Life-cycle assessment and embodied energy: A review

Proceedings of Institution of Civil Engineers: Construction Materials

Volumn 160, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 135-143

  Menzies, G F ^a   Turan, S ^b   Banfill, P F G ^a  

^a HERIOT WATT UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b Faber Maunsell   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

design methods aids; environment; materials technology

Indexed keywords

ARTIFICIAL LIFE; BUILDING MATERIALS; CLASSIFICATION (OF INFORMATION); DATA HANDLING;

DESIGN METHOD; EMBODIED ENERGY; ENVIRONMENT; INVENTORY ANALYSIS; LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA); LIFE CYCLE ENERGIES; MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY; QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS;

LIFE CYCLE;

EID: 85025667199     PISSN: 1747650X     EISSN: 17476518     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1680/coma.2007.160.4.135     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. KING D. Climate change science: adapt, mitigate, or ignore? Science, 2004, 303, No. 5655, 176-177.
2. HOUGHTON J. T., DING Y., GRIGGS, D. J., NOGUER M., VAN DER LINDEN P. J., DAI X., MASKELL K. and JOHNSON C. A. (eds). Climate Change 2001-the Scientific Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2001.
3. IPCC WORKING GROUP 1. Climate Change 2001 Third Assessment Report (TAR): The Scientific Basis, The Summary for Policymakers. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2001.
4. IPCC WORKING GROUP 3. Climate Change 2001 Third Assessment Report (TAR): Greenhouse Gas Emission Mitigation Scenarios and Implications. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2001.
5. HER MAJESTY'S GOVERNMENT. Climate Change: The UK Programme 2006. The Stationery Office, London, 2006, HM Government Cm 6764, SE/2006/43.
6. DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY (DTI). Energy White Paper: Our Energy Future-Creating a Low Carbon Economy. The Stationery Office, London, 2003.
7. THE HADLEY CENTRE. Predictions of Accelerated Climate Change, Climate Change and the Greenhouse Effect. Met Office, Exeter, 2005, 05/0221.
8. DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY (DTI). UK Energy in Brief, Statistics and Information. The Stationery Office, London, 2005, DTI 05/220.
9. RAYNSFORD N. The UK's approach to sustainable development in construction. Building Research and Information, 1999, 27, No. 6, 420-424.
10. BUILDING RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT (BRE). Part L Explained: The BRE Guide. BRE Press, Watford, UK, 2006, Report 58413.
11. EUROPEAN COMMISSION (EC) Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002 on the energy performance of buildings. Official Journal of the European Communities L1, 2002, 46, 65-71.
12. INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION FOR STANDARDISATION. Environmental Management Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Framework. ISO, Geneva, Switzerland, 1996, ISO 14040.
13. CONSOLI F., ALLEN D., BOUSTEAD I., FAVA J., FRANKLIN W. and JENSEN A. A. (eds). Guidelines for Life-cycle Assessment: a 'Code of Practice', 1st edn. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC), Pensacola, FL, USA, 1993.
14. BOUSTEAD I. and HANCOCK G. Handbook of Industrial Energy Analysis. Ellis Horwood, Chichester, 1979.
15. ATKINSON C., HOBBS S., WEST J. and EDWARDS S. Life cycle embodied energy and carbon dioxide emissions in buildings. Industry and Environment, 1996, 19, No. 2, 29-31.
16. TRUSTY W. B. Life cycle assessment, databases and sustainable building. Proceedings of the Latin-American Conference on Sustainable Building, São Paulo, July 2004.
17. ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AGENCY. Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice. EPA, Reston, VA, USA, 2006, EPA/600/R-06/060.
18. NORRIS G. A. and NOTTEN P. The Current Availability of LCI Databases in the World. May, 2002. Sourced http://www. uneptie.org/pc/sustain/reports/lcini/Database %20overview. pdf, accessed: 24 July 2006.
19. TRELOAR G. J., FAY R., LOVE P. E. D. and IYER-RANIGA U. Analysing the life cycle energy of a residential building and its householders. Building Research and Information, 2000, 28, No. 5, 184-195.
20. LENZEN M. and DEY C. Truncation error in embodied energy analyses of basic iron and steel products. Energy, 2000, 25, No. 6, 577-585.
21. BUCHANAN A. H. and HONEY B. G. Energy and carbon dioxide implications of building construction. Journal of Energy and Buildings, 1994, 20, No. 3, 205-217.
22. ALCORN A. and WOOD P. New Zealand Building Materials Embodied Energy Coefficients Database Volume II-Coefficients. Centre for Building Performance Research, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand, 1998.
23. BAIRD G. and CHAN S. A. Energy Cost of Houses and Light Construction Buildings. New Zealand Energy Research and Development Committee, Auckland, 1983, NZERDC Report No. 76.
24. LAWSON W. R. Embodied Energy of Building Materials: Environment Design Guide. Royal Australian Institute of Architects, Manuka, Australia, 1996.
25. JONES C. and HAMMOND G. Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE). See http://people.bath.ac.uk/cj219/ (last accessed November 2007).
26. SINCLAIR T. Energy Management in the Brick and Ceramics Industry. Commonwealth of Australia National Energy Research, Development and Demonstration Program, Department of Resources and Energy, Canberra, 1986, End of Grant Report No. 646.
27. LENZEN M. and TRELOAR G. Endogenising capital: a comparison of two methods. Journal of Applied Input-Output Analysis, 2005, 10, 1-11.
28. TRELOAR G. Environmental Assessment of an Office Building. Master of Architecture thesis, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, 1994.
29. TRELOAR G. Extracting embodied energy paths from input- output tables: towards an input-output-based hybrid energy analysis method. Economic System Research, 1997, 9, No. 4, 375-391.
30. LAVE L. B., COBAS-FLORES E., HENDRICKSON C. T. and MCMICHAEL F. C. Using I-O analysis to estimate economy-wide discharges. Environmental Science and Technology, 1995, 29, No. 9, 420-426.
31. PEARS A. Practical and policy issues in analysis of embodied energy and its application. Proceedings of 'Embodied Energy: the Current State of Play' Seminar, Deakin University 28-29 November 1996. Deakin University, Geelong, Australia, 2006, pp. 15-29.
32. SMITH P. F. Architecture in a Climate of Change: a Guide to Sustainable Design. Architectural Press, Oxford and Boston, 2005.
33. PEARS A. Pitfalls in consideration of energy in lifecycle analysis. Pathways to eco efficiency. Proceedings of the 2nd National Conference on Life Cycle Assessment, Melbourne, 23-24 February 2000.
34. INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION FOR STANDARDISATION. Environmental Management Life Cycle Assessment Data Documentation Format. International Organisation for Standardisation, Geneva, Switzerland, 2002, ISO 14048.
35. HWONG-WEN M., SHIH-CHI L. and SHANG-LIEN L. Quantifying and reducing uncertainty in life cycle assessment using the Bayesian Monte Carlo method. Science of the Total Environment, 2005, 340, No. 1-3, 23-33.
36. CELLURA M., FULVIO A. and MARCO B. FALCADE: a fuzzy software for the energy and environmental balances of products. Ecological Modeling, 2004, 176, No. 3-4, 359-379.
37. KHAN F., HAWBOLDT K. and IQBAL M. T. Life cycle analysis of wind-fuel cell integrated system. Renewable Energy, 2005, 30, No. 2, 157-177.
38. CENTRE FOR DESIGN AT RMIT UNIVERSITY. Background Report: LCA Tools, Data and Application in the Building and Construction Industry. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australia, 2001.
39. BAUMANN H. and TILLMAN A. The Hitch Hikers Guide to LCA: An Orientation in Life Cycle Assessment Methodology and Application. Studentlitteratur, Lund, Sweden, 2004, pp. 54, 221, 222.
40. LENZEN M. and TRELOAR G. Embodied energy in buildings: wood versus concrete-reply to Börjesson and Gustavsson. Energy Policy, 2002, 30, No. 3, 249-255.
41. NILL M. Life cycle assessment of PV power production using the hybrid approach. Proceedings of the 16th Discussion Forum on Life Cycle Assessment: Input-output Life Cycle, Assessment, Lausanne. Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2002.
42. LEONTIEF W. Quantitative input-output relations in the economic system of the United States. The Review of Economic and Statistics, 1936, 18, 105.
43. MILLER R. and BLAIR P. Input-Output Analysis-Foundations and Extensions. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1985.
44. BREUIL J. M. Input-output analysis and pollutant emissions in France. Energy Journal, 1992, 13, No. 3, 173-184.
45. LENZEN M. Primary energy and greenhouse gases embodied in Australian final consumption: an input-output analysis. Energy Policy, 1998, 26, No. 6, 495-506.
46. HAWDON D. and PEARSON P. J. G. Input-output simulations of energy, environment, economy interactions in the UK. Energy Economics, 1995, 17, No. 1, 73-86.
47. HENDRICKSON C. T., HORVATH A., JOSHI S. and LAVE L. B. Economic input-output models for environmental life cycle assessment. Environmental Science & Technology, 1998, 32, No. 7, 184-191.
48. BULLARD C. W., PENNER P. S. and PILATI D. A. Net energy analysis: handbook for combining process and input- output analysis. Resources and Energy, 1978, 1, No. 3, 267-313.
49. TRELOAR G., LOVE P. and FANIRAN O. Improving the reliability of embodied energy methods for project life-cycle decision making. Logistic Information Management, 2001, 14, No. 5-6, 303-317.
50. 2. Industry and Environment, 1993, 16, No. 1-2, 42-45.
51. MARHEINEKE T., FRIEDRICH R. and KREWITT W. Application of a hybrid-approach to the life cycle inventory analysis of a freight transport task. SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers Warrendale PA, USA). Transactions-Journal of Passenger Cars, 1998, 107, section 6.
52. SUH S. and HUPPES G. Methods for life cycle inventory of a product. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2005, 13, No. 7, 687-697.
53. CHRISTIANSEN K. (ed.), DE BEAUFORT-LANGEVELD A., VAN DEN BERG N., HAYDOCK R., TEN HOUTEN M., KOTAJI S., OERLEMANS E., SCHMIDT W. P., STRANDDORF H. K., WEIDENHAUPT A. and WHITE P. R. Simplifying LCA: Just a Cut? Final report from the SETACEUROPE LCA Screening and Streamlining Working Group. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC-Europe), Brussels, 1997, 53 pp.
54. SVENSSON G. and EKVALL T. LCA-A fair and cost effective way to compare two products? Proceedings of the SAE Total Life Cycle Conference-Land, Sea and Air Mobility, Conference Publication no. P-293, 1995.
55. MICHAELIS P., JACKSON T. and CLIFT R. Exergy analysis of the lifecycle of steel. Energy, 1998, 23, No. 3, 213-220.
56. WORRELL E., VAN HEIJNINGEN R. J. J., DE CASTRO J. F. M., HAZEWINKEL J. H. O., DE BEER J. G., FAAIJ A. P. C. and VRINGER K. New gross energy requirement figures for materials production. Energy, the International Journal, 1994, 19, No. 6, 627-640.
57. GLOVER J., WHITE D. O. and LANGRISH T. A. G. Wood versus concrete and steel in house construction. Journal of Forestry, 2002, 100, No. 8, 34-41.