Etiology of autism and camel milk as therapy

International Journal on Disability and Human Development

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 67-70

  Shabo, Yosef ^a   Yagil, Reuven ^a,b  

^a BEN GURION UNIVERSITY OF THE NEGEV   (Israel)

^b Rehov Bar Kochba 14   (Israel)

Author keywords

autoimmune; casomorphin; dromedary; Israel; opioids

Indexed keywords

EID: 85025250370     PISSN: 21911231     EISSN: 21910367     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/IJDHD.2005.4.2.67     Document Type: Article

References (29)

1. Shattock P, Whitely P, Todd Z. Is there an increasing incidence of autism? Evidence and possible explanations. Child Neurol 2002;171:29-34.
2. Vojdani A., Campbell AW., Anyanwu E, Kashianin A, Bock K, VojdaniE. Antibodies to neuron-specific antigens in children with autism: possible cross-reaction with encephalitogenic proteins from milk, Chlamydia pneumoniae and Streptococcus group A. Neuroimmunology 2002;129:168-77.
3. Shoenfeld Y, Aharon-Maor A, Sherer Y. Vaccination as an additional player in the mosaic of autoimmunity. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2000;18:181-4.
4. Cohen AD., Shoenfeld Y. Vaccine-induced autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 1996;9:699-703.
5. Connolly AM., Chez MG., Pestronk A, Arnold S.T., Mehta S, Duel RK. Serum antibodies to brain in Landau-Kleffner variant autism, and other neurologic disorders. J Pediatr 1999;134:607-13.
6. Wakefield AJ., Anthony A, Murch SH., Thomson M, Montgomery SM., Davies S, O'Leary JJ., Berelowitz M, Walker-Smith JA. Enterocolitis in children with developmental disorders. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;
7. Hagenesch H, Azcona-Olivera J, Scott-Montcrieff C, Snyder PW., Glickman LT. Vaccine-induced autoimmunity in the dog. Adv Vet Med 1999;41:733-47.
8. Cade JR., Privette M, Fregly M, Rowland N, Sun Z, Zele Z, Wagemaker H, Edelstein C. Autism and schizophrenia: Intestinal disorders. Nutr Neurosci 1999;2:57-72.
9. Buie T, Winter H, Kushak R. Preliminary findings in gastrointestinal investigation of autistic patients www. mgh.harvard.edu/children/dept/medical/ladders_doc.h tml (2002).
10. Cornish, E. Gluten and casein free diets in autism: a study of the effects on food choice and nutrition. J Hum Nutr Diet 2002; 15:261-9.
11. Reichelt KI., Knivsberg AM. Can pathophysiology of autism be explained by the nature of the discovered urine peptides? Nutr Neurosci 2003;6:19-28.
12. Whitely P, Shattock P. Biochemical aspects in autism spectrum disorders: updating the opioid-excess theory and presenting new opportunities for biomedical intervention. Expert Opinion Ther Targets 2002;6:175-83.
13. Reichelt KL., Ekrem J, Scott H. Gluten, milk proteins and autism: dietary intervention effects on behavior and peptide secretion. J AppI Nutr 1990;42:1-11.
14. Mazziotta J, Toga A, Evans A, Fox P, Lancaster J, Zilles K, Woods R, Paus T, Simpson G, Pike B, Holmes C, Collins L, Thompson P, MacDonald D, Iacoboni M, Schormann T, Amunts K, Palomero-Gallagher N, Geyer S, Parsons L, Narr K, Kabani N, Le Goualher G, Feidler J, Smith K, Boomsma D, Hulshoff Pol H, Cannon T, Kawashima R, Mazoyer B. A four-dimensional probabilistic atlas of the human brain. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2001 ;8(5):510-1.
15. Knivsberg AM., Reichelt KL., Hoien T, Nodland M. A randomized controlled study of dietary intervention in autistic syndromes. Nutr Neurosci 2002;5:251-61.
16. Sun Z. and Cade JR. A peptide found in schizophrenia and autism causes behavioral changes in rats. Autism 1999;3:85-95.
17. Yagil R. The desert camel: comparative physiological adaptation. Basel, Switzerland: Karger, 1985.
18. Abu-Lehiya IH. Composition of camel milk. Milch-wissenschaf 1987;42:368-71.
19. Beg OU., von Bahr-Lindstrem H, Zaidi ZH., Jornval, H. Characterisation of camel milk rich protein proline identifies a new beta-casein fragment. Regul Pept 1986;15:55-62.
20. Kappeler S. Compositional and structural analysis of camel milk proteins with emphasis on protective proteins. Zurich: PhD Diss ETH 12947, 1998.
21. El-Agamy EI., Ruppaner R, Ismail A, Champagne CP., Assaf R. Antibacterial and antiviral activity of camel milk protective proteins. J Dairy Res 1994;59:169-75.
22. Zagorski O, Maman A, Yaffe A, Meisles A, van Creveld C, Yagil R. Insulin in milk. A comparative study. Int J Animal Sci 1998;13:241-4.
23. Shabo Y, Barzel R, Margoulis M, Yagil R. Camel milk for food allergies in children. Immunology and allergies. Isr Med Assoc J 2005;7:1-3.
24. Hamers R, Muyldermans S. Immunology of the camels and llamas. In: Pastoret HP., Bazin H, Gabriel P, Govaerts H, eds. Handbook of vertebrate immunology. London, UK: Academic Press, 1998; 421-38.
25. Hamers-Casterman C, Atarouch T, Muyldermans S, Bendolman N, Hamers R. Naturally occurring antibodies devoid of light chains. Nature 1993; 363:446-8.
26. Jassim SAA., Naji MA. Camel immune system and activity of milk. Biologist 2001;48:268-72.
27. Gibbs WW. Nanobodies. Sci Am 2005;293(2):78-83.
28. Shattock P, Hooper M, Waring R. Letter to editor: opioid peptides and dipeptidyl peptidase in autism. Dev Med Child Neurol 2004;46: 357.
29. Plioplys AV. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of children with autism. J Child Neurol 1998;13(2): 79-82