‘they can write it in swahili’: Kissinger, the soviets, and the helsinki accords, 1973–75

Journal of Transatlantic Studies

Volumn 1, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 37-58

  Hanhimäki, Jussi M ^a  

^a Graduate Institute of International Studies   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85025313710     PISSN: 14794012     EISSN: 17541018     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14794010308656791     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Hitchens, Christopher. 2001. The Trial of Henry Kissinger, London:Verso.
2. Kissinger cited in Burr, Kissinger Transcripts 17 17 (‘loser’) and 326(‘Swahili’). See also Kissinger, Years of Renewal, New York, 1999, ch. 21.
3. Goodby. Europe Unidivided 51–51. Maresca, To Helsinki, p. 158. See also Stefan, ‘Helsinki Final Act’, p. 8 and Kissinger, Years of Renewal, p. 641.
4. Cabinet Meeting, August 8, 1975, Box 14, National Security Advisor, Memoranda of Conversations, Gerald Ford Library Ann Arbor, Michigan (hereafter GFL).
5. Kissinger. White House Years 403–403.
6. Kissinger to Nixon, NSC, President's Trip Files, box 489:‘Dobrynin/Kissinger 1969 [part 2]’, Nixon Presidential Materials Project, National Archives II, College Park, Maryland (hereafter NPMP). For a useful overview of these developments see Goodby, Europe Undivided 47 49
7. More detailed overviews in Ghebali, La diplomatie de la détente Maresca, To Helsinki; Goodby, Europe Undivided; Loth, Overcoming the Cold War; and van Oudenaren, Détente.
8. On the State Department's efforts see particularly Goodby, Europe Undivided 52 58
9. CSCE, 1972–1975 34–34. fn. 2.
10. CSCE, 1972–1975 35–35.
11. Kissinger. Diplomacy 758–758.
12. Memcon:Kissinger, et al. September 1972 12NSC, HAK Office Files, box 74:‘HAK Trip to Moscow September 1972 Memcons,’ NPMP.
13. CSCE, 1972–1975 56–56. (Nixon in fn. 4).
14. Sonnenfeldt to Kissinger, September 1972 7HAK Office Files, Trip Files, box 24, NPMP.
15. CSCE, 1972–1975 102–102.
16. CSCE, 1972–1975 103–103.
17. Haldeman's diary entry The Haldeman Diaries New York1972October 627 627 121994
18. On Nixon and Watergate see, among others:Kutler Stanley I., The Wars of Watergate New York1990 Richard Reeves, President Nixon:Alone in the White House, New York, 2001; and KeithW. Olson, Watergate:The Presidential Scandal That Shook America, Lawrence, Kansas, 2003.
19. For a brief analysis on the Congressional challenge to Nixon's foreign policy see:Small Melvin, Democracy and Diplomacy:The Impact of Domestic Politics on U.S. Foreign Policy, 1789–1994 Baltimore, Maryland1995 chapter 6.
20. On United States and European integration see Lundestad Geir, ‘Empire’ by Integration:The United States and European Integration, 1945–1997 Oxford1998 esp. ch. 7.
21. The speech can be found in Mayall, Navari, The End of the Post-War Era:Documents on Great-Power Relations, 1968–1975 Cambridge1980 360 367
22. Costigliola, Frank. 1992. The Cold Alliance:France and the United States 174–174. New York
23. Brandt, Willy. 1992. My Life in Politics 175–175. New York
24. In his memoirs that were published a quarter-century after the ‘Year of Europe,’ Heath made the point as follows:‘for Kissinger to announce a Year of Europe was like for me to stand on Trafalgar Square and announce that we were embarking on a year to save America!’ Heath Edward, Course of My Life London1998 493 493
25. Memcon:Kissinger, et al. Kissinger Conversations at Zavidovo May 5–8 1973 NSC Country Files USSR 1973 May 6box 75, NPMP.
26. Kissinger to Nixon, Kissinger Conversations at Zavidovo May 5–8 1973 NSC Country Files USSR 1973 May 11box 75, NPMP.
27. As Vojtech Mastny puts it, the ‘open-endedness of the Helsinki process served to expand the substance of security by inducing its participants to redefine their concepts of security and relate them to human rights.’ Mastny Vojtech, Helsinki 33 33 See also Goodby, Europe Undivided, pp. 62–63.
28. Memcon:et al. Brezhnev Visit June 18–25, 1973. Memcons NSC Country Files USSR 1973 June 18 and 20box 75, NPMP.
29. Stefan. Drafting of the Helsinki Final Act 2–3. Maresca, To Helsinki, pp. 44–45
30. On the October War and Kissinger's shuttle diplomacy see:Bundy, A Tangled Web 428 472
31. CSCE, 1972–75 258–259. fn 4. Kissinger to Nixon and Scowcroft, March 29, 1974, HAK Office Files, Trip Files, box 48, NPMP.
32. Nixon to Brezhnev, Secretary Kissinger's Pre-summit trip to Moscow, March 24–28, 1974, Memcons and Reports NSC Country Files USSR 1974 March 21box 76, NPMP.
33. Kissinger to Nixon Secretary Kissinger's Pre-summit trip to Moscow, March 24–28, 1974, Memcons and Reports NSC Country Files USSR 1974 March 26box 76, NPMP.
34. Memcons:Kissinger, Brezhnev, et al. Secretary Kissinger's Pre-summit trip to Moscow, March 24–28, 1974, Memcons and Reports NSC Country Files USSR 1974 March 26 and 27box 76, NPMP.
35. Memcon:Kissinger, Gromyko, Geneva, HAK + Presidential Memcons March 1 - May 8 1974 (1 of 4) NSC 1974 April 28Box 1028, NPMP.
36. Kissinger to RN/Scowcroft, HAK Office 1974 March 29Trip Files, box 48, NPMP.
37. Kissinger. Years of Renewal 614–614. 621
38. Kissinger to Nixon, NPMP, NSC 1974 June 26VIOP visits, box 950, NPMP.
39. For these see:Bundy, A Tangled Web esp. ch.7; Garthoff, Détente and Confrontation, esp. ch.12.
40. Memcon:Nixon, Kissinger, Brezhnev, et al. Memcons Moscow Summit June 27–July 3, 1974 NSC Country Files USSR 1974 June 29box 77, NPMP.
41. Peck to Callaghan CSCE, 1972–1975 1974 July 304 306 4
42. Elliott to Callaghan CSCE, 1972–1975 1974 July 317 326 29
43. See CSCE, 1972–1975 331 331 fn. 6 and p. 335 fn. 3.
44. Memcon:Kissinger, et al. October 1974 24in Burr, Kissinger Transcripts, pp. 327–342. Citation from p. 342.
45. Alexander to Burns, CSCE, 1972–75 1975 May 410 410 30
46. See:CSCE, 1972–1975 411 411 fn8.
47. ‘We should turn this,’ Wilson had added, ‘to our advantage.’ CSCE, 1972–1975 415 415 fn6.
48. Burr. Kissinger Transcripts 356–366.
49. Cited in Greene John, Robert The Presidency of Gerald R. Ford Lawrence, Kansas1995 153 153
50. Reagan. 1995. The Presidency of Gerald R.Ford 153–153. Lawrence, Kansas