal Accounts of a School Desegregation Crisis (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1980), pp. 202-17.
271. Albert O. Hirschman, Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970).
272. Jody Carlson, George C. Wallace and the Politics of Powerlessness: The Wallace Campaigns for the Presidency, 1964-1976 (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1981), pp. 6
273. Ron Hutson, “O’Bryant Never Doubted Victory,” Globe, Nov. 9, 1977, p. 19
274. Robert L. Turner, “Galvin Bill Defeat Puzzles Analysts,” Globe, Nov. 9, 1977, p. 77
275. Gary McMillan, “Clear Voice from the Neighborhoods,” Globe, Nov. 10, 1977, p. 25.
276. Christine Rossell, “School Desegregation and Community Social Change,” Law and Contemporary Problems 42 (Summer 1978): 178
277. James Green, “The Making of Mel King’s Rainbow Coalition: Political Changes in Boston, 1963-1983,” in James Jennings and Mel King, eds., From Access to Power: BLack Politics in Boston (Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman Books, 1986), pp. 99-135.
278. Thomas H. O’Connor, South Boston My Home Town: The History of an Ethnic Neighborhood (Boston:Quinlan Press, 1988), pp. 241-45.
279. Kevin Cullen, “South Boston Activists Leaving Home Turf After Attack,” Globe, Dec. 30, 1987, pp. 17
280. Walter V. Robinson, “School Violence-the Worst May Be Over,” Boston Globe (hereafter Globe), May 24, 1976.
281. David Gumpert, “Unwelcome Recess,” Wall Street Journal, Apr. 7, 1975.
282. Thomas Fleming, Rulers of the City (New York: Doubleday and Co., 1977), p. 196.
283. Robert A. Dentler and Marvin B. Scott, Schools on Trial: An Inside Account of the Boston Case (Cambridge, Mass.: Abt Books, 1981), pp. 85-87.
284. Alan Lupo, Liberty’s Chosen Home: The Politics of Violence in Boston (Boston: Beacon Press, 1988), p. 350.
285. William H. Chafe, Civilities and Civil Rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black Struggle for Freedom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), p. 345.
286. Christine H. Rossell, “School Desegregation and White Flight,” Political Science Quarterly 90 (Winter 1975-76): 688.
287. Diane Ravitch, and David J. Armor, in “Busing and ‘White Flight,” The Public Interest 53 (Fall 1978): 109-15
288. Michael W. Giles, “White Enrollment Stability and School Desegregation: A Two-Level Analysis,” American Sociological Review 43 (December 1978): 848-64
289. Christine H. Rossell, “White Flight: Pros and Cons,” Social Policy 9 (November/December 1978): 46-5l.
290. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Hearing Held in Boston, Massachusetts, June 16-20, 1975 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1978), pp. 211-12.
291. James T. Hannon, “The Influence of Catholic Schools on the Desegregation of Public School Systems: A Case Study of White Flight in Boston,” Population Research and Policy Review 3 (1984): 228-29
292. James T. Hannon, “The Catholic Church and School Desegregation in Boston,” M.S. thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1980, pp. 64-76.
293. Irene Sage, “A Different System,” Globe. Sept. 4,1985, p. 35
294. Diane E. Lewis, “Blacks in Boston: Looking Ahead: Roxbury’s Rebirth Brings New Hope and Old Fears,” Boston Sunday Globe, June 12, 1988, p. 30.
295. Saragh Snyder, “Charlestown Calmer about Racial Change,” Boston Sunday Globe, Mar. 1, 1987, pp. 1, 17
296. Daphne Spain, “Race Relations and Residential Segregation in New Orleans: Two Centuries of Paradox,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 44 (January 1979): 91, 93,96.
297. George Y. Higgins, Style versus Substance:Boston’s Kevin White & the Politics of Illusion (New York: Macmillan Co., 1985), p. 165
298. Robert Dentler and Marvin B. Scott, Equal Education in Massachusetts:A Chronicle 3 (December 1981): 10, 11
299. Robin Reisig, “Is Judge Garrity Failing?” Real Paper, Jan. 14, 1976, p. 13.
300. Andy Merton, “Boston’s Least Liked man,” Boston Magazine, Apr. 1975, pp. 89-90.
301. James P. Sterba, “Denver School Busing Succeeds; Social Mixture Called a Factor,” New York Times, Oct. 26, 1974.
302. Joseph M. Cronin, et al., “Improving Boston Education,” to Hon. Kevin White, Mayor, Sept. 17, 1976
303. Gary McMillan and Fletcher Roberts, “What’s Yellow, Costly, Late? A Boston School Bus,” Boston Sunday Globe, Mar. 12, 1978, p. 1
304. Frank Thompson and John Wilpers, “School Balance Cost: $77.1 M,” Herald, July 2, 1978
305. J. Brian Sheehan, The Boston School Integration Dispute: Social Change and Legal Maneuvers (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), p. 96.
306. Joe R. Feagin, “School Desegregation: A Political-Economic Perspective,” in Walter G. Stephan and Joe R. Feagin, eds., School Desegregation: Past, Present and Future (New York: Plenum Press, 1980), p. 36
307. D. Garth Taylor, Public Opinion & Collective Action: The Boston School Desegregation Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), p. 8.
308. Eleanor Roberts, “Cardinal Rejects City Leadership Role,” Boston Sunday Herald, May 2,1976, p. 1
309. J. Anthony Lukas, Common Ground: A Turbulent Decade in the Lives of Three American Families (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985), pp. 398-99.
310. Christine Rossell, “The Mayor’s Role in School Desegregation Implementation,” Urban Education 13 (October 1977): 255-56,265-66
311. John Kifner, “Massachusetts,” New York Times, Sept. 8, 1974
312. Diane Ravitch, The Great School Wars: New York City, 1805-1973 (New York: Basic Books, 1974), pp. xiii-xiv
313. J. Anthony Lukas, “All in the Family: The Dilemmas of Busing and the Conflict of Values,” in Ronald P. Formisano and Constance K. Burns, eds., Boston, 1700-1980: The Evolution of Urban Politics (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1984), pp. 241-57.
314. David Rublin, “A Loaf of Bread, a Jug of Milk, and Megabucks,” Boston Sunday Globe Magazine, Jan. 17, 1988, p. 56.
315. Gary Orfield, Must We Bus? Segregated Schools and National Policy (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute, 1978)
316. Ira Katznelson and Margaret Weir, Schooling for All: Race, Class and the Decline of the Democratic Ideal (New York: Basic Books, 1985), pp. 183-89.
317. Alan B. Anderson and George W. Pickering, Confronting the Color Line: The Broken Promise of the Civil Rights Movement in Chicago (Athens:University of Georgia Press, 1986), pp. 72-102.
318. Charles Wollenberg, All Deliberate Speed: Segregation and Exclusion in California Schools, 1855-1975 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), pp. 142-77.
319. David Kirp, “School Desegregation in San Francisco, 1962-76,” in Allan P. Sindler, ed., America in the Seventies (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1977), pp. 104-57.
320. Larry Cuban, Urban School Chiefs under Fire (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976)
321. Albert S. Foley, “Mobile, Alabama: The Demise of State Sanctioned Resistance,” in Susan L. Greenblatt and Charles V. Willie, eds., Community Politics and Educational Change: Ten School Systems under Court Order (New York: Longmans, 1981), pp. 174-207.
322. Harold Cruse, Plural but Equal: A Critical Study of Blacks and Minorities and America’s Plural Society (New York: William Morrow and Co., 1987), p. 20
323. Gary Orfield, “Why It Worked in Dixie: Southern School Desegregation and Its Implications for the North,” in Adam Yarmolinsky, Lance Liebman and Corrine S. Schelling, eds., Race and Schooling in the City (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 40
324. David Tyack, Robert Lowe, and Elizabeth Hansot, Public Schools in Hard Times: The Great Depression and Recent Years (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984).
325. Arlen J. Large, “Congress Changes Its Busing Tune,” Wall Street Journal, Oct. 7, 1975
326. B. Drummond Ayres, Jr., “School Integration Drive Eases in South,” New York Times, June 29,1975
327. William K. Stevens, “Massive School Busing Program Near in Detroit,” Boston Herald (hereafter Herald), June 29, 1975
328. David Plank and Marcia Turner, “Changing Patterns in Black School Politics: Atlanta, 1872-1973,” American Journal of Education 95 (August 1987): 584, 600, 601.
329. Derrick Bell, “Civil Rights Commitment and the Challenge of Changing Conditions in Urban School Cases,” in Yarmolinsky et aI., Race and Schooling, p. 196.
330. Daniel J. Monti, A Semblance of Justice: St. Louis School Desegregation and Order in Urban America (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1985), pp. vii-viii.
331. Henry Denker, Justice Spencer Dissents (New York: William Morrow and Co., 1986).
332. Willis B. Hawley, “The New Mythology of School Desegregation,” Law and Contemporary Social Problems 42 (Autumn 1978): 214
333. Lee A. Daniels, “In Defense of Busing,” New York Times Magazine, Apr. 17, 1983, pp. 36, 97-98
334. Gary Orfield, “Research, Politics and the Antibusing Debate,” Law and Contemporary Social Problems 42 (Autumn 1978): 153-54, 158-63.
335. Frye Gaillard, The Dream Long Deferred (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988).
336. Richard A. Pride and J. David Woodward, The Burden of Busing: The Politics of Desegregation in Nashville, Tennessee (Nashville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985).
337. Joseph E Zimmerman, “Review Essay,” American Political Science Review 80 (September 1986): 991-94
338. Donald D. Cohen, “Essay Review: To Bus or Not to Bus? That Is the Question,” History of Education Quarterly 27 (Fall 1987): 379-86.
339. David L. Kirp, Just Schools: The Idea of Racial Equality in American Education (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982)
340. David L. Kirp, “Elusive Equality: Race, Ethnicity and Education in the American Experience,” in Nathan Glazer and Ken Young, eds., Ethnic Pluralism and Public Policy: Achieving Equality in the United States and Britain (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1983), pp. 85-107.
341. Christine H. Rossell, “White Flight: Pros and Cons,” Social Forces 9 (NovemberlDecember 1978): 50.
342. Alvis V. Adair, Desegregation: The Illusion of Black Progress (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1984).
343. Hugh J. Scott, “Desegregation in Nashville: Conflicts and Contradictions in Preserving Schools in Black Communities,” Education and Urban Society 15 (February 1983): 235-44
344. George R. Metcalf, From Little Rock to Boston: The History of School Desegregation (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1983), pp. 91-93.
345. William H. Chafe, Civilities and Civil Rights: Greensboro, North Carolina, and the Black Struggle for Freedom (New York: Oxford Universiry Press, 1980), p. 345
346. Morton Inger, Politics and Reality in an American City:The New Orleans School Crisis of 1960 (New York: Center for Urban Education, 1970), pp. 76-77
347. Lino A. Graglia, Disaster by Decree: The Supreme Court Decisions on Race and the Schools (Ithaca: Cornell Universiry Press, 1976), pp. 203-57.
348. U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Hearing Held in Boston, Massachusetts, Oct. 4-5, 1966 (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1967), pp. 140
349. Patricia Wen, “City Teachers Broaden Call for Return of Metco Students,” Globe, Jan 12, 1989.
350. Robert A. Frahm, “St. Louis Desegregation Plan Holds Lessons in Success, Failure,” Hartford Courant, Mar. 13, 1988, sec. A, pp. 1, 18.
351. William Julius Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass and Public Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), p. 56.
352. Jennifer L. Hochschild, The New American Dilemma: Liberal Democracy and School Desegregation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984), pp. 155, 156.
353. Derrick Bell, And We Are Not Saved: The Elusive Quest for Racial Justice (New York: Basic Books, 1987), p. 63.
354. Joel Williamson, The Crucible of Race: Black-White Relations in the American South since Emancipation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 294
355. Numan V. Bartley, The Rise of Massive Resistance: Race and Politics in the South during the 1950s (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1969), pp. 313-15.
356. Elizabeth Jacoway and David R. Colburn, eds., Southern Businessmen and Desegregation (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982).
357. David R. Colburn, Racial Change and Community Crisis: St. Augustine, Florida, 1877-1980 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), pp. 137-53.
358. Alan Lupo, Frank Colcord, and Edmund P. Fowler, Rites of Way: The Politics of Transportation in Boston and the U.S. City (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1971), p. 87.
359. Harry C. Boyte, The Backyard Revolution: Understanding the New Citizen Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980), pp. 18-19.
360. Wilson Cary McWilliams, “The Meaning of the Election,” in Gerald Pomper et aI., The Election of 1984: Reports and Interpretations (Chatham, N.J.: Chatham House Publishers, 1985), p. 165.
361. Robert Coles and Jon Erikson, The Middle Americans: Proud and Uncertain (Boston:Little Brown and Co., 1971).
362. Ione Malloy, Southie Won’t Go: A Teacher’s Diary of the Desegregation of South Boston High School (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986), p. 230.
363. Sara M. Evans and Harry C. Boyte, Free Spaces: The Sources of Democratic Change in America (New York: Harper and Row, 1986), p. 197.
364. Robert N. Bellah, Richard Madsen, William M. Sullivan, Ann Swidler, and Steven M. Tipton, Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), p. 23.
365. Alan Brinkley, Voices of Protest: Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and the Great Depression (New York: Random House, 1983), p. 262
366. Joel Dreyfuss and Charles Lawrence III, The Bakke Case:The Politics of Inequality (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1979), pp. 10
367. Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1975).
368. Gary Orfield, Public School Desegregation in the United States, 1968-1980 (Washington, D.C.: Joint Center for Political Studies, 1983), pp. 25
369. Thomas F. Pettigrew and Robert L. Green, “School Desegregation in Large Cities: A Critique of the Coleman ‘White Flight’ Thesis,” Harvard Educational Review 46 (February 1976): 49.
370. Peter S. Canellos, “After 20 Years, Anti-snob Zoning Law Found Ineffective,” Boston Sunday Globe, Jan. 1, 1989, pp. 1
371. David J. Armor, Forced Justice: School Desegregation and the Law (New York:Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 208
372. Gary Orfield, Public School Desegregation in the United States, 1968-1980 (Washington, D.C.: Joint Center for Political Studies, 1983), p. 3
373. Orfield, “Turning Back to Segregation,” in Orfield and Susan E. Eaton, eds., Dismantling Desegregation: The Quiet Reversal of “Brown v. Board of Education” (New York: The New Press, 1996), pp. 16-18.
374. Stephen Thernstrom and Abigail Thernstrom, America in Black and White: One Nation Indivisible (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), pp. 324-25.
375. Robert A. Pratt, The Color of Their Skin: Education and Race in Richmond, Virginia (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992), pp. xii
376. Jeffrey Mirel, The Rise and Fall of an Urban School System: Detroit, 1907-1981 (Ann Arbor:University of Michigan Press, 1993), pp. xii-xiii
377. Steven J. Taylor, Desegregation in Boston and Buffalo: The Influence of Local Leaders (Albany:State University of New York Press, 1998), p.164
378. Gregory S. Jacobs, Getting Around Brown: Desegregation, Development, and the Columbus Public Schools (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1998), pp.185
379. William Henry Kellar, Make Haste Slowly: Moderates, Conservatives, and School Desegregation in Houston (College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1999), pp. 38-95.
380. Craig Steven Wilder, A Covenant With Color: Race and Social Power in Brooklyn (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), pp. 224-25
381. Kenneth D. Durr, Behind the Backlash: White Working-Class Politics in Baltimore, 1940-1980 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), pp. 166-73
382. Stephen Brecker Delaney, “Sheff vs. O’Neill, Connecticut’s Landmark Desegregation Case” (Ph.D. diss., University of Massachusetts, 2001), p. 75.
383. Philip B. Kurland, "‘Brown v. Board of Education Was the Beginning’: The School Desegregation Cases in the Supreme Court, 1954-1979,” Washington University Law Quarterly No.2 (1979): 309
384. Mark Whitman, The Irony of Desegregation Law 1955-1995: Essays and Documents (Princeton: Markus Wiener Publications, 1998), p. x.
385. James T. Patterson, Brown v. Board of Education:A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 210
386. Mary D Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1992), pp.155-56
387. Eric C. Owens, “Taking the ‘Public’ Out of Our Schools: The Political, Constitutional and Civic Implications of Private School Vouchers,” Journal of Church and State 44 (Autumn 2002): 717-47
388. Paul M. Sniderman and Edward G. Carmines, Reaching Beyond Race (Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press, 1997), pp. 28-30.
389. Ethan Brenner, “A Less Liberal Supreme Court Faces New Term of Key Decisions,” Boston Globe (hereafter Globe), Sept. 30,1990
390. Alfred Hess, Jr., and Christina A. Walter, “Who Benefits from Desegregation Now?” Journal of Negro Education 57, No.4 (Autumn 1988): 536-51
391. Gordon L. Clark and Harold M. Rose, “The Brown Decision and Schooling in Urban America: Where Do We Go From Here?” Urban Geography 15, No.5 (July-August 1994): 418.
392. Robert Jordan, “Is Desegregation Working for Blacks?” Boston Sunday Globe, July 1, 1999, Focus, p. 89
393. Robert Joiner, “Black Mayors Driving Away from Busing,” Emerge 5 (March 1994): 52-55.
394. John Charles Boger, “Willful Colorblindness: The New Racial Piety and the Resegregation of Public Schools,” North Carolina Law Review 78 (Sept. 2000):1747
395. Davison M. Douglas, Reading, Writing, and Race: The Desegregation of the Charlotte Schools (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), p. 250
396. Michael Grunwald, “Charlotte Reopens Book on Court-Ordered Busing,” Globe, Apr. 14,1998, p. AI
397. Erica Frankenberg, Chungmei Lee, and Gary Orfield, “A Multiracial Society with Segregated Schools: Are We Losing the Dream?” The Civil Rights Project, Harvard University, January 2003, .
398. Tali Mendelberg, The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Messages, and the Norm of Equality (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).
399. Brian C. Mooney, “Black Leaders Take Stock of Flynn’s Record,” Globe, Jan. 7, 1990, Metro, p. 70
400. Douglas S. Massey, “Residential Segregation and Persistent Urban Poverty,” in John Higham, ed., Civil Rights and Social Wrongs: BlackWhite Relations Since World War II (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), p. 105
401. Nancy A. Denton, American Apartheid:Segregation and the Making of the Underclass, (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993)
402. Patrick Kennedy, “How MassachusettS Representative Ray Flynn Left the Shadow of Busing: Boston Politics in the Fall of 1974,” Historical Journal of Massachusetts XXVIII (Summer 1999): 200-202
403. Lawrence W. Kennedy, Planning the City Upon a Hill: Boston Since 1630 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1992), pp. 218-19, 228-29
404. Diego Ribadeneira, “Flynn Appoints a Familiar Face to Lead Community Services Office,” Globe, Oct. 19, 1988, p. 21.
405. Adrian Walker, “Menino Calls Race Relations the Overriding Issue for City,” Globe, Sept. 19,1994, Metro, p. 1.
406. Robert Jordan, “Don’t Count This Integration Plan Out,” Globe, Aug. 12, 1990, p. A19
407. Christine H. Rossell, The Carrot or the Stick for School Desegregation Policy: Magnet Schools or Forced Busing (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990), p. xii
408. Peggy Hernandez, “State Education Board Urges Boston to Stall, Brace Assignment Plan,” Globe, Mar. 27,1990, Metro, p.12
409. Beth Dailey and Andy Dabilis, “In Switch, City Won’t Appeal the Latin Case,” Globe, Mar. 24,1999, Metro, p. Bl.
410. Beth Dailey, “Latin Admissions Steady,” Globe, Mar. 24, 1999, Metro, p. Bl.
411. Charles A. Radin, “Latin School Ruling Renews Old Question of Education Mission,” Globe, Nov. 23,1998, p. A9
412. Richard D. Kahlenberg, “Class-based Affirmative Action,” Globe, Jan. 19,1999, p. All.
413. Don Aucoin, “Judge Garrity Has City Buzzing Again,” Globe, Aug. 26, 1996, Metro, p. B1.
414. Richard D. Kahlenberg, The Remedy: Class, Race, and Affirmative Action (New York: Basic Books, 1996).
415. Brian C. Mooney, “Admissions Suit Shows Risk for Mayor in Control of Schools,” Globe, Aug. 17, 1995, Metro, p. 29
416. Victoria Benning, “Councillor to Issue Study Saying Busing Has Failed, Davis-Mullen Backs ‘Walk-to’ Proposal,” Globe,June 2, 1994, Metro, p.1
417. Kate Zernike and Doreen Iudica Vigue, “Ex-Foes Join as End OK’d to Schools’ Race Policy,” Globe, July 15, 1999, Metro, p. AI
418. Orlando Patterson, “What to Do When Busing Becomes Irrelevant,” New York Times, July 18, 1999, Section 4, p. 17
419. Robert A. Jordan, “School Committee Vote an Ending that May Invite Resegregation,” Globe, July 18, 1999
420. Alan Lupo, “Now That Busing is Past, What of Schooling?” Globe, July 25, 1999
421. Jonathan Birnbaum and Clarence Taylor, eds., Civil Rights Since 1787: A Reader on the Black Struggle (New York: New York University Press, 2000), pp. 774-75.
422. Anand Vaishnav, “Group Wants City Council to Run Schools,” Globe, Feb. 6, 2001, p. B1.
423. Gerald Gamm, Urban Exodus: Why the Jews Left Boston and the Catholics Stayed (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999)
424. John T. McGreevy, Parish Boundaries:The Catholic Encounter with Race in the Twentieth-Century Urban North (Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1996).
425. James E. Glinski, “The Catholic Church and the Desegregation of Boston’s Public Schools,” New England Journal of Public Policy 4 (Summer/Fall 1988), pp. 65-84.
426. Susan E. Eaton, The Other Boston Story: What’s Won and Lost Across the Boundary Line (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001).
427. Jean Anyou, Ghetto Schooling: A Political Economy for Urban Educational Reform (New York: Teachers College Press, 1997), p. 5.
428. Tamar Jacoby, Someone Else’s House: America’s Unfinished Struggle for Integration (New York: Free Press, 1998).
429. Roslyn Arlin Mickelson, “The Academic Consequences of Desegregation and Segregation: Evidence From the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools,” North Carolina Law Review 81 (2003): 1517.
430. Roger Griffey, “Fayette Magnet Schools Are Different All Right,” Lexington Herald-Leader, Feb. 11, 2002, p. A9.
431. Stephen C. Halpern, On the Limits of the Law: The Ironic Legacy of Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), p.3.
432. Halpern, On the Limits of the Law, p. 11.
433. Christopher Jencks, Rethinking Social Policy: Race, Poverty, and the Underclass (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992)
434. Michael K. Brown, Race, Money, and the American Welfare State (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999).
435. Michael Goldfield, The Color of Politics: Race and the Mainsprings of American Politics (New York: The New Press, 1997), pp. 341-42.
436. Kristen Wyatt, “A Setback for Affirmative Action,” Globe, Aug. 28,2001, p. AI.
437. Megan Tench, “Data Assess Segregation in Religious, Public Schools,” Globe, June 26, 2002, City & Region, p. Bl
438. Richard D. Kahlenberg, All Together Now: Creating Middle-Class Schools Through Public School Choice (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2001), pp. 228-57.
439. John Charles Boger, “Education’s ‘Perfect Storm’? Racial Resegregation, ‘High Stakes’ Testing, & School Resource Inequities: The Case of North Carolina,” North Carolina Law Review 81 (2003): 122-25
440. Sara Rimer, “Schools Try Integration by Income, Not Race,” New York Times, May 8, 2003, p. A1.