Seasonal and spatial changes in trace gases over megacities from Aura TES observations: Two case studies

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 17, Issue 15, 2017, Pages 9379-9398

  Cady Pereira, Karen E ^a   Payne, Vivienne H ^b   Neu, Jessica L ^b   Bowman, Kevin W ^b   Miyazaki, Kazuyuki ^b,c   Marais, Eloise A ^d,g   Kulawik, Susan ^e   Tzompa Sosa, Zitely A ^f   Hegarty, Jennifer D ^a  

^a ATMOSPHERIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^c JAPAN AGENCY FOR MARINE EARTH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Japan)

^d HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e BAY AREA ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^f Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and School of Biomedical Engineering   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR QUALITY; AMMONIA; ANNUAL VARIATION; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; FORMIC ACID; MEGACITY; METHANOL; OZONE; SEASONAL VARIATION; SPATIAL VARIATION; SPECTROMETER; TRACE GAS;

FEDERAL DISTRICT [MEXICO]; LAGOS [LAGOS (STT)]; LAGOS [NIGERIA]; MEXICO CITY; MEXICO [NORTH AMERICA]; NIGERIA;

EID: 85027371766     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-17-9379-2017     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Akimoto, H., Kurokawa, J., Sudo, K., Nagashima, T., Takemura, T., Klimont, Z., Amann, M., Suzuki, K.: SLCP co-control approach in East Asia: Tropospheric ozone reduction strategy by simultaneous reduction of NOx/NMVOC and methane, Atmos. Environ., 122, 588-595, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.10.003, 2015.
2. Akiyoshi, H., Sugita, T., Kanzawa, H., Kawamoto, N.: Ozone perturbations in the Arctic summer lower stratosphere as a reflection in of NOx chemistry and wave activity, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D03304, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003632, 2004.
3. Beer, R.: TES on the Aura mission: Scientific objectives, measurements, and analysis overview, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 44, 1102-1105, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2005.863716, 2006.
4. Bouwman, A. F., Lee, D. S., Asman, W. A. H., Dentener, F. J., Van Der Hoek, K. W., Olivier, J. G. J.: A global highresolution emission inventory for ammonia, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 11, 561-587, 1997.
5. Bowman, K. W., Rodgers, C. D., Kulawik, S. S., Worden, J., Sarkissian, E., Osterman, G., Steck, T., Lou, M., Eldering, A., Shephard, M., Worden, H., Lampel, M., Clough, S., Brown, P., Rinsland, C., Gunson, M., Beer, R.: Tropospheric emission spectrometer: Retrieval method and error analysis, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 44, 1297-1307, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2006.871234, 2006.
6. Cady-Pereira, K. E., Shephard, M. W., Millet, D. B., Luo, M., Wells, K. C., Xiao, Y., Payne, V. H., Worden, J., Methanol from TES global observations: Retrieval algorithm and seasonal and spatial variability, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 8189-8203, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-8189-2012, 2012.
7. Cady-Pereira, K. E., Chaliyakunnel, S., Shephard, M. W., Millet, D. B., Luo, M., Wells, K. C.: HCOOH measurements from space: TES retrieval algorithm and observed global distribution, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7, 2297-2311, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2297-2014, 2014.
8. Chaliyakunnel, S., Millet, D. B., Wells, K. C., Cady-Pereira, K. E., Shephard, M. W.: A Large Underestimate of Formic Acid from Tropical Fires: Constraints from Space-Borne Measurements, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 5631-5640, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b06385, 2016.
9. Chatfield, R. B., Esswein, R. F.: Estimation of surface O3 from lower-troposphere partial-column information: Vertical correlations and covariances in ozonezonde profiles, Atmos. Environ., 61, 103-113, 2012.
10. Clarisse, L., Shephard, M. W., Dentener, F., Hurtmans, D., Cady-Pereira, K., Karagulian, F., Van Damme, M., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P.-F.: Satellite monitoring of ammonia: A case study of the San Joaquin Valley, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D13302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013291, 2010.
11. Clough, S. A., Shephard, M. W., Worden, J., Brown, P. D., Worden, H. M., Luo, M., Rodgers, C. D., Rinsland, C. P., Goldman, A., Brown, L., Kulawik, S. S., Eldering, A., Lampel, M., Osterman, G., Beer, R., Bowman, K., Cady-Pereira, K. E., Mlawer, E. J.: Forward model and Jacobians for Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer retrievals, IEEE T. Geosci. Remote, 44, 1308-1323, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2005.860986, 2006.
12. Crutzen, P. J.: Troposheric Ozone: An overview, edited by: Isaksen, I. S., D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., 3-32, 1988.
13. Dammers, E., Shephard, M.W., Palm, M., Cady-Pereira, K., Capps, S., Lutsch, E., Strong, K., Hannigan, J. W., Ortega, I., Toon, G. C., Stremme, W., Grutter, M., Jones, N., Smale, D., Siemons, J., Hrpcek, K., Tremblay, D., Schaap, M., Notholt, J., Erisman, J. W.: Validation of the CrIS Fast Physical NH3 Retrieval with ground-based FTIR, Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-2017-38, in review, 2017.
14. Dee, D. P., Uppala, S. M., Simmons, A. J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M. A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A. C. M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A. J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S. B., Hersbach, H., Holm, E. V., Isaksen, L., Kallberg, P., Kohler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A. P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J. J., Park, B. K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thepaut, J. N., Vitart, F.: The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system, Q. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 137, 553-597, 2011.
15. de Foy, B., Fast, J. D., Paech, S. J., Phillips, D., Walters, J. T., Coulter, R. L., Martin, T. J., Pekour, M. S., Shaw, W. J., Kastendeuch, P. P., Marley, N. A., Retama, A., Molina, L. T.: Basin-scale wind transport during the MILAGRO field campaign and comparison to climatology using cluster analysis, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 1209-1224, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-1209-2008, 2008.
16. Draxler, R. R., Hess, G. D.: An overview of the HYSPLIT4 modeling system for trajectories, dispersion, and deposition, Aust. Meteorol. Mag., 47, 295-308, 1998.
17. Duncan, B. N., Lamsal, L. N., Thompson, A. M., Yoshida, Y., Lu, Z., Streets, D. G., Hurwitz, M. M., Pickering, K. E.: A space-based, high-resolution view of notable changes in urban NOx pollution around the world (2005-2014), J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 121, 976-996, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024121, 2016.
18. EC-JRC/PBL-European Commission (EC), Joint Research Centre (JRC)/Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL): Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), release version 4.2, http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu (last access: September 2015), 2011.
19. Emmons, L. K., Apel, E. C., Lamarque, J.-F., Hess, P. G., Avery, M., Blake, D., Brune, W., Campos, T., Crawford, J., DeCarlo, P. F., Hall, S., Heikes, B., Holloway, J., Jimenez, J. L., Knapp, D. J., Kok, G., Mena-Carrasco, M., Olson, J., O'Sullivan, D., Sachse, G., Walega, J., Weibring, P., Weinheimer, A., Wiedinmyer, C.: Impact of Mexico City emissions on regional air quality from MOZART-4 simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 6195-6212, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6195-2010, 2010.
20. Holzinger, R., Warneke, C., Hansel, A., Jordan, A., Lindinger, W., Scharffe, D. H., Schade, G., Crutzen, P. J.: Biomass burning as a source of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, methanol, acetone, acetonitrile, and hydrogen cyanide, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1161-1164, 1999.
21. Hopkins, J. R., Evans, M. J., Lee, J. D., Lewis, A. C., Marsham, J. H., McQuaid, J. B., Parker, D. J., Stewart, D. J., Reeves, C. E., Purvis, R. M.: Direct estimates of emissions from the megacity of Lagos, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8471-8477, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-8471-2009, 2009.
22. Jacob, D. J., Heikes, E. G., Fan, S.-M., Logan, J. A., Mauzerall, D. L., Bradshaw, J. D., Singh, H. B., Gregory, G. L., Talbot, R. W., Blake, D. R., Sachse, G.W.: Origin of ozone and NOx in the tropical troposphere: A photochemical analysis of aircraft observations over the South Atlantic basin, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 24235-24250, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD00336, 1996.
23. Jacob, D. J., Crawford, J. H., Maring, H., Clarke, A. D., Dibb, J. E., Emmons, L. K., Ferrare, R. A., Hostetler, C. A., Russell, P. B., Singh, H. B., Thompson, A. M., Shaw, G. E., McCauley, E., Pederson, J. R., Fisher, J. A.: The Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS) mission: Design, execution, and first results, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 5191-5212, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5191-2010, 2010.
24. Jauregui, E.: Local wind and air pollution interaction in the Mexico basin, Atmosfera, 1, 131-140, 1988.
25. Jiang, J., Zha, Y., Gao, J., Jiang, J.: Monitoring of SO2 column concentration change over China from Aura OMI data, Int. J. Remote Sens., 33, 1934-1942, 2012.
26. Klimont, Z., Cofala, J., Xing, J., Wei, W., Zhang, C., Wang, S., Kejun, J., Bhandari, P., Mathur, R., Purohit, P., Rafaj, P., Chambers, A., Amann, M., Hao, J.: Projections of SO2, NOx and carbonaceous aerosols emissions in Asia, Tellus B, 61, 602-617, 2009.
27. Knippertz, P., Evans, M. J., Field, P. R., Fink, A. H, Liousse, C., Marsham, J. H.: The possible role of local air pollution in climate change in West Africa, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 815-822, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2727, 2015.
28. Kreidenweis, S. M., Remer, L. A., Bruintjes, R., Dubovik, O.: Smoke aerosol from biomass burning in Mexico: Hygroscopic smoke optical model, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 4831-4844, 2001.
29. Liousse, C., Guillaume, B., Grégoire, J. M., Mallet, M., Galy, C., Pont, V., Akpo, A., Bedou, M., Castéra, P., Dungall, L., Gardrat, E., Granier, C., Konaré, A., Malavelle, F., Mariscal, A., Mieville, A., Rosset, R., Sercą, D., Solmon, F., Tummon, F., Assamoi, E., Yoboué, V., Van Velthoven, P.: Updated African biomass burning emission inventories in the framework of the AMMAIDAF program, with an evaluation of combustion aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 9631-9646, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-9631-2010, 2010.
30. Luo, M., Rinsland, C. P., Rodgers, C. D., Logan, J. A., Worden, H., Kulawik, S., Eldering, A., Goldman, A., Shephard, M. W., Gunson, M., Lampel, M.: Comparison of carbon monoxide measurements by TES and MOPITT: Influence of a priori data and instrument characteristics on nadir atmospheric species retrievals, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09303, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007663, 2007.
31. Luo, M., Shephard, M. W., Cady-Pereira, K. E., Henze, D. K., Zhu, L., Bash, J. O., Pinder, R. W., Capps, S. L., Walker, J. T., Jones, M. R.: Satellite observations of tropospheric ammonia and carbon monoxide: Global distributions, regional correlations and comparisons to model simulations, Atmos. Environ., 106, 262-277, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.02.007, 2015.
32. MacDonald, R. C., Fall, R.: Detection of substantial emissions of methanol from plants to the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ., 27, 1709-1713, 1993.
33. Mao, J., Jacob, D. J., Evans, M. J., Olson, J. R., Ren, X., Brune, W. H., St Clair, J. M., Crounse, J. D., Spencer, K. M., Beaver, M. R., Wennberg, P. O., Cubison, M. J., Jimenez, J. L., Fried, A., Weibring, P., Walega, J. G., Hall, S. R., Weinheimer, A. J., Cohen, R. C., Chen, G., Crawford, J. H., McNaughton, C., Clarke, A. D., Jaegle, L., Fisher, J. A., Yantosca, R. M., Le Sager, P., Carouge, C.: Chemistry of hydrogen oxide radicals (HOx ) in the Arctic troposphere in spring. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 5823-5838, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-5823-2010, 2010.
34. Marais, E. A., Wiedinmyer, C.: Air Quality Impact of Diffuse and Inefficient Combustion Emissions in Africa (DICE-Africa), Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 10739-10745, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b02602, 2016.
35. Marais, E. A., Jacob, D. J., Wecht, K., Lerot, C., Zhang, L., Yu, K., Kurosu, T. P., Chance, K., Sauvage, B.: Atmospheric emissions in Nigeria and implications for atmospheric ozone pollution: A view from space, Atmos. Environ., 99, 32-40, 2014.
36. Mari, C. H., Reeves, C. E., Law, K. S., Ancellet, G., Andrés-Hernández, M. D., Barret, B., Bechara, J., Borbon, A., Bouarar, I., Cairo, F., Commane, R., Delon, C., Evans, M. J., Fierli, F., Floquet, C., Galy-Lacaux, C., Heard, D. E., Homan, C. D., Ingham, T., Larsen, N., Lewis, A. C., Liousse, C., Murphy, J. G., Orlandi, E., Oram, D. E., Saunois, M., Sercą, D., Stewart, D. J., Stone, D., Thouret, V., van Velthoven, P., Williams, J. E.: Atmospheric composition of West Africa: Highlights from the AMMA international program, Atmos. Sci. Lett., 12, 13-18, 2011.
37. Millet, D. B., Baasandorj, M., Farmer, D. K., Thornton, J. A., Baumann, K., Brophy, P., Chaliyakunnel, S., de Gouw, J. A., Graus, M., Hu, L., Koss, A., Lee, B. H., Lopez-Hilfiker, F. D., Neuman, J. A., Paulot, F., Peischl, J., Pollack, I. B., Ryerson, T. B., Warneke, C., Williams, B. J., Xu, J.: A large and ubiquitous source of atmospheric formic acid, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 6283-6304, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6283-2015, 2015.
38. Miyazaki, K., Eskes, H., Sudo, K., Boersma, K. F., Bowman, K., Kanaya, Y.: Decadal changes in global surface NOx emissions from multi-constituent satellite data assimilation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 807-837, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-807-2017, 2017.
39. Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J.: Air Quality in the Mexico Megacity: An Integrated Assessment, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 384 pp., 2002.
40. Molina, L. T., Molina, M. J., Slott, R., Kolb, C. E., Gbor, P. K., Meng, F., Singh, R., Galvez, O., Sloan, J. J., Anderson, W., Tang, X. Y., Shao, M., Zhu, T., Zhang, Y. H., Hu, M., Gurjar, B. R., Artaxo, P., Oyola, P., Gramsch, E., Hidalgo, P., Gertler, A.: 2004 Critical Review Supplement: Air Quality in Selected Megacities, J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 54, https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2004.10471015, 2004.
41. Molina, L. T., Madronich, S., Gaffney, J. S., Apel, E., de Foy, B., Fast, J., Ferrare, R., Herndon, S., Jimenez, J. L., Lamb, B., Osornio-Vargas, A. R., Russell, P., Schauer, J. J., Stevens, P. S., Volkamer, R., Zavala, M.: An overview of the MILAGRO 2006 Campaign: Mexico City emissions and their transport and transformation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 8697-8760, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-8697-2010, 2010.
42. Nowak, J. B., Neuman, J. A., Bahreini, R., Middlebrook, A. M., Holloway, J. S., McKeen, S. A., Parrish, D. D., Ryerson, T. B., Trainer, M.: Ammonia sources in the California South Coast Air Basin and their impact on ammonium nitrate formation, Geophy. Res. Lett., 39, L07804, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051197, 2012.
43. Parrish, D. D., Allen, D. T., Bates, T. S., Estes, M., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Feingold, G., Ferrare, R., Hardesty, R. M., Meagher, J. F., Nielsen-Gammon, J. W., Pierce, R. B., Ryerson, T. B., Seinfeld, J. H., Williams, E. J.: Overview of the Second Texas Air Quality Study (TexAQS II) and the Gulf of Mexico Atmospheric Composition and Climate Study (GoMACCS), J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00F13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD011842, 2009.
44. Paulot, F., Jacob, D. J.: Hidden cost of U.S. agricultural exports: Particulate matter from ammonia emissions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 903-908, 2014.
45. Pavagadhi, S., Betha, R., Venkatesan, S., Balasubramanian, R., Hande, M.: Physicochemical and toxicological characteristics of urban aerosols during a recent Indonesian biomass burning episode, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 20, 2569-2578, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1157-9, 2013.
46. Payne, V. H., Clough, S. A., Shephard, M. W., Nassar, R., Logan, J. A.: Information-centered representation of retrievals with limited degrees of freedom for signal: Application to methane from the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D10307, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010155, 2009.
47. Pierce, R. B., Al-Saadi, J., Kittaka, C., Schaack, T., Bowman, K., Osterman, G., Szykman, J., Soja, A.: Impacts of background ozone production on Houston and Dallas, Texas, air quality during the Second Texas Air Quality Study field mission, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00F09, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD011337, 2009.
48. Pinder, R. W., Walker, J. T., Bash, J. O., Cady-Pereira, K. E., Henze, D. K., Luo, M., Shephard, M. W.: Quantifying spatial and temporal variability in atmospheric ammonia with in situ and space-based observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L04802, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL046146, 2011.
49. Pope III, C. A., Burnett, R. T., Thun, M. J., Calle, E. E., Krewski, D., Ito, K., Thurston, G. D.: Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 287, 1132-1141, 2002.
50. Pope III, C. A., Ezzati, M., Dockery, D.W.: Fine-Particulate Air Pollution and Life Expectancy in the United States, N. Engl. J. Med., 360, 376-386, https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa0805646, 2009.
51. R'Honi, Y., Clarisse, L., Clerbaux, C., Hurtmans, D., Duflot, V., Turquety, S., Ngadi, Y., Coheur, P.-F.: Exceptional emissions of NH3 and HCOOH in the 2010 Russian wildfires, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 4171-4181, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-4171-2013, 2013.
52. Rodgers, C. D.: Inverse methods for atmospheric Sounding: Theory and Practice, World Sci., Hackensack, NJ, 2000.
53. Sauvage, B., Thouret, V., Cammas, J.-P., Gheusi, F., Athier, G., Nédélec, P.: Tropospheric ozone over Equatorial Africa: Regional aspects from the MOZAIC data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 311-335, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-5-311-2005, 2005.
54. Schultz, M. G., Oom, D., Backman, L., Wittrock, F.: REanalysis of the TROpospheric chemical composition over the past 40 years (RETRO)-A long-term global modeling study of tropospheric chemistry: Final Report, Jülich/Hamburg, Germany, http://retro-archive.iek.fz-juelich.de/data/documents/reports/RETRO-Final-Report.pdf (last access: 30 July 2017), August 2007.
55. Shephard, M. W., Cady-Pereira, K. E., Luo, M., Henze, D. K., Pinder, R. W., Walker, J. T., Rinsland, C. P., Bash, J. O., Zhu, L., Payne, V. H., Clarisse, L.: TES ammonia retrieval 25 strategy and global observations of the spatial and seasonal variability of ammonia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10743-10763, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-10743-2011, 2011.
56. Singh, H. B., Brune, W. H., Crawford, J. H., Flocke, F., Jacob, D. J.: Chemistry and transport of pollution over the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific: Spring 2006 INTEX-B campaign overview and first results, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 2301-2318, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-2301-2009, 2009.
57. Sudo, K., Takahashi, M., Akimoto, H.: CHASER: A global chemical model of the troposphere, 2, Model results and evaluation, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4586, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001114, 2002.
58. Sullivan, A. P., Holden, A. S., Patterson, L. A., McMeeking, G. R., Kreidenweis, S. M., Malm, W. C., Hao, W. M., Wold, C. E., Collett, J. L.: A Method for Smoke Marker Measurements and Its Potential Application for Determining the Contribution of Biomass Burning from Wildfires and Prescribed Fires to Ambient PM2:5 Organic Carbon, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D22302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010216, 2008.
59. Tie, X., Guenther, A., Holland, E.: Biogenic methanol and its impacts on tropospheric oxidants, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1881, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL017167, 2003.
60. Tzompa-Sosa, Z. A., Sullivan, A. P., Retama, A., Kreidenweis, S. M.: Contribution of Biomass Burning to Carbonaceous Aerosols in Mexico City during May 2013, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 16, 114-124, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2015.01.0030, 2016.
61. UN-United Nations:World Urbanization Prospects, the 2014 revision, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, https://esa.un. org/unpd/wup/publications/Files/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf (last access: 30 July 2017), 2014.
62. UN-United Nations: The World's Cities in 2016: Data Booklet, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the-worlds-cities-in-2016-data-booklet.pdf (last access: 30 July 2017), 2016.
63. van der Werf, G. R., Randerson, J. T., Giglio, L., Collatz, G. J., Mu, M., Kasibhatla, P. S., Morton, D. C., DeFries, R. S., Jin, Y., van Leeuwen, T. T.: Global fire emissions and the contribution of deforestation, savanna, forest, agricultural, and peat fires (1997-2009), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 11707-11735, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-11707-2010, 2010.
64. von Clarmann, T., Grabowski, U.: Elimination of hidden a priori information from remotely sensed profile data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 397-408, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-397-2007, 2007.
65. Warner, J. X., Wei, Z., Strow, L. L., Dickerson, R. R., Nowak, J. B.: The global tropospheric ammonia distribution as seen in the 13-year AIRS measurement record, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 5467-5479, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-5467-2016, 2016.
66. Watanabe, S., Hajima, T., Sudo, K., Nagashima, T., Takemura, T., Okajima, H., Nozawa, T., Kawase, H., Abe, M., Yokohata, T., Ise, T., Sato, H., Kato, E., Takata, K., Emori, S., Kawamiya, M.: MIROC-ESM 2010: Model description and basic results of CMIP5-20c3m experiments, Geosci. Model Dev., 4, 845-872, https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-4-845-2011, 2011.
67. Wells, K. C., Millet, D. B., Cady-Pereira, K. E., Shephard, M. W., Henze, D. K., Bousserez, N., Apel, E. C., de Gouw, J., Warneke, C., Singh, H. B.: Quantifying global terrestrial methanol emissions using observations from the TES satellite sensor, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2555-2570, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-2555-2014, 2014.
68. Wiedinmyer, C., Yokelson, R. J., Gullett, B. K.: Global emissions of trace gases, particulate matter, and hazardous air pollutants from open burning of domestic waste, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 9523-9530, https://doi.org/10.1021/es502250z, 2014.
69. Worden, H. M., Logan, J., Worden, J. R., Beer, R., Bowman, K., Clough, S. A., Eldering, A., Fisher, B., Gunson, M. R., Herman, R. L., Kulawik, S. S., Lampel, M. C., Luo, M., Megretskaia, I. A., Osterman, G. B., Shephard, M.W.: Comparisons of Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) ozone profiles to ozonesodes: Methods and initial results, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D03309, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007258, 2007.
70. Worden, H. M., Deeter, M. N., Frankenberg, C., George, M., Nichitiu, F., Worden, J., Aben, I., Bowman, K. W., Clerbaux, C., Coheur, P. F., de Laat, A. T. J., Detweiler, R., Drummond, J. R., Edwards, D. P., Gille, J. C., Hurtmans, D., Luo, M., Martinez-Alonso, S., Massie, S., Pfister, G., Warner, J. X.: Decadal record of satellite carbon monoxide observations, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 837-850, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-837-2013, 2013.
71. Yienger, J. J., Levy, H.: Empirical model of global soil-biogenic NOx emissions, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 100, 2156-2202, 1985.
72. Yokelson, R. J., Burling, I. R., Urbanski, S. P., Atlas, E. L., Adachi, K., Buseck, P. R., Wiedinmyer, C., Akagi, S. K., Toohey, D. W., Wold, C. E.: Trace gas and particle emissions from open biomass burning in Mexico, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 6787-6808, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-6787-2011, 2011.
73. Zhu, L., Henze, D. K., Cady-Pereira, K. E., Shephard, M. W., Luo, M., Pinder, R. W., Bash, J. O., Jeong, G. R.: Constraining U.S. ammonia emissions using TES remote sensing observations and the GEOS-Chem adjoint model, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 3355-3368, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50166, 2013.