메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2001, Pages 485-525

Effects of chemicals and pollution on seabirds

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 85024848750     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9781420036305     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (135)

References (246)
  • 2
    • 0003095130 scopus 로고
    • Petroleum and individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
    • (D. J. Hoffman, B. A. Rattner, G. A. Burton, Jr., and J. Cairns, Jr., Eds.). Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL
    • ALBERS, P. H. 1995. Petroleum and individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Pp. 330-355 in Handbook of Ecotoxicology (D. J. Hoffman, B. A. Rattner, G. A. Burton, Jr., and J. Cairns, Jr., Eds.). Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
    • (1995) Handbook of Ecotoxicology , pp. 330-355
    • Albers, P.H.1
  • 3
    • 0033393018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Declines in marine bird populations in Prince William Sound, Alaska coincident with a climatic regime shift
    • AGLER, B. A., S. J. KENDALL, D. B. IRONS, AND S. P. KLOSIEWSKI. 1999. Declines in marine bird populations in Prince William Sound, Alaska coincident with a climatic regime shift. Waterbirds 22: 98-103.
    • (1999) Waterbirds , vol.22 , pp. 98-103
    • Agler, B.A.1    Kendall, S.J.2    Irons, D.B.3    Klosiewski, S.P.4
  • 5
    • 0032287236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arsenic, mercury, selenium, and organochlorines and reproduction of interior Least Terns in the northern Great Plains, 1992-1994
    • ALLEN, G. T., S. H. BLACKFORD, AND D. WELSH. 1998. Arsenic, mercury, selenium, and organochlorines and reproduction of interior Least Terns in the northern Great Plains, 1992-1994. Colonial Waterbirds 21: 356-366.
    • (1998) Colonial Waterbirds , vol.21 , pp. 356-366
    • Allen, G.T.1    Blackford, S.H.2    Welsh, D.3
  • 6
    • 0020864851 scopus 로고
    • Status of a northern population of California Brown Pelican
    • ANDERSON, D. W., AND F. GRESS. 1983. Status of a northern population of California Brown Pelican. Condor 83: 79-88.
    • (1983) Condor , vol.83 , pp. 79-88
    • Anderson, D.W.1    Gress, F.2
  • 9
    • 0029667834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent changes in levels of persistent organochlorines and mercury in eggs of seabirds from the Barents Sea
    • BARRETT, R. T., J. U. SKAARE, AND G. W. GABRIELSEN. 1996. Recent changes in levels of persistent organochlorines and mercury in eggs of seabirds from the Barents Sea. Environmental Pollution 92: 13-18.
    • (1996) Environmental Pollution , vol.92 , pp. 13-18
    • Barrett, R.T.1    Skaare, J.U.2    Gabrielsen, G.W.3
  • 11
    • 0001208589 scopus 로고
    • Lead poisoning as a mortality factor in waterfowl populations
    • BELLROSE, F. C. 1959. Lead poisoning as a mortality factor in waterfowl populations. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 27: 235-288.
    • (1959) Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin , vol.27 , pp. 235-288
    • Bellrose, F.C.1
  • 12
    • 0000989356 scopus 로고
    • Mercury content in Swedish birds from the past 100 years
    • BERG, W., A. JOHNELS, B. SJOSTRAND, AND T. WESTERMARK. 1966. Mercury content in Swedish birds from the past 100 years. Oikos 17: 71-83.
    • (1966) Oikos , vol.17 , pp. 71-83
    • Berg, W.1    Johnels, A.2    Sjostrand, B.3    Westermark, T.4
  • 14
    • 0007756069 scopus 로고
    • Oiled seabirds successfully cleaning their plumage
    • BIRKHEAD, T. R., C. LLOYD, AND P. CORKHILL. 1973. Oiled seabirds successfully cleaning their plumage. British Birds 66: 535-537.
    • (1973) British Birds , vol.66 , pp. 535-537
    • Birkhead, T.R.1    Lloyd, C.2    Corkhill, P.3
  • 15
    • 0019970950 scopus 로고
    • Further interpretation of the relation of organochlorine residues in Brown Pelican eggs to reproductive success
    • BLUS, L. J. 1982. Further interpretation of the relation of organochlorine residues in Brown Pelican eggs to reproductive success. Environmental Pollution A 28: 15-33.
    • (1982) Environmental Pollution A , vol.28 , pp. 15-33
    • Blus, L.J.1
  • 16
    • 0001889126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DDT, DDD, and DDE in birds
    • (W. N. Beyer, G. H. Heinz, and A. W. Redmon-Norwood, Eds.). SETAC Spec. Publ., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL
    • BLUS, L. J. 1996. DDT, DDD, and DDE in birds. Pp. 49-73 in Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations (W. N. Beyer, G. H. Heinz, and A. W. Redmon-Norwood, Eds.). SETAC Spec. Publ., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
    • (1996) Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations , pp. 49-73
    • Blus, L.J.1
  • 19
    • 0028327983 scopus 로고
    • Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzo-pdioxins and dibenzofurans on fish-eating birds
    • BOSVELD, A. T. C., AND M. VAN DEN BERG. 1994. Effects of polychlorinated biphenyls, dibenzo-pdioxins and dibenzofurans on fish-eating birds. Environmental Reviews 2: 147-166.
    • (1994) Environmental Reviews , vol.2 , pp. 147-166
    • Bosveld, A.T.C.1    Van Den Berg, M.2
  • 20
    • 0023103749 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of total mercury levels in relation to diet and molt for nine species of marine birds
    • BRAUNE, B. W. 1987. Comparison of total mercury levels in relation to diet and molt for nine species of marine birds. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 16: 217-224.
    • (1987) Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , vol.16 , pp. 217-224
    • Braune, B.W.1
  • 21
    • 0002526315 scopus 로고
    • Avian radioecology
    • (D. M. Power, Ed.). Plenum Press, New York
    • BRISBIN, I. L., JR. 1991. Avian radioecology. Pp. 69-140 in Current Ornithology, Vol. 8 (D. M. Power, Ed.). Plenum Press, New York.
    • (1991) Current Ornithology , vol.8 , pp. 69-140
    • Brisbin, I.L.1
  • 22
    • 84911286179 scopus 로고
    • Birds, oil and the Canadian environment
    • (J. B. Sprague, J. H. Vandermuelen, P. G. Wells, Eds.). Environ. Protect. Service, Environment Canada (Envir. Tech. Rev. Report EPS-3-EC-82-L), Ottawa
    • BROWN, R. C. G. 1982. Birds, oil and the Canadian environment. Pp. 105-112 in Oil and Dispersants in Canadian Seas: Research Appraisals and Recommendations (J. B. Sprague, J. H. Vandermuelen, P. G. Wells, Eds.). Environ. Protect. Service, Environment Canada (Envir. Tech. Rev. Report EPS-3-EC-82-L), Ottawa.
    • (1982) Oil and Dispersants in Canadian Seas: Research Appraisals and Recommendations , pp. 105-112
    • Brown, R.C.G.1
  • 23
    • 0017650209 scopus 로고
    • High levels of cadmium in Atlantic seabirds and sea-skaters
    • BULL, K. R., R. K. MURTON, D. OSBORN, AND P. WARD. 1977. High levels of cadmium in Atlantic seabirds and sea-skaters. Nature 269: 507-509.
    • (1977) Nature , vol.269 , pp. 507-509
    • Bull, K.R.1    Murton, R.K.2    Osborn, D.3    Ward, P.4
  • 24
    • 0000162059 scopus 로고
    • Effects of oil pollution on seabirds in the northeast Pacific
    • (K. Vermeer, K. T. Briggs, K. H. Morgan, and D. Siegel-Causey, Eds.). Special Publ. Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa
    • BURGER, A. E., AND D. M. FRY. 1993. Effects of oil pollution on seabirds in the northeast Pacific. Pp. 254-263 in The Status, Ecology, and Conservation of Marine Birds of the North Pacific (K. Vermeer, K. T. Briggs, K. H. Morgan, and D. Siegel-Causey, Eds.). Special Publ. Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa.
    • (1993) Status, Ecology, and Conservation of Marine Birds of the North Pacific , pp. 254-263
    • Burger, A.E.1    Fry, D.M.2
  • 25
    • 0002104141 scopus 로고
    • Pattern, mechanism, and adaptive significance of territoriality in Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus)
    • BURGER, J. 1984. Pattern, mechanism, and adaptive significance of territoriality in Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus). Ornithological Monograph 34: 1-91.
    • (1984) Ornithological Monograph , vol.34 , pp. 1-91
    • Burger, J.1
  • 26
    • 0025052015 scopus 로고
    • Behavioral effects of early postnatal lead exposure in Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus) chicks
    • BURGER, J. 1990. Behavioral effects of early postnatal lead exposure in Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus) chicks. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 35: 7-13.
    • (1990) Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior , vol.35 , pp. 7-13
    • Burger, J.1
  • 27
    • 0000064434 scopus 로고
    • Metals in avian feathers: Bioindicators of environmental pollution
    • BURGER, J. 1993. Metals in avian feathers: bioindicators of environmental pollution. Reviews in Environmental Toxicology 5: 203-311.
    • (1993) Reviews in Environmental Toxicology , vol.5 , pp. 203-311
    • Burger, J.1
  • 29
    • 0001469910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heavy metal and selenium levels in feathers of Franklin’s gulls in interior North America
    • BURGER, J. 1996. Heavy metal and selenium levels in feathers of Franklin’s gulls in interior North America. Auk 113: 399-407.
    • (1996) Auk , vol.113 , pp. 399-407
    • Burger, J.1
  • 30
    • 0004073393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ
    • BURGER, J. 1997. Oil spills. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ.
    • (1997) Oil spills
    • Burger, J.1
  • 31
    • 0031927715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of lead on sibling recognition in young Herring Gulls
    • BURGER, J. 1998. Effects of lead on sibling recognition in young Herring Gulls. Toxicological Sciences 43: 155-160.
    • (1998) Toxicological Sciences , vol.43 , pp. 155-160
    • Burger, J.1
  • 32
    • 0022296672 scopus 로고
    • Early postnatal lead exposure: Behavioral effects in Common Tern chicks (Sterna hirundo)
    • BURGER, J., AND M. GOCHFELD. 1985. Early postnatal lead exposure: behavioral effects in Common Tern chicks (Sterna hirundo). Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 16: 869-886.
    • (1985) Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health , vol.16 , pp. 869-886
    • Burger, J.1    Gochfeld, M.2
  • 33
    • 77957188596 scopus 로고
    • Behavioral impairments of lead-injected young Herring Gulls in nature
    • BURGER, J., AND M. GOCHFELD. 1994. Behavioral impairments of lead-injected young Herring Gulls in nature. Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology 23: 553-561.
    • (1994) Fundamentals of Applied Toxicology , vol.23 , pp. 553-561
    • Burger, J.1    Gochfeld, M.2
  • 34
    • 0028895596 scopus 로고
    • Behavior effects of lead exposure on different days for gull (Larus argentatus) chicks
    • BURGER, J., AND M. GOCHFELD. 1995a. Behavior effects of lead exposure on different days for gull (Larus argentatus) chicks. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 50: 97-105.
    • (1995) Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior , vol.50 , pp. 97-105
    • Burger, J.1    Gochfeld, M.2
  • 35
    • 0029115797 scopus 로고
    • Effects of varying temporal exposure to lead on behavioral development in Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) chicks
    • BURGER, J., AND M. GOCHFELD. 1995b. Effects of varying temporal exposure to lead on behavioral development in Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) chicks. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 52: 601-608.
    • (1995) Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior , vol.52 , pp. 601-608
    • Burger, J.1    Gochfeld, M.2
  • 36
    • 0028910128 scopus 로고
    • Growth and behavioral effects of early postnatal chromium and manganese exposure in Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) chicks
    • BURGER, J., AND M. GOCHFELD. 1995c. Growth and behavioral effects of early postnatal chromium and manganese exposure in Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) chicks. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 50: 607-612.
    • (1995) Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior , vol.50 , pp. 607-612
    • Burger, J.1    Gochfeld, M.2
  • 37
    • 0030296505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lead and behavioral development: Parental compensation for behaviorally impaired chicks
    • BURGER, J., AND M. GOCHFELD. 1996. Lead and behavioral development: parental compensation for behaviorally impaired chicks. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 55: 339-349.
    • (1996) Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior , vol.55 , pp. 339-349
    • Burger, J.1    Gochfeld, M.2
  • 38
    • 0030866259 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lead and neurobehavioral development in gulls: A model for understanding effects in the laboratory and the field
    • BURGER, J., AND M. GOCHFELD. 1997a. Lead and neurobehavioral development in gulls: a model for understanding effects in the laboratory and the field. NeuroToxicology 18: 279-287.
    • (1997) NeuroToxicology , vol.18 , pp. 279-287
    • Burger, J.1    Gochfeld, M.2
  • 39
    • 0031279397 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk, mercury levels, and birds: Relating adverse laboratory effects to field biomonitoring
    • BURGER, J., AND M. GOCHFELD. 1997b. Risk, mercury levels, and birds: relating adverse laboratory effects to field biomonitoring. Environmental Research 75: 160-172.
    • (1997) Environmental Research , vol.75 , pp. 160-172
    • Burger, J.1    Gochfeld, M.2
  • 40
    • 0033002429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heavy metals in Franklin’s Gull tissues: Age and tissue differences
    • BURGER, J., AND M. GOCHFELD. 1999. Heavy metals in Franklin’s Gull tissues: age and tissue differences. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18: 673-678.
    • (1999) Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , vol.18 , pp. 673-678
    • Burger, J.1    Gochfeld, M.2
  • 41
    • 0034103373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metals in albatross feathers from Midway Atoll: Influence of species, age and nest location
    • BURGER, J., AND M. GOCHFELD. 2000a. Metals in albatross feathers from Midway Atoll: influence of species, age and nest location. Environmental Research 82: 207-221.
    • (2000) Environmental Research , vol.82 , pp. 207-221
    • Burger, J.1    Gochfeld, M.2
  • 44
    • 0034691932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metal levels in feathers of 12 species of seabirds from Midway Atoll in the northern Pacific Ocean
    • BURGER, J., AND M. GOCHFELD. 2000d. Metal levels in feathers of 12 species of seabirds from Midway Atoll in the northern Pacific Ocean. The Science of the Total Environment 257: 37-52.
    • (2000) Science of the Total Environment , vol.257 , pp. 37-52
    • Burger, J.1    Gochfeld, M.2
  • 45
    • 0031779839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental oiling of Sanderlings (Calidris alba): Behavior and weight changes
    • BURGER, J., AND N. TSIPOURA. 1998. Experimental oiling of Sanderlings (Calidris alba): behavior and weight changes. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17: 1154-1158.
    • (1998) Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , vol.17 , pp. 1154-1158
    • Burger, J.1    Tsipoura, N.2
  • 46
    • 0002455099 scopus 로고
    • Lead levels in exposed herring gulls: Differences in the field and laboratory
    • (B. L. Johnson, C. Xintaras, and J. S. Andrews, Jr., Eds.). Princeton Scientific Publishing Co., Princeton, NJ
    • BURGER, J., T. SHUKLA, T. BENSON, AND M. GOCHFELD. 1994. Lead levels in exposed herring gulls: differences in the field and laboratory. Pp. 115-123 in Hazardous Waste: Impacts on Human and Ecological Health (B. L. Johnson, C. Xintaras, and J. S. Andrews, Jr., Eds.). Princeton Scientific Publishing Co., Princeton, NJ.
    • (1994) Hazardous Waste: Impacts on Human and Ecological Health , pp. 115-123
    • Burger, J.1    Shukla, T.2    Benson, T.3    Gochfeld, M.4
  • 48
    • 85052779154 scopus 로고
    • Trace metals in seawater
    • (R. W. Furness and P. S. Rainbow, Eds.). CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL
    • BURTON, J. D., AND P. J. STATHAM. 1990. Trace metals in seawater. Pp. 5-25 in Heavy Metals in the Marine Environment (R. W. Furness and P. S. Rainbow, Eds.). CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL.
    • (1990) Heavy Metals in the Marine Environment , pp. 5-25
    • Burton, J.D.1    Statham, P.J.2
  • 49
    • 0023528569 scopus 로고
    • Population, productivity, and DDT contamination trends of Northern Gannets (Sula bassanus) at Bonaventure Island, Quebec, 1967-1984
    • CHAPDELAINE, G., P. LAPORTE, AND D. N. NETTLESHIP. 1987. Population, productivity, and DDT contamination trends of Northern Gannets (Sula bassanus) at Bonaventure Island, Quebec, 1967-1984. Canadian Journal of Zoology 65: 2922-2926.
    • (1987) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.65 , pp. 2922-2926
    • Chapdelaine, G.1    Laporte, P.2    Nettleship, D.N.3
  • 50
    • 0000521167 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of organochlorine compounds in Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus). II. A two-compartment model and data for ten compounds
    • CLARK, T. P., R. J. NORSTROM, G. A. FOX, AND H. T. WON. 1987. Dynamics of organochlorine compounds in Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus). II. A two-compartment model and data for ten compounds. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 6: 547-555.
    • (1987) Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , vol.6 , pp. 547-555
    • Clark, T.P.1    Norstrom, R.J.2    Fox, G.A.3    Won, H.T.4
  • 51
    • 0342539850 scopus 로고
    • Shell-thinning in eggs of the Ashy Petrel (Oceanodroma homochroa) from the Farallon Islands
    • COULTER, M. C., AND R. W. RISEBROUGH. 1973. Shell-thinning in eggs of the Ashy Petrel (Oceanodroma homochroa) from the Farallon Islands. Condor 75: 254-255.
    • (1973) Condor , vol.75 , pp. 254-255
    • Coulter, M.C.1    Risebrough, R.W.2
  • 52
    • 0343106757 scopus 로고
    • The effects of oil on seabirds. Rapports es Proces-verbaux des Reunions
    • CROXALL, J. P. 1977. The effects of oil on seabirds. Rapports es Proces-verbaux des Reunions. Conseil Intern. pour l’Exploration de la Mer 171: 191-195.
    • (1977) Conseil Intern. pour l’Exploration de la Mer , vol.171 , pp. 191-195
    • Croxall, J.P.1
  • 54
    • 0028182028 scopus 로고
    • Trace elements in Canvasback (Aythya valisineria) wintering in Louisiana, USA, 1987-1988
    • CUSTER, T. W., AND W. L. HOHMAN. 1994. Trace elements in Canvasback (Aythya valisineria) wintering in Louisiana, USA, 1987-1988. Environmental Pollution 84: 253-259.
    • (1994) Environmental Pollution , vol.84 , pp. 253-259
    • Custer, T.W.1    Hohman, W.L.2
  • 55
    • 0001489909 scopus 로고
    • Organochlorine residues in Common Terns from nine Atlantic coast colonies, 1980
    • CUSTER, T. W., R. W. ERWIN, AND C. STAFFORD. 1983. Organochlorine residues in Common Terns from nine Atlantic coast colonies, 1980. Colonial Waterbirds 6: 197-204.
    • (1983) Colonial Waterbirds , vol.6 , pp. 197-204
    • Custer, T.W.1    Erwin, R.W.2    Stafford, C.3
  • 56
    • 84921080679 scopus 로고
    • Effects of dieldrin in penned pheasants through the third generation
    • DAHLGREN, R. B., AND R. L. LINDER. 1974. Effects of dieldrin in penned pheasants through the third generation. Journal of Wildlife Management 34: 320-330.
    • (1974) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.34 , pp. 320-330
    • Dahlgren, R.B.1    Linder, R.L.2
  • 57
    • 85055384280 scopus 로고
    • U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C
    • DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (DOE). 1994. Products from the refining of crude oil. U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C.
    • (1994) Products from the refining of crude oil
  • 64
    • 0023824272 scopus 로고
    • Organochlorines and eggshell thinning in Northern Gannets (Sula bassanus) from Eastern Canada, 1968-1984
    • ELLIOTT, J. E., R. J. NORSTROM, AND J. A. KEITH. 1988. Organochlorines and eggshell thinning in Northern Gannets (Sula bassanus) from Eastern Canada, 1968-1984. Environmental Pollution 52: 81-102.
    • (1988) Environmental Pollution , vol.52 , pp. 81-102
    • Elliott, J.E.1    Norstrom, R.J.2    Keith, J.A.3
  • 65
    • 0003998167 scopus 로고
    • Rep. 440/5-80-057, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C
    • ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA). 1980. Ambient water quality criteria for lead. Rep. 440/5-80-057, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C.
    • (1980) Ambient water quality criteria for lead
  • 66
    • 84884460586 scopus 로고
    • International Lead Zinc Research Organization, Inc., New York
    • FARNSWORTH, M. 1980. Cadmium chemicals. International Lead Zinc Research Organization, Inc., New York.
    • (1980) Cadmium chemicals
    • Farnsworth, M.1
  • 67
    • 0002995385 scopus 로고
    • Accumulation and effects of mercury in birds
    • (J. O. Nriagu, Ed.). Elsevier Press, New York
    • FIMREITE, N. 1979. Accumulation and effects of mercury in birds. Pp. 601-627 in The Biogeochemistry of Mercury in the Environment (J. O. Nriagu, Ed.). Elsevier Press, New York.
    • (1979) Biogeochemistry of Mercury in the Environment , pp. 601-627
    • Fimreite, N.1
  • 68
    • 0017968546 scopus 로고
    • Survival and reproductive success of black ducks fed methylmercury
    • FINLEY, M. T., AND R. C. STENDELL. 1978. Survival and reproductive success of black ducks fed methylmercury. Environmental Pollution 16: 51-64.
    • (1978) Environmental Pollution , vol.16 , pp. 51-64
    • Finley, M.T.1    Stendell, R.C.2
  • 69
    • 0007214214 scopus 로고
    • The visits of Laysan albatrosses to the breeding colony
    • FISHER, H. I., AND M. L. FISHER. 1969. The visits of Laysan albatrosses to the breeding colony. Micronesica 5: 173-221.
    • (1969) Micronesica , vol.5 , pp. 173-221
    • Fisher, H.I.1    Fisher, M.L.2
  • 70
    • 0024954785 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal variation of mixed-function oxidase activity in a population of Yellow-legged Herring Gulls: Relationship to sexual cycle and pollution
    • FOSSI, G., C. LEONZIO, AND S. FOCARDI. 1989. Seasonal variation of mixed-function oxidase activity in a population of Yellow-legged Herring Gulls: relationship to sexual cycle and pollution. Marine Environmental Research 28: 35-37.
    • (1989) Marine Environmental Research , vol.28 , pp. 35-37
    • Fossi, G.1    Leonzio, C.2    Focardi, S.3
  • 71
    • 0025199311 scopus 로고
    • Critical review of selected heavy metal and chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations in the marine environment
    • FOWLER, S. W. 1990. Critical review of selected heavy metal and chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations in the marine environment. Marine Environmental Research 29: 1-64.
    • (1990) Marine Environmental Research , vol.29 , pp. 1-64
    • Fowler, S.W.1
  • 72
    • 0003344284 scopus 로고
    • Eggshell quality: Its ecological and physiological significance in a DDE-contaminated Common Tern populations
    • FOX, G. A. 1976. Eggshell quality: its ecological and physiological significance in a DDE-contaminated Common Tern populations. Wilson Bulletin 88: 459-477.
    • (1976) Wilson Bulletin , vol.88 , pp. 459-477
    • Fox, G.A.1
  • 74
    • 0027013378 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiological and pathobiological evidence of contaminant-induced alterations in sexual development in free-living wildlife
    • (T. Colborn and C. Clement, Eds.). Princeton Scientific Publishing Co., Princeton, NJ
    • FOX, G. A. 1992. Epidemiological and pathobiological evidence of contaminant-induced alterations in sexual development in free-living wildlife. Pp. 147-158 in Chemically-Induced Alterations in Sexual and Functional Development: The Wildlife/Human Connection (T. Colborn and C. Clement, Eds.). Princeton Scientific Publishing Co., Princeton, NJ.
    • (1992) Chemically-Induced Alterations in Sexual and Functional Development: The Wildlife/Human Connection , pp. 147-158
    • Fox, G.A.1
  • 75
    • 0002439842 scopus 로고
    • Organochlorine pollutants, nest defense behavior and reproductive success in Merlins
    • FOX, G.A., AND T. DONALD. 1980. Organochlorine pollutants, nest defense behavior and reproductive success in Merlins. Condor 82: 81-84.
    • (1980) Condor , vol.82 , pp. 81-84
    • Fox, G.A.1    Donald, T.2
  • 78
    • 0026314141 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive outcomes in colonial fish-eating birds: A biomarker for developmental toxicants in Great Lakes food chains. I. Historical and ecotoxicological perspectives
    • FOX, G. A., D. V. WESELOH, T. J. KUBIAK, AND T. C. ERDMAN. 1991. Reproductive outcomes in colonial fish-eating birds: a biomarker for developmental toxicants in Great Lakes food chains. I. Historical and ecotoxicological perspectives. Journal of Great Lakes Research 17: 153-157.
    • (1991) Journal of Great Lakes Research , vol.17 , pp. 153-157
    • Fox, G.A.1    Weseloh, D.V.2    Kubiak, T.J.3    Erdman, T.C.4
  • 79
    • 0026331814 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive outcomes in colonial fish-eating birds: A biomarker for developmental toxicants in Great Lakes food chain. II. Spatial variation in the occurrence and prevalence of bill defects in young double-crested cormorants in the Great Lakes, 1979-1987
    • FOX, G. S., B. COLLINS, E. HAYAKAWA, D.V. WESELOH, J. P. LUDWIG, T. J. KUBIAK, AND T. C. ERDMAN. 1991b. Reproductive outcomes in colonial fish-eating birds: a biomarker for developmental toxicants in Great Lakes food chain. II. Spatial variation in the occurrence and prevalence of bill defects in young double-crested cormorants in the Great Lakes, 1979-1987. Journal of Great Lakes Research 17: 158-167.
    • (1991) Journal of Great Lakes Research , vol.17 , pp. 158-167
    • Fox, G.S.1    Collins, B.2    Hayakawa, E.3    Weseloh, D.V.4    Ludwig, J.P.5    Kubiak, T.J.6    Erdman, T.C.7
  • 80
    • 0000200227 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpretation of tissue lead residues in birds other than waterfowl
    • (W. N. Beyer, G. H. Heinz, and A. W. Redmon-Norwood, Eds.). Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL
    • FRANSON, J. C. 1996. Interpretation of tissue lead residues in birds other than waterfowl. Pp. 265-280 in Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations (W. N. Beyer, G. H. Heinz, and A. W. Redmon-Norwood, Eds.). Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
    • (1996) Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations , pp. 265-280
    • Franson, J.C.1
  • 81
    • 0006881579 scopus 로고
    • Hemolytic anemia complicates the cleaning of oiled seabirds
    • FRY, D. M., AND L. ADDIEGO. 1987. Hemolytic anemia complicates the cleaning of oiled seabirds. Wildlife Journal of Diseases 10: 1-8.
    • (1987) Wildlife Journal of Diseases , vol.10 , pp. 1-8
    • Fry, D.M.1    Addiego, L.2
  • 82
    • 0019795052 scopus 로고
    • DDT-induced feminization of gull embryos
    • FRY, D. M., AND C. K. TOONE. 1981. DDT-induced feminization of gull embryos. Science 213: 933-934.
    • (1981) Science , vol.213 , pp. 933-934
    • Fry, D.M.1    Toone, C.K.2
  • 83
    • 0023364026 scopus 로고
    • Ingestion of plastic debris by Laysan Albatrosses and Wedgetailed Shearwaters in the Hawaiian Islands
    • FRY, D. M., S. I. FEFER, AND L. SILEO. 1987. Ingestion of plastic debris by Laysan Albatrosses and Wedgetailed Shearwaters in the Hawaiian Islands. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18: 339-343.
    • (1987) Marine Pollution Bulletin , vol.18 , pp. 339-343
    • Fry, D.M.1    Fefer, S.I.2    Sileo, L.3
  • 84
    • 0002903331 scopus 로고
    • Sex ratio skew and breeding patterns of gulls: Demographic and toxicological considerations
    • FRY, D. M., C. K. TOONE, S. M. SPEICH, AND R. J. PEARD. 1987. Sex ratio skew and breeding patterns of gulls: demographic and toxicological considerations. Studies in Avian Biology 10: 26-43.
    • (1987) Studies in Avian Biology , vol.10 , pp. 26-43
    • Fry, D.M.1    Toone, C.K.2    Speich, S.M.3    Peard, R.J.4
  • 86
    • 0022029470 scopus 로고
    • Plastic particle pollution: Accumulation by Procellariform seabirds Scottish colonies
    • FURNESS, R. W. 1985. Plastic particle pollution: accumulation by Procellariform seabirds Scottish colonies. Marine Pollution Bulletin 16: 103-106.
    • (1985) Marine Pollution Bulletin , vol.16 , pp. 103-106
    • Furness, R.W.1
  • 87
    • 0003057003 scopus 로고
    • Birds as monitors of pollutants
    • (R. W. Furness and J. J. D. Greenwood, Eds.). Chapman & Hall, London
    • FURNESS, R. W. 1993. Birds as monitors of pollutants. Pp. 86-143 in Birds as Monitors of Environmental Change (R. W. Furness and J. J. D. Greenwood, Eds.). Chapman & Hall, London.
    • (1993) Birds as Monitors of Environmental Change , pp. 86-143
    • Furness, R.W.1
  • 88
    • 0002342867 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cadmium in birds
    • (W. N. Beyer, G. H. Heinz, and A. W. Redmon-Norwood, Eds.). SETAC Spec. Publ., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL
    • FURNESS, R. W. 1996. Cadmium in birds. Pp. 389-404 in Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations (W. N. Beyer, G. H. Heinz, and A. W. Redmon-Norwood, Eds.). SETAC Spec. Publ., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
    • (1996) Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations , pp. 389-404
    • Furness, R.W.1
  • 90
    • 0019235444 scopus 로고
    • Pollutants and impaired breeding of Great Skua Catharacta skua in Britain
    • FURNESS, R. W., AND M. HUTTON. 1980. Pollutants and impaired breeding of Great Skua Catharacta skua in Britain. Ibis 122: 88-94.
    • (1980) Ibis , vol.122 , pp. 88-94
    • Furness, R.W.1    Hutton, M.2
  • 91
    • 0022554510 scopus 로고
    • Using bird feathers to measure mercury in the environment: Relationship between mercury content and moult
    • FURNESS, R. W., S. J. MUIRHEAD, AND M. WOODBURN. 1986. Using bird feathers to measure mercury in the environment: relationship between mercury content and moult. Marine Pollution Bulletin 17: 27-37.
    • (1986) Marine Pollution Bulletin , vol.17 , pp. 27-37
    • Furness, R.W.1    Muirhead, S.J.2    Woodburn, M.3
  • 92
    • 0028853047 scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal variation in mercury contamination of seabirds in the North Sea
    • FURNESS, R. W., D. R. THOMPSON, AND P. H. BECKER. 1995. Spatial and temporal variation in mercury contamination of seabirds in the North Sea. Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen 49: 605-615.
    • (1995) Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen , vol.49 , pp. 605-615
    • Furness, R.W.1    Thompson, D.R.2    Becker, P.H.3
  • 96
    • 0002477760 scopus 로고
    • Dioxins, dibenzofurans, PCBs and colonial fisheating water birds
    • A. Schecter, Ed.). Plenum Press, New York
    • GIESY, J. P., J. P. LUDWIG, AND D. E. TILLITT. 1994a. Dioxins, dibenzofurans, PCBs and colonial fisheating water birds. Pp. 249-307 in Dioxins and Health (A. Schecter, Ed.). Plenum Press, New York.
    • (1994) Dioxins and Health , pp. 249-307
    • Giesy, J.P.1    Ludwig, J.P.2    Tillitt, D.E.3
  • 97
  • 98
    • 0001575503 scopus 로고
    • Epidemics in birds and mammals caused by chemicals in the Great Lakes
    • (M. S. Evans, Ed.). Wiley, New York
    • GILBERTSON, M. 1988. Epidemics in birds and mammals caused by chemicals in the Great Lakes. Pp. 133-152 in Toxic Contaminants and Ecosystem Health: A Great Lakes Focus (M. S. Evans, Ed.). Wiley, New York.
    • (1988) Toxic Contaminants and Ecosystem Health: A Great Lakes Focus , pp. 133-152
    • Gilbertson, M.1
  • 101
    • 0025823398 scopus 로고
    • Great Lakes embryo mortality, edema and deformity syndrome (GLEMEDS) in colonial fish-eating birds: Similarity to chick edema disease
    • GILBERTSON, M., T. J. KUBIAK, J. P. LUDWIG, AND G. FOX. 1991. Great Lakes embryo mortality, edema and deformity syndrome (GLEMEDS) in colonial fish-eating birds: similarity to chick edema disease. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 33: 455-520.
    • (1991) Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health , vol.33 , pp. 455-520
    • Gilbertson, M.1    Kubiak, T.J.2    Ludwig, J.P.3    Fox, G.4
  • 102
    • 33646123835 scopus 로고
    • Premature feather-loss - a new disease of Common Terns on Long Island, New York
    • GOCHFELD, M. 1971. Premature feather-loss - a new disease of Common Terns on Long Island, New York. Kingbird 21: 206-211.
    • (1971) Kingbird , vol.21 , pp. 206-211
    • Gochfeld, M.1
  • 103
    • 49549161617 scopus 로고
    • Effect of artefact pollution on the viability of seabird colonies on Long Island, New York
    • GOCHFELD, M. 1973. Effect of artefact pollution on the viability of seabird colonies on Long Island, New York. Environmental Pollution 4: 1-6.
    • (1973) Environmental Pollution , vol.4 , pp. 1-6
    • Gochfeld, M.1
  • 104
    • 9244233513 scopus 로고
    • Developmental defects in Common Terns of western Long Island, New York
    • GOCHFELD, M. 1975. Developmental defects in Common Terns of western Long Island, New York. Auk 92: 58-65.
    • (1975) Auk , vol.92 , pp. 58-65
    • Gochfeld, M.1
  • 105
    • 0019139538 scopus 로고
    • Tissue distribution of mercury in normal and abnormal young Common Terns
    • GOCHFELD, M. 1980a. Tissue distribution of mercury in normal and abnormal young Common Terns. Marine Pollution Bulletin 11: 362-366.
    • (1980) Marine Pollution Bulletin , vol.11 , pp. 362-366
    • Gochfeld, M.1
  • 106
    • 0018836723 scopus 로고
    • Mercury levels in some seabirds of the Humboldt Current, Peru
    • GOCHFELD, M. 1980b. Mercury levels in some seabirds of the Humboldt Current, Peru. Environmental Pollution A22: 197-205.
    • (1980) Environmental Pollution , vol.A22 , pp. 197-205
    • Gochfeld, M.1
  • 107
    • 0006857007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Principles of toxicology
    • (R. B. Wallace, Ed.). Appleton & Lange, Stamford, CT
    • GOCHFELD, M. 1998. Principles of toxicology. Pp. 415-457 in Maxcy-Rosenau-Last: Public Health and Preventive Medicine (R. B. Wallace, Ed.). Appleton & Lange, Stamford, CT.
    • (1998) Maxcy-Rosenau-Last: Public Health and Preventive Medicine , pp. 415-457
    • Gochfeld, M.1
  • 108
    • 0032054868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal trends in metal levels in eggs of the endangered Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallii) in New York
    • GOCHFELD, M., and J. BURGER. 1998. Temporal trends in metal levels in eggs of the endangered Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallii) in New York. Environmental Research 77: 36-42.
    • (1998) Environmental Research , vol.77 , pp. 36-42
    • Gochfeld, M.1    Burger, J.2
  • 110
    • 0032758380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metals in feathers of Bonin Petrel, Christmas Shearwater, Wedge-tailed Shearwater, and Red-tailed Tropicbird in the Hawaiian Islands, Northern Pacific
    • GOCHFELD, M., D. J. GOCHFELD, D. MINTON, B. G. MURRAY, JR., P. PYLE, N. SETO, D. SMITH, AND J. BURGER. 1999. Metals in feathers of Bonin Petrel, Christmas Shearwater, Wedge-tailed Shearwater, and Red-tailed Tropicbird in the Hawaiian Islands, Northern Pacific. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 59: 343-358.
    • (1999) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment , vol.59 , pp. 343-358
    • Gochfeld, M.1    Gochfeld, D.J.2    Minton, D.3    Murray, B.G.4    Pyle, P.5    Seto, N.6    Smith, D.7    Burger, J.8
  • 111
    • 0021557655 scopus 로고
    • The use of bird feather parts as a monitor for metal pollution
    • GOEDE, A. A., AND M. deBRUIN. 1984. The use of bird feather parts as a monitor for metal pollution. Environmental Pollution 8: 281-289.
    • (1984) Environmental Pollution , vol.8 , pp. 281-289
    • Goede, A.A.1    Debruin, M.2
  • 112
    • 0032190290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reproductive and physiological effects of environmental contaminants in fish-eating birds of the Great Lakes: A review of historical trends
    • GRASMAN, A., P. F. SCANLON, AND G. A. FOX. 1998. Reproductive and physiological effects of environmental contaminants in fish-eating birds of the Great Lakes: a review of historical trends. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 52: 117-145.
    • (1998) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment , vol.52 , pp. 117-145
    • Grasman, A.1    Scanlon, P.F.2    Fox, G.A.3
  • 113
    • 0029740181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organochlorine-associated immunosuppression in pre-fledging Caspian Terns and Herring Gulls from the Great Lakes: An ecoepidemiological study
    • GRASMAN, A., G. FOX, P. SCANLON, AND J. LUDWIG. 1996. Organochlorine-associated immunosuppression in pre-fledging Caspian Terns and Herring Gulls from the Great Lakes: an ecoepidemiological study. Environmental Health Perspectives 104(Suppl. 4): 829-842.
    • (1996) Environmental Health Perspectives , vol.104 , pp. 829-842
    • Grasman, A.1    Fox, G.2    Scanlon, P.3    Ludwig, J.4
  • 114
    • 0343409467 scopus 로고
    • Shell-thinning in eggs of Common Murres (Uria aalge) from the Farallon Islands
    • GRESS, F., R. W. RISEBROUGH, AND F. C. SIBLEY. 1971. Shell-thinning in eggs of Common Murres (Uria aalge) from the Farallon Islands. Condor 73: 368-369.
    • (1971) Condor , vol.73 , pp. 368-369
    • Gress, F.1    Risebrough, R.W.2    Sibley, F.C.3
  • 115
    • 0000827664 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive failures of Double-crested Cormorants in Southern California and Baja California
    • GRESS, F., R. W. RISEBROUGH, D. W. ANDERSON, L. F. KIFF, AND J. R. JEHL, JR. 1973. Reproductive failures of Double-crested Cormorants in Southern California and Baja California. Wilson Bulletin 85: 197-208.
    • (1973) Wilson Bulletin , vol.85 , pp. 197-208
    • Gress, F.1    Risebrough, R.W.2    Anderson, D.W.3    Kiff, L.F.4    Jehl, J.R.5
  • 116
    • 0027144004 scopus 로고
    • Bird feathers as bioindicators in areas of the German Environmental Specimen Bank - bioaccumulation of mercury in food chains and exogenous deposition of atmospheric pollution with lead and cadmium
    • HAHN, E., K. HAHN, AND M. STOEPPLER. 1993. Bird feathers as bioindicators in areas of the German Environmental Specimen Bank - bioaccumulation of mercury in food chains and exogenous deposition of atmospheric pollution with lead and cadmium. Science of the Total Environment 139: 259-270.
    • (1993) Science of the Total Environment , vol.139 , pp. 259-270
    • Hahn, E.1    Hahn, K.2    Stoeppler, M.3
  • 117
    • 0002257242 scopus 로고
    • Pollutant concentrations in abnormal young terns from Long Island Sound
    • HAYS, H., AND R. W. RISEBROUGH. 1972. Pollutant concentrations in abnormal young terns from Long Island Sound. Auk 89: 19-35.
    • (1972) Auk , vol.89 , pp. 19-35
    • Hays, H.1    Risebrough, R.W.2
  • 118
    • 0016253838 scopus 로고
    • Effects of low dietary levels of methyl mercury on mallard reproduction
    • HEINZ, G. H. 1974. Effects of low dietary levels of methyl mercury on mallard reproduction. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 11: 386-392.
    • (1974) Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , vol.11 , pp. 386-392
    • Heinz, G.H.1
  • 119
    • 0001100466 scopus 로고
    • Methylmercury: Second generation reproductive and behavioral effects on Mallard ducks
    • HEINZ, G. H. 1976. Methylmercury: second generation reproductive and behavioral effects on Mallard ducks. Journal of Wildlife Management 40: 710-715.
    • (1976) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.40 , pp. 710-715
    • Heinz, G.H.1
  • 120
    • 0001122554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selenium in birds
    • (W. N. Beyer, G. H. Heinz, and A. W. Redmon-Norwood, Eds.). Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL
    • HEINZ, G. H. 1996. Selenium in birds. Pp. 447-458 in Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissues Concentrations (W. N. Beyer, G. H. Heinz, and A. W. Redmon-Norwood, Eds.). Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
    • (1996) Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissues Concentrations , pp. 447-458
    • Heinz, G.H.1
  • 121
    • 0027337506 scopus 로고
    • Reproduction of mallards following overwintering exposure to selenium
    • HEINZ, G., AND M. A. FITZGERALD. 1993. Reproduction of mallards following overwintering exposure to selenium. Environmental Pollution 81: 117-122.
    • (1993) Environmental Pollution , vol.81 , pp. 117-122
    • Heinz, G.1    Fitzgerald, M.A.2
  • 122
    • 0028670830 scopus 로고
    • Declines in organochlorines in eggs of Red-breasted Mergansers from Lake Michigan, 1977-1978 versus 1990
    • HEINZ, G. H., D. S. MILLER, B. J. EBERT, AND K. L. STROMBORG. 1994. Declines in organochlorines in eggs of Red-breasted Mergansers from Lake Michigan, 1977-1978 versus 1990. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 33: 175-182.
    • (1994) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment , vol.33 , pp. 175-182
    • Heinz, G.H.1    Miller, D.S.2    Ebert, B.J.3    Stromborg, K.L.4
  • 123
    • 0001089618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine mammals, finfish, and molluscs
    • (W. N. Beyer, G. H. Heinz, and A. W. Redmon-Norwood, Eds.). Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL
    • HELLOU, J. 1996. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine mammals, finfish, and molluscs. Pp. 229-250 in Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations (W. N. Beyer, G. H. Heinz, and A. W. Redmon-Norwood, Eds.). Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
    • (1996) Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations , pp. 229-250
    • Hellou, J.1
  • 125
    • 31844443695 scopus 로고
    • The environment and disease: Association or causation?
    • HILL, A. B. 1965. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 58: 295-300.
    • (1965) Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine , vol.58 , pp. 295-300
    • Hill, A.B.1
  • 126
    • 0025368670 scopus 로고
    • Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of environmental contaminants to bird eggs
    • HOFFMAN, D. J. 1990. Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of environmental contaminants to bird eggs. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 115: 40-89.
    • (1990) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , vol.115 , pp. 40-89
    • Hoffman, D.J.1
  • 127
    • 0018644097 scopus 로고
    • Teratogenic effects of external egg applications of methylmercury in the mallard, Anas platyrhynchos
    • HOFFMAN, D. J., AND J. M. MOORE. 1979. Teratogenic effects of external egg applications of methylmercury in the mallard, Anas platyrhynchos. Teratology 20: 453-462.
    • (1979) Teratology , vol.20 , pp. 453-462
    • Hoffman, D.J.1    Moore, J.M.2
  • 128
    • 0023109967 scopus 로고
    • Embryotoxicity, teratogenicity, and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in Forster’s Terns on Green Bay, Lake Michigan
    • HOFFMAN, D. J., B. A. RATTNER, L. SILEO, D. DOCHERTY, AND T. J. KUBIAK. 1987. Embryotoxicity, teratogenicity, and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity in Forster’s Terns on Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Environmental Research 42: 176-184.
    • (1987) Environmental Research , vol.42 , pp. 176-184
    • Hoffman, D.J.1    Rattner, B.A.2    Sileo, L.3    Docherty, D.4    Kubiak, T.J.5
  • 131
  • 134
    • 0004789894 scopus 로고
    • Offshore oil development and seabirds: The present status of knowledge and long-term research needs
    • (D. F. Boesch and N. N. Rabalais, Eds.). Elsevier, London
    • HUNT, G. L. 1987. Offshore oil development and seabirds: the present status of knowledge and long-term research needs. Pp. 539-586 in Long-Term Environmental Effects of Offshore Oil and Gas Development (D. F. Boesch and N. N. Rabalais, Eds.). Elsevier, London.
    • (1987) Long-Term Environmental Effects of Offshore Oil and Gas Development , pp. 539-586
    • Hunt, G.L.1
  • 135
    • 0020056657 scopus 로고
    • Food chain relationships of copper and cadmium in contaminated grassland ecosystems
    • HUNTER, R. A., AND J. G. JOHNSON. 1982. Food chain relationships of copper and cadmium in contaminated grassland ecosystems. Oikos 38: 108-117.
    • (1982) Oikos , vol.38 , pp. 108-117
    • Hunter, R.A.1    Johnson, J.G.2
  • 136
    • 0019631997 scopus 로고
    • Accumulation of heavy metals and selenium in three seabird species from the United Kingdom
    • HUTTON, M. 1981. Accumulation of heavy metals and selenium in three seabird species from the United Kingdom. Environmental Pollution 26: 129-145.
    • (1981) Environmental Pollution , vol.26 , pp. 129-145
    • Hutton, M.1
  • 137
    • 0003071141 scopus 로고
    • Cadmium
    • (T. C. Hutchinson and K. M. Meema, Eds.). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, U.K
    • HUTTON, M. 1987. Cadmium. Pp. 35-42 in Lead, Mercury, Cadmium and Arsenic in the Environment (T. C. Hutchinson and K. M. Meema, Eds.). John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, U.K.
    • (1987) Lead, Mercury, Cadmium and Arsenic in the Environment , pp. 35-42
    • Hutton, M.1
  • 138
    • 0033748860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nine years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill: Effects on marine bird populations in Prince William Sound, Alaska
    • IRONS, D.B., S. J. KENDALL, W. P. ERICKSON, L. L. McDONALD, AND B. K. LANCE. 2000. Nine years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill: effects on marine bird populations in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Condor 104: 723-737.
    • (2000) Condor , vol.104 , pp. 723-737
    • Irons, D.B.1    Kendall, S.J.2    Erickson, W.P.3    McDonald, L.L.4    Lance, B.K.5
  • 139
    • 0030220002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In ovo 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure in three avian species. 2. Effects on estrogen receptor and plasma sex steroid hormones during the perinatal period
    • JANZ, D. M., AND G. D. BELLWARD. 1996. In ovo 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin exposure in three avian species. 2. Effects on estrogen receptor and plasma sex steroid hormones during the perinatal period. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 139: 292-300.
    • (1996) Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology , vol.139 , pp. 292-300
    • Janz, D.M.1    Bellward, G.D.2
  • 140
    • 0014681286 scopus 로고
    • Biological methylation of mercury in aquatic organisms
    • JENSEN, S., AND A. JERNELOV. 1969. Biological methylation of mercury in aquatic organisms. Nature 223: 753-754.
    • (1969) Nature , vol.223 , pp. 753-754
    • Jensen, S.1    Jernelov, A.2
  • 143
    • 0006221907 scopus 로고
    • Side-effects of persistent pesticides and other chemicals on birds and mammals in the Netherlands
    • KOEMAN, J. H. 1972. Side-effects of persistent pesticides and other chemicals on birds and mammals in the Netherlands. TNO News 27: 527-632.
    • (1972) TNO News , vol.27 , pp. 527-632
    • Koeman, J.H.1
  • 144
    • 0016017373 scopus 로고
    • The effects of sublethal dosages of five pesticides and a polychlorinated biphenyl on the avoidance response of Coturnix quail chicks
    • KREITZER, J. F., AND G. HEINZ. 1974. The effects of sublethal dosages of five pesticides and a polychlorinated biphenyl on the avoidance response of Coturnix quail chicks. Environmental Pollution 6: 21-29.
    • (1974) Environmental Pollution , vol.6 , pp. 21-29
    • Kreitzer, J.F.1    Heinz, G.2
  • 146
    • 0032727684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bill malformations in Double-crested Cormorants with low exposure to organochlorines
    • KUIKEN, T., G. A. FOX, AND K. L. DANESIK. 1999. Bill malformations in Double-crested Cormorants with low exposure to organochlorines. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18: 2908-2913.
    • (1999) Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , vol.18 , pp. 2908-2913
    • Kuiken, T.1    Fox, G.A.2    Danesik, K.L.3
  • 147
    • 0023367098 scopus 로고
    • Overview of the biological effects of lost and discarded plastic debris in the marine environment
    • LAIST, D. W. 1987. Overview of the biological effects of lost and discarded plastic debris in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18: 310-326.
    • (1987) Marine Pollution Bulletin , vol.18 , pp. 310-326
    • Laist, D.W.1
  • 150
    • 0021925265 scopus 로고
    • The effects of ingestion of Hibernia and Prudhoe Bay crude oils on hepatic and renal mixed function oxidases in nestling Herring Gulls
    • LEE, Y. Z., F. A. LEIGHTON, D. B. PEAKALL, R. NORSTROM, C. J. O’BRIAN, J. F. PAYNE, AND A. D. RAHIMTULA. 1985. The effects of ingestion of Hibernia and Prudhoe Bay crude oils on hepatic and renal mixed function oxidases in nestling Herring Gulls. Environmental Research 36: 248-255.
    • (1985) Environmental Research , vol.36 , pp. 248-255
    • Lee, Y.Z.1    Leighton, F.A.2    Peakall, D.B.3    Norstrom, R.4    O’brian, C.J.5    Payne, J.F.6    Rahimtula, A.D.7
  • 151
    • 0025883732 scopus 로고
    • Mercury accumulation and excretion by laboratory reared Blackheaded Gull (Larus ridibundus) chicks
    • LEWIS, S. A., AND R. W. FURNESS. 1991. Mercury accumulation and excretion by laboratory reared Blackheaded Gull (Larus ridibundus) chicks. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 21: 316-320.
    • (1991) Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , vol.21 , pp. 316-320
    • Lewis, S.A.1    Furness, R.W.2
  • 152
    • 0021534610 scopus 로고
    • Effects of egg oiling on larid productivity and population dynamics
    • LEWIS, S. J., AND R. A. MALECKI. 1984. Effects of egg oiling on larid productivity and population dynamics. Auk 101: 584-592.
    • (1984) Auk , vol.101 , pp. 584-592
    • Lewis, S.J.1    Malecki, R.A.2
  • 155
    • 0032919029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships between environmental organochlorine contaminant residues, plasma corticosterone concentrations, and intermediary metabolic enzyme activities in Great Lakes herring gull embryos
    • LORENZEN, A., T. W. MOON, S. W. KENNEDY, AND G. A. FOX. 1999. Relationships between environmental organochlorine contaminant residues, plasma corticosterone concentrations, and intermediary metabolic enzyme activities in Great Lakes herring gull embryos. Environmental Health Perspectives 107: 179-186.
    • (1999) Environmental Health Perspectives , vol.107 , pp. 179-186
    • Lorenzen, A.1    Moon, T.W.2    Kennedy, S.W.3    Fox, G.A.4
  • 157
    • 0002012420 scopus 로고
    • Heavy metals
    • (F. E. Gunthrie and J. J. Perry, Eds.). Elsevier, New York
    • MAILMAN, R. B. 1980. Heavy metals. Pp. 34-43 in Introduction to Environmental Toxicology (F. E. Gunthrie and J. J. Perry, Eds.). Elsevier, New York.
    • (1980) Introduction to Environmental Toxicology , pp. 34-43
    • Mailman, R.B.1
  • 160
    • 0028990589 scopus 로고
    • Seabirds as monitors of mercury in the marine environment
    • MONTEIRO, L. R., AND R. W. FURNESS. 1995. Seabirds as monitors of mercury in the marine environment. Water, Air, Soil Pollution. 80: 831-870.
    • (1995) Water, Air, Soil Pollution. , vol.80 , pp. 831-870
    • Monteiro, L.R.1    Furness, R.W.2
  • 162
    • 0027502550 scopus 로고
    • PCB’s and chlorinated insecticides in plasma of Caspian Terns: Relationships with age, productivity and colony-site tenacity in the Great Lakes
    • MORA, M. A., H. J. AUMAN, J. P. LUDWIG, J. P. GIESY, D. A. VERBRUGGE, AND M. E. LUDWIG. 1993. PCB’s and chlorinated insecticides in plasma of Caspian Terns: relationships with age, productivity and colony-site tenacity in the Great Lakes. Archives of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24: 320-331.
    • (1993) Archives of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , vol.24 , pp. 320-331
    • Mora, M.A.1    Auman, H.J.2    Ludwig, J.P.3    Giesy, J.P.4    Verbrugge, D.A.5    Ludwig, M.E.6
  • 163
    • 0002127529 scopus 로고
    • The rehabilitation of oiled Jackass Penguins (Spheniscus demersus), 1970-1980
    • (J. Cooper, Ed.). African Seabird Group, Cape Town, South Africa
    • MORANT, P. D., J. COOPER, AND R. M. RANDALL. 1981. The rehabilitation of oiled Jackass Penguins (Spheniscus demersus), 1970-1980. Pp. 267-301 in Proceedings of the Symposium on Birds of the Sea and Shore (J. Cooper, Ed.). African Seabird Group, Cape Town, South Africa.
    • (1981) Proceedings of the Symposium on Birds of the Sea and Shore , pp. 267-301
    • Morant, P.D.1    Cooper, J.2    Randall, R.M.3
  • 164
    • 0023822451 scopus 로고
    • Heavy metals concentrations in the tissues of seabirds from Gough Island, South Atlantic Ocean
    • MUIRHEAD, S. J., AND R. W. FURNESS. 1988. Heavy metals concentrations in the tissues of seabirds from Gough Island, South Atlantic Ocean. Marine Pollution Bulletin 19: 278-283.
    • (1988) Marine Pollution Bulletin , vol.19 , pp. 278-283
    • Muirhead, S.J.1    Furness, R.W.2
  • 165
    • 0033786463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Status of Black Oystercatchers in Prince William Sound, Alaska, nine years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill
    • MURPHY, S. M., AND T. J. MABEE. 2000. Status of Black Oystercatchers in Prince William Sound, Alaska, nine years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Waterbirds 23: 204-213.
    • (2000) Waterbirds , vol.23 , pp. 204-213
    • Murphy, S.M.1    Mabee, T.J.2
  • 166
    • 0004155434 scopus 로고
    • National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C
    • NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (NRC). 1993. Issues in Risk Assessment. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.
    • (1993) Issues in Risk Assessment
  • 167
    • 0003637272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C
    • NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (NRC). 1999. Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.
    • (1999) Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment
  • 168
    • 0003298960 scopus 로고
    • Effects of pollution on marine birds
    • (D. N. Nettleship, J. Burger, and M. Gochfeld, Eds.). BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K
    • NISBET, I. C. T. 1994. Effects of pollution on marine birds. Pp. 8-25 in Seabirds on Islands: Threats, Case Studies, and Action Plans (D. N. Nettleship, J. Burger, and M. Gochfeld, Eds.). BirdLife International, Cambridge, U.K.
    • (1994) Seabirds on Islands: Threats, Case Studies, and Action Plans , pp. 8-25
    • Nisbet, I.C.T.1
  • 169
    • 0023490889 scopus 로고
    • Levels and interactions of heavy metals in seabirds from Svalbard and the Antarctic
    • NORHEIM, G. 1987. Levels and interactions of heavy metals in seabirds from Svalbard and the Antarctic. Environmental Pollution 47: 83-94.
    • (1987) Environmental Pollution , vol.47 , pp. 83-94
    • Norheim, G.1
  • 170
    • 0018177332 scopus 로고
    • The degree of methylation and organ distribution of mercury in some birds of prey in Norway
    • NORHEIM, G., AND A. FROSLIE. 1978. The degree of methylation and organ distribution of mercury in some birds of prey in Norway. Acta Pharmacogica Toxicologica 54: 196-204.
    • (1978) Acta Pharmacogica Toxicologica , vol.54 , pp. 196-204
    • Norheim, G.1    Froslie, A.2
  • 171
    • 0028170159 scopus 로고
    • Concentration of 210PO and 210PB in the diet at the Marshall Islands
    • NOSHKIN, V. E., V. L. ROBISON, AND K. M. WONG. 1994. Concentration of 210PO and 210PB in the diet at the Marshall Islands. Science of the Total Environment 155: 87-107.
    • (1994) Science of the Total Environment , vol.155 , pp. 87-107
    • Noshkin, V.E.1    Robison, V.L.2    Wong, K.M.3
  • 172
    • 0003081586 scopus 로고
    • The Status, Ecology, and Conservation of Marine Birds of the North Pacific. Canadian Wildlife Service Special Publication, Ottawa
    • OHLENDORF, H. 1993. Marine birds and trace elements in the temperate North Pacific. In The Status, Ecology, and Conservation of Marine Birds of the North Pacific. Canadian Wildlife Service Special Publication, Ottawa.
    • (1993) Marine birds and trace elements in the temperate North Pacific
    • Ohlendorf, H.1
  • 174
    • 0000685467 scopus 로고
    • Nest success, cause-specific nest failures and hatchability of aquatic birds at selenium contaminated Kesterson Reservoir and a reference site
    • OHLENDORF, H., R. L. HOTHEM, AND D. WALSH. 1989. Nest success, cause-specific nest failures and hatchability of aquatic birds at selenium contaminated Kesterson Reservoir and a reference site. Condor 91: 787-796.
    • (1989) Condor , vol.91 , pp. 787-796
    • Ohlendorf, H.1    Hothem, R.L.2    Walsh, D.3
  • 178
    • 0018720055 scopus 로고
    • Comparative tissue distribution of mercury, cadmium, and zinc in three species of pelagic seabirds
    • OSBORN, D., M. P. HARRIS, AND J. K. NICHOLSON. 1979. Comparative tissue distribution of mercury, cadmium, and zinc in three species of pelagic seabirds. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 64C: 61-67.
    • (1979) Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology , vol.64C , pp. 61-67
    • Osborn, D.1    Harris, M.P.2    Nicholson, J.K.3
  • 179
    • 0003129452 scopus 로고
    • Lead in the environment
    • (D. J. Hoffman, B. A. Rattner, G. A. Burton, Jr., and J. Cairns, Jr., Eds.). Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL
    • PAIN, D. J. 1995. Lead in the environment. Pp. 356-391 in Handbook of Ecotoxicology (D. J. Hoffman, B. A. Rattner, G. A. Burton, Jr., and J. Cairns, Jr., Eds.). Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
    • (1995) Handbook of Ecotoxicology , pp. 356-391
    • Pain, D.J.1
  • 180
    • 0008914035 scopus 로고
    • Hatching success of Brown Pelican eggs after contamination with oil
    • PARNELL, J. F., M. A. SHIELDS, AND D. FRIERSON. 1984. Hatching success of Brown Pelican eggs after contamination with oil. Colonial Waterbirds 7: 22-24.
    • (1984) Colonial Waterbirds , vol.7 , pp. 22-24
    • Parnell, J.F.1    Shields, M.A.2    Frierson, D.3
  • 182
    • 0014780062 scopus 로고
    • P, p′-DDT: Effect on calcium metabolism and concentration of estradiol in the blood
    • PEAKALL, D. B. 1970. p, p′-DDT: effect on calcium metabolism and concentration of estradiol in the blood. Science 168: 592-594.
    • (1970) Science , vol.168 , pp. 592-594
    • Peakall, D.B.1
  • 183
    • 0022396910 scopus 로고
    • Behavioral responses of birds to pesticides and other contaminants
    • PEAKALL, D. B. 1985. Behavioral responses of birds to pesticides and other contaminants. Research Reviews 96: 45-77.
    • (1985) Research Reviews , vol.96 , pp. 45-77
    • Peakall, D.B.1
  • 184
    • 0037589885 scopus 로고
    • Accumulation and effects on birds
    • (Chap. 3) (J. S. Aaid, Ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
    • PEAKALL, D. B. 1986. Accumulation and effects on birds. Pp. 31-47 in PCBs in the Environment, Vol. II (Chap. 3) (J. S. Aaid, Ed.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
    • (1986) PCBs in the Environment , vol.2 , pp. 31-47
    • Peakall, D.B.1
  • 186
    • 0002511446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dieldrin and other cyclodiene pesticides in wildlife
    • (W. N. Beyer, G. H. Heinz, and A. W. Redmon-Norwood, Eds.). SETAC Special Publication Series, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL
    • PEAKALL, D. B. 1996. Dieldrin and other cyclodiene pesticides in wildlife. Pp. 73-98 in Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations (W. N. Beyer, G. H. Heinz, and A. W. Redmon-Norwood, Eds.). SETAC Special Publication Series, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
    • (1996) Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations , pp. 73-98
    • Peakall, D.B.1
  • 187
    • 0023160932 scopus 로고
    • Toxicological investigations of pollutant-related effects in Great Lakes gulls
    • PEAKALL, D. B., AND G. A. FOX. 1987. Toxicological investigations of pollutant-related effects in Great Lakes gulls. Environmental Health Perspectives 71: 187-193.
    • (1987) Environmental Health Perspectives , vol.71 , pp. 187-193
    • Peakall, D.B.1    Fox, G.A.2
  • 190
    • 0032189638 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organochlorine contaminants in Herring Gull eggs from the Great Lakes 1974-1995: Change point regression analysis and short-term regression
    • PEKARIK, C., AND D. V. WESELOH. 1998. Organochlorine contaminants in Herring Gull eggs from the Great Lakes 1974-1995: change point regression analysis and short-term regression. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 53: 77-115.
    • (1998) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment , vol.53 , pp. 77-115
    • Pekarik, C.1    Weseloh, D.V.2
  • 191
    • 0001092282 scopus 로고
    • Immediate impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on marine birds
    • PIATT, J. F., C. J. LENSINK, W. BUTLER, M. KENDIZIOREK, AND D. NYSEWANDER. 1990. Immediate impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on marine birds. Auk 107: 387-397.
    • (1990) Auk , vol.107 , pp. 387-397
    • Piatt, J.F.1    Lensink, C.J.2    Butler, W.3    Kendiziorek, M.4    Nysewander, D.5
  • 192
    • 0002920413 scopus 로고
    • Mercury in the environment: Biogeochemistry
    • (C. Watras and J. W. Huckabee, Eds.). Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL
    • PORCELLA, D. B. (1994). Mercury in the environment: biogeochemistry. Pp. 3-19 in Mercury Pollution: Integration and Synthesis (C. Watras and J. W. Huckabee, Eds.). Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
    • (1994) Mercury Pollution: Integration and Synthesis , pp. 3-19
    • Porcella, D.B.1
  • 193
    • 0028340123 scopus 로고
    • Vulnerability of the developing brain to thyroid abnormalities: Environmental insults to the thyroid system
    • PORTERFIELD, S. P. 1994. Vulnerability of the developing brain to thyroid abnormalities: environmental insults to the thyroid system. Environmental Health Perspectives 102: 125-130.
    • (1994) Environmental Health Perspectives , vol.102 , pp. 125-130
    • Porterfield, S.P.1
  • 196
    • 0023364041 scopus 로고
    • Sources, quantities and distribution of persistent plastics in the marine environment
    • PRUTER, A. T. 1987. Sources, quantities and distribution of persistent plastics in the marine environment. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18: 305-310.
    • (1987) Marine Pollution Bulletin , vol.18 , pp. 305-310
    • Pruter, A.T.1
  • 197
    • 0002202621 scopus 로고
    • Changes attributable to pesticides in egg breakage frequency and egg shell thickness in some British birds
    • RATCLIFFE, D. A. 1970. Changes attributable to pesticides in egg breakage frequency and egg shell thickness in some British birds. Journal of Applied Ecology 7: 67-115.
    • (1970) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.7 , pp. 67-115
    • Ratcliffe, D.A.1
  • 199
    • 0022843009 scopus 로고
    • Pesticides and bird populations
    • RISEBROUGH, R. W. 1986. Pesticides and bird populations. Current Ornithology 3: 397-427.
    • (1986) Current Ornithology , vol.3 , pp. 397-427
    • Risebrough, R.W.1
  • 200
    • 77951012039 scopus 로고
    • On the indirect spread of oil in a seabird sanctuary
    • RITTINGHAUS, H. 1956. On the indirect spread of oil in a seabird sanctuary. Ornithologischen Mitteilungen 8: 43-46.
    • (1956) Ornithologischen Mitteilungen , vol.8 , pp. 43-46
    • Rittinghaus, H.1
  • 201
    • 0024951143 scopus 로고
    • Expression of orthologues in rat P-450AI and IIBI in seabirds from the Irish Sea 1978-88, evidence for environmental induction
    • RONIS, M. J., J. BORLAKOGLU, C. H. WALKER, T. HANSEN, AND J. J. STEGEMANN. 1989. Expression of orthologues in rat P-450AI and IIBI in seabirds from the Irish Sea 1978-88, evidence for environmental induction. Marine Environmental Research 28: 123-130.
    • (1989) Marine Environmental Research , vol.28 , pp. 123-130
    • Ronis, M.J.1    Borlakoglu, J.2    Walker, C.H.3    Hansen, T.4    Stegemann, J.J.5
  • 202
    • 0001297573 scopus 로고
    • Intraspecific variation in plastic ingestion by seabirds and the flux of plastic through seabird populations
    • RYAN, P. G. 1988a. Intraspecific variation in plastic ingestion by seabirds and the flux of plastic through seabird populations. Condor 90: 446-452.
    • (1988) Condor , vol.90 , pp. 446-452
    • Ryan, P.G.1
  • 203
    • 0024193534 scopus 로고
    • The incidence and characteristics of plastic particles ingested by birds
    • RYAN, P. G. 1988b. The incidence and characteristics of plastic particles ingested by birds. Marine Pollution Bulletin 19: 125-128.
    • (1988) Marine Pollution Bulletin , vol.19 , pp. 125-128
    • Ryan, P.G.1
  • 204
    • 0023501604 scopus 로고
    • The lifespan of ingested plastic particles in seabirds and their effect on digestive efficiency
    • RYAN, P. G., AND S. JACKSON. 1987. The lifespan of ingested plastic particles in seabirds and their effect on digestive efficiency. Marine Pollution Bulletin 18: 217-219.
    • (1987) Marine Pollution Bulletin , vol.18 , pp. 217-219
    • Ryan, P.G.1    Jackson, S.2
  • 205
    • 0032190534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal trends in organochlorine contamination and bill deformities in Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) from the Canadian Great Lakes
    • RYCKMAN, D. P., D. V. WESELOH, P. HAMR, G. A. FOX, B. COLLINS, P. J. EWINS, AND R. J. NORSTROM. 1998. Spatial and temporal trends in organochlorine contamination and bill deformities in Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) from the Canadian Great Lakes. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 53: 169-195.
    • (1998) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment , vol.53 , pp. 169-195
    • Ryckman, D.P.1    Weseloh, D.V.2    Hamr, P.3    Fox, G.A.4    Collins, B.5    Ewins, P.J.6    Norstrom, R.J.7
  • 206
    • 0024997614 scopus 로고
    • Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and related compounds: Environmental and mechanistic considerations which support the development of toxic equivalency factors (TEFs)
    • SAFE, S. 1990. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and related compounds: environmental and mechanistic considerations which support the development of toxic equivalency factors (TEFs). Critical Reviews Toxicology 21: 51-88.
    • (1990) Critical Reviews Toxicology , vol.21 , pp. 51-88
    • Safe, S.1
  • 207
    • 0021884679 scopus 로고
    • Development of reflexes in neonatal mice prenatally exposed to methylmercury and selenite
    • SATOH, H., N. YASUDA, AND S. SHIMAI. 1985. Development of reflexes in neonatal mice prenatally exposed to methylmercury and selenite. Toxicology Letters 25: 199-203.
    • (1985) Toxicology Letters , vol.25 , pp. 199-203
    • Satoh, H.1    Yasuda, N.2    Shimai, S.3
  • 208
    • 0019716156 scopus 로고
    • Lead concentrations in the north-east Pacific: Evidence for global anthropogenic perturbations
    • SCHAULE, B. K., AND G. C. PATTERSON. 1981. Lead concentrations in the north-east Pacific: evidence for global anthropogenic perturbations. Science Letters 54: 97-116.
    • (1981) Science Letters , vol.54 , pp. 97-116
    • Schaule, B.K.1    Patterson, G.C.2
  • 209
    • 0023159497 scopus 로고
    • The chronic toxicity of aluminum, cadmium, mercury, and lead in birds: A review
    • SCHEUHAMMER, A. M. 1987. The chronic toxicity of aluminum, cadmium, mercury, and lead in birds: a review. Environmental Pollution 46: 265-295.
    • (1987) Environmental Pollution , vol.46 , pp. 265-295
    • Scheuhammer, A.M.1
  • 211
    • 11544323209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Concentrations of mercury and selenium in tissues of Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocoras auritus) from Southern Florida
    • SEPULVEDA, M. S., R. H. POPPENGA, J. J. ARRECIS, AND L. B. QUINN. 1998. Concentrations of mercury and selenium in tissues of Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocoras auritus) from Southern Florida. Colonial Waterbirds 21: 35-42.
    • (1998) Colonial Waterbirds , vol.21 , pp. 35-42
    • Sepulveda, M.S.1    Poppenga, R.H.2    Arrecis, J.J.3    Quinn, L.B.4
  • 213
    • 0038996213 scopus 로고
    • The effects of ingested plastic on growth and survival of albatross chicks
    • (K. Vermeer, K. T. Briggs, K. H. Morgan, and D. Siegel-Causey, Eds.). Special Publication, Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa
    • SIEVERT, P. R., AND L. SILEO. 1993. The effects of ingested plastic on growth and survival of albatross chicks. Pp. 212-217 in The Status, Ecology, and Conservation of Marine Birds of the North Pacific (K. Vermeer, K. T. Briggs, K. H. Morgan, and D. Siegel-Causey, Eds.). Special Publication, Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa.
    • (1993) Status, Ecology, and Conservation of Marine Birds of the North Pacific , pp. 212-217
    • Sievert, P.R.1    Sileo, L.2
  • 214
    • 0023375371 scopus 로고
    • Paint chip poisoning of Laysan Albatross at Midway Atoll
    • SILEO, L., AND S. I. FEFER. 1987. Paint chip poisoning of Laysan Albatross at Midway Atoll. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 23: 432-437.
    • (1987) Journal of Wildlife Diseases , vol.23 , pp. 432-437
    • Sileo, L.1    Fefer, S.I.2
  • 215
  • 216
    • 0002885289 scopus 로고
    • Contaminants in drainage water and avian risk thresholds
    • (A. Dinar and D. Zilberman, Eds.). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA
    • SKORUPA, J. P., AND H. M. OHLENDORF. 1991. Contaminants in drainage water and avian risk thresholds. Pp. 345-368 in The Economics and Management of Water and Drainage in Agriculture (A. Dinar and D. Zilberman, Eds.). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, MA.
    • (1991) Economics and Management of Water and Drainage in Agriculture , pp. 345-368
    • Skorupa, J.P.1    Ohlendorf, H.M.2
  • 217
    • 0021552476 scopus 로고
    • Mercury in Finnish sparrow hawks Accipiter nisus
    • SOLONEN, T., AND M. LODENIUS. 1984. Mercury in Finnish sparrow hawks Accipiter nisus. Ornis Fennica 61: 58-63.
    • (1984) Ornis Fennica , vol.61 , pp. 58-63
    • Solonen, T.1    Lodenius, M.2
  • 218
    • 0015518003 scopus 로고
    • Ethyl mercury p-toluene sulfonanilide: Lethal and reproductive effects on pheasants
    • SPANN, J. W., R. G. HEATH, J. F. KREITZER, AND L. N. LOCKE. 1972. Ethyl mercury p-toluene sulfonanilide: lethal and reproductive effects on pheasants. Science 175: 128-131.
    • (1972) Science , vol.175 , pp. 128-131
    • Spann, J.W.1    Heath, R.G.2    Kreitzer, J.F.3    Locke, L.N.4
  • 219
    • 0030618571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of species, age and diet on mercury concentrations in Shetland seabirds
    • STEWART, F. M., R. A. PHILLIPS, P. CATRY, AND R. W. FURNESS. 1997. Influence of species, age and diet on mercury concentrations in Shetland seabirds. Marine Ecology Progress Series 151: 237-244.
    • (1997) Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol.151 , pp. 237-244
    • Stewart, F.M.1    Phillips, R.A.2    Catry, P.3    Furness, R.W.4
  • 220
    • 0343494990 scopus 로고
    • Cadmium levels in Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus from the German Wadden Sea
    • STOCK, M., R. F. M. HERBER, AND H. M. A. GERON. 1989. Cadmium levels in Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus from the German Wadden Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 53: 227-234.
    • (1989) Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol.53 , pp. 227-234
    • Stock, M.1    Herber, R.F.M.2    Geron, H.M.A.3
  • 221
    • 0019572179 scopus 로고
    • Heavy metal residues in Sooty Tern tissues from the Gulf of Mexico and North Central Pacific Ocean
    • STONEBURNER, D. L., AND C. S. HARRISON. 1981. Heavy metal residues in Sooty Tern tissues from the Gulf of Mexico and North Central Pacific Ocean. The Science of the Total Environment 17: 51-58.
    • (1981) Science of the Total Environment , vol.17 , pp. 51-58
    • Stoneburner, D.L.1    Harrison, C.S.2
  • 222
    • 85052765507 scopus 로고
    • Metal levels in marine vertebrates
    • (R. W. Furness and P. S. Rainbow, Eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
    • THOMPSON, D. R. 1990. Metal levels in marine vertebrates. Pp. 143-182 in Heavy Metals in the Marine Environment (R. W. Furness and P. S. Rainbow, Eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
    • (1990) Heavy Metals in the Marine Environment , pp. 143-182
    • Thompson, D.R.1
  • 223
    • 0000383460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mercury in birds and terrestrial mammals
    • (W. N. Beyer, G. H. Heinz, and A. W. Redmon-Norwood, Eds.). Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL
    • THOMPSON, D. R. 1996. Mercury in birds and terrestrial mammals. Pp. 341-356 in Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations (W. N. Beyer, G. H. Heinz, and A. W. Redmon-Norwood, Eds.). Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
    • (1996) Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations , pp. 341-356
    • Thompson, D.R.1
  • 224
    • 0024829144 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the levels of total and organic mercury in seabird feathers
    • THOMPSON, D. R., AND R. W. FURNESS. 1989a. Comparison of the levels of total and organic mercury in seabird feathers. Marine Pollution Bulletin 20: 577-579.
    • (1989) Marine Pollution Bulletin , vol.20 , pp. 577-579
    • Thompson, D.R.1    Furness, R.W.2
  • 225
    • 0024459751 scopus 로고
    • The chemical form of mercury stores in South Atlantic seabirds
    • THOMPSON, D. R., AND R. W. FURNESS. 1989b. The chemical form of mercury stores in South Atlantic seabirds. Environmental Pollution 60: 305-317.
    • (1989) Environmental Pollution , vol.60 , pp. 305-317
    • Thompson, D.R.1    Furness, R.W.2
  • 226
    • 0027446064 scopus 로고
    • Long-term changes in mercury concentrations in herring gulls Larus argentatus and common terns Sterna hirundo from the German North Sea coast
    • THOMPSON, D. R., P. H. BECKER, AND R. W. FURNESS. 1993. Long-term changes in mercury concentrations in herring gulls Larus argentatus and common terns Sterna hirundo from the German North Sea coast. Journal of Applied Ecology 30: 316-320.
    • (1993) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.30 , pp. 316-320
    • Thompson, D.R.1    Becker, P.H.2    Furness, R.W.3
  • 227
    • 0026591947 scopus 로고
    • Historical changes in mercury concentrations in the marine ecosystem of the north and north-east Atlantic Ocean as indicated by seabird feathers
    • THOMPSON, D. R., R. W. FURNESS, AND P. M. WALSH. 1992. Historical changes in mercury concentrations in the marine ecosystem of the north and north-east Atlantic Ocean as indicated by seabird feathers. Journal of Applied Ecology 29: 79-84.
    • (1992) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.29 , pp. 79-84
    • Thompson, D.R.1    Furness, R.W.2    Walsh, P.M.3
  • 228
    • 0026272669 scopus 로고
    • Mercury accumulation in great skuas Catharacta skua of known age and sex and its effects upon breeding and survival
    • THOMPSON, D. R., K. C. HAMER, AND R. W. FURNESS. 1991. Mercury accumulation in great skuas Catharacta skua of known age and sex and its effects upon breeding and survival. Journal of Applied Ecology 28: 672-684.
    • (1991) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.28 , pp. 672-684
    • Thompson, D.R.1    Hamer, K.C.2    Furness, R.W.3
  • 230
    • 0001849549 scopus 로고
    • Reduced survival of chicks of oil-dosed Leach’s Storm-petrels
    • TRIVELPIECE, W., R. G. BUTLER, D. S. MILLER, AND D. B. PEAKALL. 1984. Reduced survival of chicks of oil-dosed Leach’s Storm-petrels. Condor 86: 81-82.
    • (1984) Condor , vol.86 , pp. 81-82
    • Trivelpiece, W.1    Butler, R.G.2    Miller, D.S.3    Peakall, D.B.4
  • 233
    • 0001345273 scopus 로고
    • Metal biomagnification may endanger species in critical pathways
    • VAN STRALLEN, N. M., AND E. ERNST. 1991. Metal biomagnification may endanger species in critical pathways. Oikos 62: 255-256.
    • (1991) Oikos , vol.62 , pp. 255-256
    • Van Strallen, N.M.1    Ernst, E.2
  • 234
    • 85052779185 scopus 로고
    • The use of seabirds as monitors of heavy metals in the marine environment
    • (R. W. Furness and P. S. Rainbow, Eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL
    • WALSH, P. M. 1990. The use of seabirds as monitors of heavy metals in the marine environment. Pp. 183-294 in Heavy Metals in the Marine Environment (R. W. Furness and P. S. Rainbow, Eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
    • (1990) Heavy Metals in the Marine Environment , pp. 183-294
    • Walsh, P.M.1
  • 235
    • 0001925228 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foraging strategies of Indian Ocean albatrosses and their relationships with fisheries
    • (G. Robertson and R. Gales, Eds.) Surren Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton
    • WEIMERSKIRCH, H. 1997. Foraging strategies of Indian Ocean albatrosses and their relationships with fisheries. Pp. 168-179 in Albatross Biology and Conservation (G. Robertson and R. Gales, Eds.) Surren Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton.
    • (1997) Albatross Biology and Conservation , pp. 168-179
    • Weimerskirch, H.1
  • 237
    • 0021028893 scopus 로고
    • Double-crested Cormorants on the Great Lakes: Egg-laying parameters, reproductive failure, and contaminant residues in eggs, Lake Huron 1972-1973
    • WESELOH, D. V., S. M. TEEPLE, AND M. GILBERTSON. 1983. Double-crested Cormorants on the Great Lakes: egg-laying parameters, reproductive failure, and contaminant residues in eggs, Lake Huron 1972-1973. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 427-436.
    • (1983) Canadian Journal of Zoology , vol.61 , pp. 427-436
    • Weseloh, D.V.1    Teeple, S.M.2    Gilbertson, M.3
  • 238
    • 0002158245 scopus 로고
    • Laysan Albatross (Diomedea immutabilis)
    • WHITTOW, G. C. 1993A. Laysan Albatross (Diomedea immutabilis). Birds of North America 66: 1-20.
    • (1993) Birds of North America , vol.66 , pp. 1-20
    • Whittow, G.C.1
  • 239
    • 0009460430 scopus 로고
    • Black-footed Albatross (Diomedea nigripes)
    • WHITTOW, G. C. 1993b. Black-footed Albatross (Diomedea nigripes). Birds of North America 66: 1-16.
    • (1993) Birds of North America , vol.66 , pp. 1-16
    • Whittow, G.C.1
  • 240
    • 0002225785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Other organochlorine pesticides in birds
    • (W. N. Beyer, G. H. Heinz, and A. W. Redmon-Norwood, Eds.). SETAC Spec. Publ., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL
    • WIEMEYER, S. N. 1996. Other organochlorine pesticides in birds. Pp. 99-116 in Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations (W. N. Beyer, G. H. Heinz, and A. W. Redmon-Norwood, Eds.). SETAC Spec. Publ., Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
    • (1996) Environmental Contaminants in Wildlife: Interpreting Tissue Concentrations , pp. 99-116
    • Wiemeyer, S.N.1
  • 241
    • 0030411201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on marine bird communities in Prince William Sound, Alaska
    • WIENS, J. A., T. O. CHRIST, R. H. DAY, S. M. MURPHY, AND G. D. HAYWARD. 1996. Effects of the Exxon Valdez oil spill on marine bird communities in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Ecological Applications 6: 828-841.
    • (1996) Ecological Applications , vol.6 , pp. 828-841
    • Wiens, J.A.1    Christ, T.O.2    Day, R.H.3    Murphy, S.M.4    Hayward, G.D.5
  • 243
    • 0022922871 scopus 로고
    • The radiation exposure of Black-headed Gulls (Larus ridibundus) in the Ravenglass Estuary, Cumbria, U. K.: A preliminary assessment
    • WOODHEAD, D. S. 1986. The radiation exposure of Black-headed Gulls (Larus ridibundus) in the Ravenglass Estuary, Cumbria, U. K.: a preliminary assessment. Science of the Total Environment 58: 273-281.
    • (1986) Science of the Total Environment , vol.58 , pp. 273-281
    • Woodhead, D.S.1
  • 244
    • 0004177476 scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
    • WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO). 1990. Methylmercury. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
    • (1990) Methylmercury
  • 245
    • 0029848037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lead exposure in Laysan albatross adults and chicks in Hawaii: Prevalence, risk factors, and biochemical effects
    • WORK, T. M., AND M. R. SMITH. 1996. Lead exposure in Laysan albatross adults and chicks in Hawaii: prevalence, risk factors, and biochemical effects. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 31: 115-119.
    • (1996) Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , vol.31 , pp. 115-119
    • Work, T.M.1    Smith, M.R.2
  • 246
    • 0003166864 scopus 로고
    • Ecotoxicology of mercury and cadmium
    • (D. J. Hoffman, B. A. Rattner, G. A. Burton, Jr., and J. Cairns, Jr., Eds.). Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL
    • WREN, C. D., S. HARRIS, AND N. HARTTRUP. 1995. Ecotoxicology of mercury and cadmium. Pp. 392-423 in Handbook of Ecotoxicology (D. J. Hoffman, B. A. Rattner, G. A. Burton, Jr., and J. Cairns, Jr., Eds.). Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL.
    • (1995) Handbook of Ecotoxicology , pp. 392-423
    • Wren, C.D.1    Harris, S.2    Harttrup, N.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.