At the intersection of place, race, and health in Brazil: Residential segregation and cardio-metabolic risk factors in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

Social Science and Medicine

Volumn 199, Issue , 2018, Pages 67-76

  Barber, Sharrelle ^a   Diez Roux, Ana V ^a   Cardoso, Letícia ^b   Santos, Simone ^b   Toste, Veronica ^c   James, Sherman ^d   Barreto, Sandhi ^e   Schmidt, Maria ^f   Giatti, Luana ^e   Chor, Dora ^b  

^a DREXEL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ   (Brazil)

^c FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO DE JANEIRO   (Brazil)

^d DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF MINAS GERAIS   (Brazil)

^f FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Brazil; Diabetes; Hypertension; Racial health inequalities; Residential segregation

Indexed keywords

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DIABETES; HYPERTENSION; METABOLISM; NEIGHBORHOOD; RACE; RACIAL SEGREGATION; RISK FACTOR;

ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; BLACK PERSON; BRAZIL; CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK; CAUCASIAN; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIABETES MELLITUS; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; HOUSEHOLD INCOME; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NEIGHBORHOOD; PREVALENCE; RACE DIFFERENCE; RACIAL SEGREGATION; RESIDENTIAL AREA; SOCIAL SEGREGATION; ANCESTRY GROUP; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DEMOGRAPHY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; ETHNOLOGY; HEALTH DISPARITY; METABOLIC DISORDER; MIDDLE AGED; RISK FACTOR; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

BRAZIL;

ADULT; BRAZIL; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS; FEMALE; HEALTH STATUS DISPARITIES; HUMANS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; METABOLIC DISEASES; MIDDLE AGED; RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 85027404945     PISSN: 02779536     EISSN: 18735347     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.05.047     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Angotti, T., Latin american urbanization and planning: inequality and unsustainability in North and South. Lat. Am. Perspect. “Urban Question” Lat. Am. 23 (1996), 12–34.
2. Antônio, C., Ribeiro, C., Classe, raça e mobilidade social no Brasil. Dados, 49, 2006, 40.
3. Aquino, E.M., Barreto, S.M., Bensenor, I.M., Carvalho, M.S., Chor, D., Duncan, B.B., et al. Brazilian longitudinal study of adult health (ELSA-Brasil): objectives and design. Am. J. Epidemiol. 175 (2012), 315–324.
4. Bécares, L., Shaw, R., Nazroo, J., Stafford, M., Albor, C., Atkin, K., et al. Ethnic density effects on physical morbidity, mortality, and health behaviors: a systematic review of the literature. Am. J. Public Health 102 (2012), e33–e66.
5. Bensenor, I.M., Griep, R.H., Pinto, K.A., de Faria, C.P., Felisbino-Mendes, M., Caetano, E.I., et al. Rotinas de organização de exames e entrevistas no centro de investigação ELSA-Brasil. Rev. Saúde Pública 47 (2013), 37–47.
6. Brazil Health Ministry, Information in Health - Vital Statistics. 2013.
7. Chaix, B., Geographic life environments and coronary heart disease: a literature review, theoretical contributions, methodological updates, and a research agenda. Annu. Rev. Public Health 30 (2009), 81–105.
8. Chor, D., Alves, M.G.d.M., Giatti, L., Cade, N.V., Nunes, M.A., del Molina, M.C.B., et al. Questionário do ELSA-Brasil: desafios na elaboração de instrumento multidimensional. Rev. Saúde Pública 47 (2013), 27–36.
9. Chor, D., Andreozzi, V., Fonseca, M.J., Cardoso, L.O., James, S.A., Lopes, C.S., et al. Social inequalities in BMI trajectories: 8-year follow-up of the Pro-Saude study in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Public Health Nutr., 2015, 1–9.
10. Chor, D., Cardoso, L.O., Nobre, A.A., Griep, R.H., de Jesus Mendes, M.F., Giatti, L., et al. Association between perceived neighbourhood characteristics, physical activity and diet quality: results of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). BMC Public Health 16 (2016), 1–11.
11. Chor, D., Pinho Ribeiro, A.L., Sa Carvalho, M., Duncan, B.B., Andrade Lotufo, P., Araujo Nobre, A., et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and influence of socioeconomic variables on control of high blood pressure: results of the ELSA-Brasil study. PLoS One, 10, 2015, e0127382.
12. de Carvalho, I.M.M., Pereira, G., Introdução. Cad. CRH - Dossiê Dinâmica Metrop. Segregação Socioespacial 20 (2007), 261–279.
13. Diez-Roux, A.V., Nieto, F.J., Muntaner, C., Tyroler, H.A., Comstock, G.W., Shahar, E., et al. Neighborhood environments and coronary heart disease: a multilevel analysis. Am. J. Epidemiol. 146 (1997), 48–63.
14. Diez Roux, A.V., Mair, C., Neighborhoods and health. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1186 (2010), 125–145.
15. ESRI. How Hot Spot Analysis: Getis-Ord Gi* (Spatial Statistics) Works. http://resources.esri.com/help/9.3/arcgisengine/java/gp_toolref/spatial_statistics_tools/how_hot_spot_analysis_colon_getis_ord_gi_star_spatial_statistics_works.htm.
16. Feldman, S., A pesquisa sobre segregação: conceitos, métodos e medições. Espaços Debates 24 (2004), 87–109.
17. Figueiredo, A., Fora do jogo: a experiência dos negros na classe média brasileira. Cad. Pagu 23 (2004), 199–228.
18. Garcia, A., Desigualdades Raciais e Segregação Urbana em Antigas Capitais: Salvador, cidade d'Oxum e Rio de Janeiro, cidade de Ogum. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Planejamento Urbano e Regional Rio de Janeiro. 2006, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.
19. Gaskin, D.J., Thorpe, R.J., McGinty, E.E., Bower, K., Rohde, C., Young, J.H., et al. Disparities in diabetes: the nexus of race, poverty, and place. Am. J. Public Health 104 (2014), 2147–2155.
20. Getis, A., Ord, J.K., The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics. Geogr. Anal. 24 (1992), 189–206.
21. Gomide, A.A., Mobilidade urbana, iniqüidade e políticas sociais. IPEA. Políticas Sociais - acompanhamento e análise. 12 (2006), 242–250.
22. Gusmão, H., Mapa racial da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. 2015.
23. Hasenbalg, C., Discriminação e desigualdades raciais no Brasil Contemporâneo. 1979, Graal, Rio de Janeiro.
24. Hunt, B.R., Whitman, S., Henry, C.A., Age-adjusted diabetes mortality rates vary in local communities in a metropolitan area: racial and spatial disparities and correlates. Diabetes Care 37 (2014), 1279–1286.
25. IBGE, Atlas do Censo Demográfico Brasileiro 2010. Brasil Ministério do Planejamento, Orçamento e Gestão. 2010, Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística.
26. Jargowsky, P., Architecture of Segregation: Civil Unrest, the Concentration of Poverty, and Public Policy. 2015, The Century Foundation.
27. Juster, R.P., McEwen, B.S., Lupien, S.J., Allostatic load biomarkers of chronic stress and impact on health and cognition. Neurosci. Biobehav Rev. 35 (2010), 2–16.
28. Kershaw, K., Albrecht, S., Racial/ethnic residential segregation and cardiovascular disease risk. Curr. Cardiovasc. Risk Rep. 9 (2015), 1–12.
29. Kershaw, K., Osypuk, T.L., Do, D.P., De Chavez, P.J., Diez Roux, A.V., Neighborhood-level racial/ethnic residential segregation and incident cardiovascular disease: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Circulation 131 (2015), 141–148.
30. Kramer, M., Hogue, C., Is segregation Bad for your health?. Epidemiol. Rev. 31 (2009), 178–194.
31. Krieger, N., A century of census tracts: health & the body politic (1906-2006). J. Urban Health 83 (2006), 355–361.
32. Krieger, N., Epidemiology and the People's Health: Theory and Context. 2011, Oxford University Press.
33. Krieger, N., Discrimination and health inequities. Int. J. Health Serv. 44 (2014), 643–710.
34. Krieger, N., Waterman, P.D., Spasojevic, J., Li, W., Maduro, G., Van Wye, G., Public health monitoring of privilege and deprivation with the index of concentration at the extremes. Am. J. Public Health 106 (2015), 256–263.
35. Leal, C., Chaix, B., The influence of geographic life environments on cardiometabolic risk factors: a systematic review, a methodological assessment and a research agenda. Obes. Rev. 12 (2011), 217–230.
36. Lee, P.H., Macfarlane, D.J., Lam, T.H., Stewart, S.M., Validity of the international physical activity questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF): a systematic review. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act., 8, 2011, 115.
37. Lim, S.S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A.D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380 (2012), 2224–2260.
38. Maricato, E., The Statute of the peripheral city. Rossbach, C.S.C.A., (eds.) The City Statute of Brazil: a Commentary, 2010, Ministério das Cidades e Aliança de Cidades, São Paulo, 5–22.
39. Maricato, E., Vulnerability and risk in the metropolis of the periphery: everyday life in Brazil's cities. Progress. Plan., 2013, 28–30.
40. Marteleto, L.J., Educational inequality by race in Brazil, 1982–2007: structural changes and Shifts in racial classification. Demography 49 (2012), 337–358.
41. Massey, D.S., Denton, N.A., The dimensions of residential segregation. Soc. Forces 67 (1988), 281–315.
42. Massey, D.S., Denton, N.A., American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. 1993, Harvard University Press.
43. Minamisava, R., Nouer, S.S., de Morais Neto, O.L., Melo, L.K., Andrade, A.L., Spatial clusters of violent deaths in a newly urbanized region of Brazil: highlighting the social disparities. Int. J. Health Geogr., 8, 2009, 66.
44. Molina, M.C., Bensenor, I.M., Cardoso Lde, O., Velasquez-Melendez, G., Drehmer, M., Pereira, T.S., et al. Reproducibility and relative validity of the food frequency questionnaire used in the ELSA-Brasil. Cad. Saude Publica 29 (2013), 379–389.
45. Mujahid, M.S., Diez Roux, A.V., Morenoff, J.D., Raghunathan, T., Assessing the measurement properties of neighborhood scales: from psychometrics to ecometrics. Am. J. Epidemiol. 165 (2007), 858–867.
46. NCD-RisC, Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants. Lancet 387 (2016), 1513–1530.
47. Oakes, J.M., The (mis)estimation of neighborhood effects: causal inference for a practicable social epidemiology. Soc. Sci. Med. 58 (2004), 1929–1952.
48. Oakes, J.M., Commentary: advancing neighbourhood-effects research–selection, inferential support, and structural confounding. Int. J. Epidemiol. 35 (2006), 643–647.
49. Osorio, R., A Desigualdade Racial de Renda no Brasil: 1976-2006. Sociologia. 2009, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília.
50. Pero, V., Stefanelli, V., A questão da mobilidade urbana nas metrópoles brasileiras. Rev. Econ. Contemp. 19 (2015), 36–402.
51. Phelan, J.C., Link, B.G., Tehranifar, P., Social conditions as fundamental causes of health inequalities: theory, evidence, and policy implications. J. Health Soc. Behav. 51:Suppl. l (2010), S28–S40.
52. Ramos, S., Musumeci, L., Elemento suspeito: abordagem policial e discriminação na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. 2005, Civilização Brasileira, Rio de Janeiro.
53. Ribeiro, C., Skin Color Continuum, Social Mobility and “Whitening” in Brazil. 2012, IESP-UERJ, Rio de Janeiro.
54. Ribeiro, L., Katzman, R., A cidade contra a escola?: segregação urbana e desigualdades educacionais em grandes cidades da América Latina. 2008, Letra Capital FAPERJ IPPES, Rio de Janeiro Montevidéu.
55. Ribeiro, L., Rodrigues, J., Corrêa, F., Status, Cor e Desigualdades Socioespaciais nos Grandes Espaços Urbanos Brasileiros. 2009, Letra Capital, Rio de Janeiro.
56. Rocha, C., Candido, M., Toste, V., Fronteiras (in)visíveis: raça, gênero e os limites do direito à cidade. Rodrigues, T., (eds.) O Rio que queremos: propostas para uma cidade inclusiva, 2016, Núcleo Piratininga de Comunicação, Rio de Janeiro, 129–148.
57. Santos, S.M., Barcellos, C., Sá Carvalho, M., Ecological analysis of the distribution and socio-spatial context of homicides in Porto Alegre, Brazil. Health & Place 12 (2006), 38–47.
58. Santos, S.M., Chor, D., Werneck, G.L., Demarcation of local neighborhoods to study relations between contextual factors and health. Int. J. Health Geogr. 9 (2010), 1–15.
59. Santos, S.M., Griep, R.H., Cardoso, L.O., Alves, M.G.d.M., Fonseca, M.d.J.M.d., Giatti, L., et al. Cross-cultural adaptation and reliability of measurements on self-reported neighborhood characteristics in ELSA-Brasil., 2013(47), 2013, 9.
60. Schmidt, M.I., Duncan, B.B., Mill, J.G., Lotufo, P.A., Chor, D., Barreto, S.M., et al. Cohort profile: longitudinal study of adult health (ELSA-Brasil). Int. J. Epidemiol. 44 (2015), 68–75.
61. Telles, E.E., Residential segregation by skin color in Brazil. Am. Sociol. Rev. 57 (1992), 186–197.
62. Telles, E.E., Structural sources of socioeconomic segregation in Brazilian metropolitan areas. Am. J. Sociol. 100 (1995), 1199–1223.
63. Telles, E.E., Race in Another America: the Significance of Skin Color in Brazil. 2004, Princeton University Press, Princenton, NJ.
64. Telles, E.E., Residential Segregation. Race in Another America: the Significance of Skin Color in Brazil. 2004, Princenton University Press.
65. Telles, E.E., Pigmentocracies: Ethnicity, Race, and Color in Latin America. 2014, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
66. Telles, E.E., Lim, L., Does it matter who answers the race Question? Racial classification and income inequality in Brazil. Demography 35:nº 4 (1998), 465–474.
67. Theodoro, M., A formação do mercado de trabalho e a questão racial no Brasil. Theodoro, M., Jaccoud, L., Osório, R., Soares, S., (eds.) As políticas públicas e a desigualdade racial no Brasil : 120 anos após a abolição, 2008, IPEA, Brasília, 15–44.
68. Torres, H.d.G., Residential segregation and public policies: São Paulo in the 1990's. Rev. Bras. Ciências Sociais, 2, 2006, 0.
69. Torres, P., Ribeiro, R., Sanches, T., Desenvolvimento urbano sustentável: o direito à cidade no Rio de Janeiro contemporâneo. Rodrigues, T., (eds.) O Rio que queremos: propostas para uma cidade inclusiva, 2016, Núcleo Piratininga de Comunicação, Rio de Janeiro, 54–81.
70. Toste, V., Tão longe, tão perto: pretos e pardos e o enigma racial brasileiro. Instituto de Estudos Sociais e Políticos. 2014, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro.
71. Vargas, J., Apartheid brasileiro: raça e segregação residencial no Rio de Janeiro. Rev. Antropol. 48 (2005), 75–131.
72. White, K., Borrell, L.N., Racial/ethnic residential segregation: framing the context of health risk and health disparities. Health Place 17 (2011), 438–448.
73. White, K., Borrell, L.N., Wong, D.W., Galea, S., Ogedegbe, G., Glymour, M.M., Racial/ethnic residential segregation and self-reported hypertension among US- and foreign-born blacks in New York City. Am. J. Hypertens. 24 (2011), 904–910.
74. Williams, D.R., Collins, C., Racial residential segregation: a fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Public Health Rep. 116 (2001), 404–416.
75. Wilson, W.J., The Truly Disadvantage: the Inner City, the Underclass and Social Policy. 1987, University of Chicago Press.
76. Wilson, W.J., More than Just Race: Being Black and Poor in the Inner-city. 2009, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc, New York, NY.