메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-172

National Security Implications of Climate Change for U.S. Naval Forces
[No Author Info available]

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 85024111314     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.17226/12914     Document Type: Book
Times cited : (37)

References (195)
  • 2
    • 34250808069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testimony of ADM Joseph Prueher, USN (Ret.), Member, Military Advisory Board, Center for Naval Analyses Corporation report, before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, May 9
    • Testimony of ADM Joseph Prueher, USN (Ret.), Member, Military Advisory Board, Center for Naval Analyses Corporation report National Security and the Threat of Climate Change, before the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate, May 9, 2007.
    • (2007) National Security and the Threat of Climate Change
  • 3
    • 0013116145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secretary of Defense (Robert M. Gates), Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., February
    • Secretary of Defense (Robert M. Gates). 2010. Quadrennial Defense Review, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., February, p. xv.
    • (2010) Quadrennial Defense Review , pp. xv
  • 5
    • 34247370602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis
    • Susan Solomon, Dahe Qin, Martin Manning, Zhenlin Chen, Melinda Marquis, Kristen B. Averyt, Melinda M.B. Tignor, and Henry LeRoy Miller [eds.], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York
    • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007, "Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis," Working Group I contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Susan Solomon, Dahe Qin, Martin Manning, Zhenlin Chen, Melinda Marquis, Kristen B. Averyt, Melinda M.B. Tignor, and Henry LeRoy Miller [eds.]), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and New York.
    • (2007) Working Group I contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
  • 8
    • 0013116145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • February, of the PDF file, available at
    • Quadrennial Defense Review, February 2010, p. 86 [p. 108 of the PDF file], available at http://www.nationaljournal.com/congressdaily/issues/ graphics/Defense-Review-2010.PDF.
    • (2010) Quadrennial Defense Review
  • 11
    • 84988452559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.
    • National Research Council, 2008, Maritime Security Partnerships, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.
    • (2008) Maritime Security Partnerships
  • 13
    • 85014147025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • http://www.jag.navy.mil/organization/ code_10_law_of_the_sea.htm, and http://www.hstoday.us/content/view/9912/149/).
  • 16
    • 60549096201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • November, available at, Accessed May 25, 2010
    • National Intelligence Council, 2008, Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World, November, p. 53; available at http://www.dni.gov/nic/PDF_2025/2025_Global _Trends_ Final_Report.pdf. Accessed May 25, 2010.
    • (2008) Global Trends 2025: A Transformed World , pp. 53
  • 18
    • 0013116145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., February
    • Secretary of Defense (Robert M. Gates). 2010. Quadrennial Defense Review, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., February.
    • (2010) Quadrennial Defense Review
  • 21
    • 85014284319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • November
    • National Intelligence Council, 2008, 2025 Global Trends Report, November.
    • (2008) 2025 Global Trends Report
  • 22
    • 85014155770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • available at, Accessed November 23
    • Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower, available at http:// www.navy.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf. Accessed November 23, 2009
    • (2009) Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower
  • 23
    • 85014132250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available at, Accessed November 23
    • U.S. Marine Corps News. Available at http:// www.okinawa.usmc.mil/public affairs/info/archive/news. Accessed November 23, 2009.
    • (2009) U.S. Marine Corps News
  • 24
    • 85014209204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Article III B 1, available at, Accessed July 28
    • National Security Presidential Directive-66, Article III B 1; available at http://www. fas.org/irp/offdocs/nspd/nspd-66.htm. Accessed July 28, 2010.
    • (2010)
  • 27
    • 85014272766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed November 23
    • http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htm. Accessed November 23, 2009
    • (2009)
  • 28
    • 0013116145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • February, of the PDF file, available at
    • Quadrennial Defense Review, February 2010, p. 86 [page 108 of the PDF file], available at http://www.nationaljournal.com/congressdaily/ issues/graphics/Defense-Review-2010.pdf
    • (2010) Quadrennial Defense Review
  • 30
    • 85014294759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • March. Available at, Accessed November 23, 2009
    • National Intelligence Council, 1996, Law of the Sea:The End Game, Intelligence Community Assessment, March. Available at http://www.dni.gov/nic/ special_endgame.html. Accessed November 23, 2009.
    • (1996) Law of the Sea:The End Game, Intelligence Community Assessment
  • 32
    • 85014223504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Second Edition, available at, Accessed July 28, 2010
    • U.S. Department of Defense, National Security and the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, Second Edition, 1996; available at http://www.dod.gov/pubs/foi/reading_room/876.pdf. Accessed July 28, 2010.
    • (1996) National Security and the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
  • 33
    • 85014169726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, D.C., Available at
    • A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower, Washington, D.C., 2007, p. 3. Available at http://www.navy.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf. Accessed July 28, 2010.
    • (2007) A Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower , pp. 3
  • 34
    • 85014248162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vice Chief of Naval Operations (ADM W. Jonathan Greenert, USN), Memorandum 4000 Ser N09/9U103035, October 30
    • Vice Chief of Naval Operations (ADM W. Jonathan Greenert, USN), Memorandum 4000 Ser N09/9U103035, "Task Force Climate Change Charter," October 30, 2009.
    • (2009) Task Force Climate Change Charter
  • 35
    • 85014271308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • presentation to the committee, October 19, Washington, D.C
    • CAPT Timothy Gallaudet, USN, Deputy Director, Task Force Climate Change/Oceanographer of the Navy, "Task Force Climate Change Update and Gaps and Projected Future Needs," presentation to the committee, October 19, 2009, Washington, D.C.
    • (2009) Task Force Climate Change Update and Gaps and Projected Future Needs
  • 36
    • 85014271308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • presentation to the committee, October 19, Washington, D.C.
    • CAPT Timothy Gallaudet, USN, Deputy Director, Task Force Climate Change/Oceanographer of the Navy, "Task Force Climate Change Update and Gaps and Projected Future Needs," presentation to the committee, October 19, 2009, Washington, D.C.
    • (2009) Task Force Climate Change Update and Gaps and Projected Future Needs
  • 38
    • 85014174184 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NOAA news release, February 8, available at, Accessed June 4, 2010
    • Commerce Department Proposes Establishment of NOAA Climate Service, NOAA news release, February 8, 2010; available at http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2010/20100208_climate. html. Accessed June 4, 2010.
    • (2010) Commerce Department Proposes Establishment of NOAA Climate Service
  • 39
    • 84909328200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Summary of the World Climate Conference
    • September, Available at, Accessed June 4, 2010
    • "Summary of the World Climate Conference," World Climate Conference Bulletin, Vol. 165, No. 1, September 2009. Available at http://www.iisd.ca/ymb/climate/ wcc3/html/ymbvol165num1e.html. Accessed June 4, 2010.
    • (2009) World Climate Conference Bulletin , vol.165 , Issue.1
  • 40
    • 66449093845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Department of Commerce, NOAA's National Climatic Data Center, Washington, D.C. Available at, Accessed July 28, 2010
    • Thomas R. Karl, Gerald A. Meehl, Susan J. Hassol, Anne M. Waple, and William L. Murray (Eds.). 2008. Weather and Climate Extremes in a Changing Climate, Department of Commerce, NOAA's National Climatic Data Center, Washington, D.C. Available at http://www.rff.org/documents/RFF-DP-09-03. pdf. Accessed July 28, 2010.
    • (2008) Weather and Climate Extremes in a Changing Climate
    • Karl, T.R.1    Meehl, G.A.2    Hassol, S.J.3    Waple, A.M.4    Murray, W.L.5
  • 41
    • 85014224109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C
    • National Research Council, 2009, Scientific Value of Arctic Sea Ice Data, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.
    • (2009) Scientific Value of Arctic Sea Ice Data
  • 43
  • 49
    • 84948771411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Norfolk, Va
    • U.S. Navy Seabees First Naval Construction Division, Strategic Plan 2008-2011, Norfolk, Va.
    • Strategic Plan 2008-2011
  • 50
    • 85014299531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • available on the U.S. Coast Guard/U.S. Department of Homeland Security website at, Accessed July 28
    • U.S. Coast Guard Missions, available on the U.S. Coast Guard/U.S. Department of Homeland Security website at http://www.uscg.mil/top/missions/. Accessed July 28, 2010.
    • (2010)
  • 52
    • 0013116145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., February
    • Secretary of Defense (Robert M. Gates). 2010. Quadrennial Defense Review, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., February, p. xv.
    • (2010) Quadrennial Defense Review
  • 54
    • 85014180452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate Change on the Move: Climate Migration Will Affect the World's Security
    • Center for American Progress, Washington, D.C., December 8
    • Michael Werz and Karl Manlove. 2009. "Climate Change on the Move: Climate Migration Will Affect the World's Security," Center for American Progress, Washington, D.C., December 8.
    • (2009)
    • Werz, M.1    Manlove, K.2
  • 55
    • 85014302571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • available at, Accessed November 24, 2009
    • Arctic Report Card: Update for 2009; available at http://www.arctic.noaa.gov/reportcard/ ArcticReportCard_full_report.pdf. Accessed November 24, 2009.
    • Arctic Report Card: Update for 2009;
  • 57
    • 77952724902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • available at, Accessed November 24, 2009
    • Arctic Council. 2009. Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment 2009 Report; available at http:// www.nrf.is/index.php/news/15-2009/60-arctic-marine-shipping-assessment-report-2009. Accessed November 24, 2009.
    • (2009) Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment 2009 Report;
  • 59
    • 77952724902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • available at, Accessed November 24, 2009
    • Arctic Council. 2009. Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment 2009 Report; available at http:// www.nrf.is/index.php/news/15-2009/60-arctic-marine-shipping-assessment-report-2009. Accessed November 24, 2009.
    • (2009) Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment 2009 Report;
  • 61
    • 85018561630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Role of Natural Versus Forced Change in Future Rapid Summer Arctic Ice Loss
    • American Geophysical Union
    • Marika M. Holland, Cecilia M. Bitz, L.-Bruno Tremblay, and David A. Bailey. 2008. "The Role of Natural Versus Forced Change in Future Rapid Summer Arctic Ice Loss," Geophysical Monograph Series 180, American Geophysical Union.
    • (2008) Geophysical Monograph Series 180
    • Holland, M.M.1    Bitz, C.M.2    Tremblay, L.-B.3    Bailey, D.A.4
  • 62
    • 34547938913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dispute over Northwest Passage Revived: U.S. Asserts Free Use by All Ships, Canada Claims Jurisdiction
    • November 6
    • Doug Struck, "Dispute over Northwest Passage Revived: U.S. Asserts Free Use by All Ships, Canada Claims Jurisdiction," Washington Post, November 6, 2006.
    • (2006) Washington Post
    • Struck, D.1
  • 63
    • 78651322330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Russia's Arctic Strategy
    • Katarzyna Zysk. 2010. "Russia's Arctic Strategy," Joint Forces Quarterly, Issue 57.
    • (2010) Joint Forces Quarterly , Issue.57
    • Zysk, K.1
  • 64
    • 85014239597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • presentation to the committee, February 4, Washington, D.C
    • Ross Graham, Director General Defence Research and Development Canada, Center for Operational Research and Analysis, "Impact of Climate Change on Canadian Naval Operations in the Arctic," presentation to the committee, February 4, 2010, Washington, D.C.
    • (2010) Impact of Climate Change on Canadian Naval Operations in the Arctic
    • Graham, R.1
  • 65
    • 85014166886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • July 16, available at, Accessed July 28, 2010
    • BBC News, "Denmark Plans Forces for the Arctic," July 16, 2009; available at http://news.bbc. co.uk/2/hi/8154181.stm. Accessed July 28, 2010.
    • (2009) Denmark Plans Forces for the Arctic
  • 66
    • 85014145021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Security Presidential Directive-66, Article III B 1, available at, Accessed July 28
    • National Security Presidential Directive-66, Article III B 1; available at http://www.fas.org/ irp/offdocs/nspd/nspd-66.htm. Accessed July 28, 2010.
    • (2010)
  • 67
    • 85014284319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • November 2008, available at, Accessed November 24
    • National Intelligence Council, 2025 Global Trends Report, November 2008, p. 53; available at http://www.dni.gov/nic/ PDF_2025/2025_Global _Trends_Final_Report.pdf. Accessed November 24, 2009.
    • (2009) 2025 Global Trends Report , pp. 53
  • 68
    • 85014163613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available at, Accessed June 4, 2010
    • Report to Congress: U.S. Coast Guard Polar Operations, 2008, p. 12. Available at http:// www.uscg.mil/hq/cg5/cg513/docs/FY08_OMNIBUS_Polar_Ops_Report.pdf. Accessed June 4, 2010.
    • (2008) Report to Congress: U.S. Coast Guard Polar Operations , pp. 12
  • 70
    • 85014133120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • available at, Accessed November 24
    • "China to Build Own Icebreakers for Poles"; available at http://www.shanghaidaily. com/sp/article/2009/200910/20091008/article_415716.htm. Accessed November 24, 2009.
    • (2009) China to Build Own Icebreakers for Poles
  • 72
    • 85014188455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Loose Cannon and Nuclear Submarines:West Prepares for Arctic Warfare
    • November 16
    • Rick Rozoff, "Loose Cannon and Nuclear Submarines:West Prepares for Arctic Warfare," CanWest News Service, November 16, 2009
    • (2009) CanWest News Service
    • Rozoff, R.1
  • 73
    • 85014277330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • VA-Class Submarines Carry Arctic Sensor Suite in Northern Waters
    • November 30
    • Zachary M. Peterson, "VA-Class Submarines Carry Arctic Sensor Suite in Northern Waters," Inside the Navy, November 30, 2009.
    • (2009) Inside the Navy
    • Peterson, Z.M.1
  • 75
    • 85014245538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Center for Naval Analyses, CRM D0008026.A2/Final, Alexandria, Va., March
    • Angelyn Jewell, Timothy Roberts, and Timothy DeBisschop. 2003. Susceptibility of Carrier Flight Deck Crewmen to Heat Stress, Center for Naval Analyses, CRM D0008026.A2/Final, Alexandria, Va., March.
    • (2003) Susceptibility of Carrier Flight Deck Crewmen to Heat Stress
  • 76
    • 84937203828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Washington, D.C., April
    • Task Force Climate Change, Oceanographer of the Navy. 2010. U.S. Navy Climate Change Roadmap, Washington, D.C., April.
    • (2010) U.S. Navy Climate Change Roadmap
  • 77
    • 18144442446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 2003 Heat Wave in Europe: A Shape of Things to Come? An Analysis Based on Swiss Climatological Data and Model Simulations
    • available at
    • "The 2003 Heat Wave in Europe: A Shape of Things to Come? An Analysis Based on Swiss Climatological Data and Model Simulations," Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 31, 2004; available at http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2004/2003GL018857.shtml.
    • (2004) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.31
  • 78
    • 0028364913 scopus 로고
    • A Massive Outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium Infection Transmitted Through the Public Water Supply
    • July
    • "A Massive Outbreak in Milwaukee of Cryptosporidium Infection Transmitted Through the Public Water Supply," New England Journal of Medicine, July, Vol. 331, No. 3, pp. 161-167, 1994.
    • (1994) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.331 , Issue.3 , pp. 161-167
  • 81
    • 75749084428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeled Impact of Anthropogenic Warming on the Frequency of Intense Atlantic Hurricanes
    • Morris A. Bender, Thomas R. Knutson, Robert E. Tuleya, Joseph J. Sirutis, Gabriel A. Vecchi, Stephen T. Garner, and Isaac M. Held. 2010. "Modeled Impact of Anthropogenic Warming on the Frequency of Intense Atlantic Hurricanes," Science, Vol. 327, No. 5964, pp. 454-458.
    • (2010) Science , vol.327 , Issue.5964 , pp. 454-458
    • Bender, M.A.1    Knutson, T.R.2    Tuleya, R.E.3    Sirutis, J.J.4    Vecchi, G.A.5    Garner, S.T.6    Held, I.M.7
  • 86
    • 65249083457 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sea-Level Rise from Glaciers and Ice Caps: A Lower Bound
    • David B. Bahr, Mark Dyurgerov, and Mark F. Meier. 2009. "Sea-Level Rise from Glaciers and Ice Caps: A Lower Bound," Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 36, L03501.
    • (2009) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.36 , pp. L03501
    • Bahr, D.B.1    Dyurgerov, M.2    Meier, M.F.3
  • 87
    • 67649337509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet
    • Jonathan L. Bamber, Riccardo E.M. Riva, Bert L.A. Vermeersen, and Anne M. LeBrocq. 2009. "Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet," Science, Vol. 324, pp. 901-903.
    • (2009) Science , vol.324 , pp. 901-903
    • Bamber, J.L.1    Riva, R.E.M.2    Vermeersen, B.L.A.3    LeBrocq, A.M.4
  • 91
    • 51349100681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • W. Tad Pfeffer, Joel T. Harper, and Shad O'Neal. 2008. "Kinematic Constraints on Glacier Contributions to 21st Century Sea Level Rise," Science, Vol. 321, pp. 1340-1343.
    • (2008) Science , vol.321 , pp. 1340-1343
    • Tad Pfeffer, W.1    Harper, J.T.2    O'Neal, S.3
  • 92
    • 67649526449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Model Projections of Rapid Sea-Level Rise on the Northeast Coast of the United States
    • Jianjun Yin, Michael E. Schlesinger, and Ronald J. Stouffer. 2009. "Model Projections of Rapid Sea-Level Rise on the Northeast Coast of the United States," Nature Geoscience, Vol. 2, pp. 262-266.
    • (2009) Nature Geoscience , vol.2 , pp. 262-266
    • Yin, J.1    Schlesinger, M.E.2    Stouffer, R.J.3
  • 93
    • 67649337509 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet
    • Jonathan L. Bamber, Riccardo E.M. Riva, Bert L.A. Vermeersen, and Anne M. LeBrocq. 2009. "Reassessment of the Potential Sea-Level Rise from a Collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet," Science, Vol. 324, pp. 901-903.
    • (2009) Science , vol.324 , pp. 901-903
    • Bamber, J.L.1    Riva, R.E.M.2    Vermeersen, B.L.A.3    LeBrocq, A.M.4
  • 94
    • 0003398402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, United Kingdom
    • David T. Pugh. 1996. Tides, Surges, and Mean Sea-Level, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, United Kingdom, p. xiv and p. 472.
    • (1996) Tides, Surges, and Mean Sea-Level
    • Pugh, D.T.1
  • 95
    • 3042849885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrated Effects of Climate Change on Coastal Extreme Events
    • Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory Internal Document No. 140
    • Roger Flather, Trevor Baker, Phil Woodworth, Ian Vassie, and David Blackman. 2001. "Integrated Effects of Climate Change on Coastal Extreme Events," Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory Internal Document No. 140, p. 20.
    • (2001) , pp. 20
    • Flather, R.1    Baker, T.2    Woodworth, P.3    Vassie, I.4    Blackman, D.5
  • 96
    • 85014154288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • personal communication, April 13
    • S. Nerem, personal communication, April 13, 2010.
    • (2010)
    • Nerem, S.1
  • 99
    • 85014197285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • presentation to the committee, September 18, Washington, D.C.
    • Elmer W. Ransom, Environmental Management Section, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, and Capt Anthony V. Ermovic, USMC Facilities Branch Head, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, "Marine Corps Perspectives and Climate Change Initiatives," presentation to the committee, September 18, 2009, Washington, D.C.
    • (2009) Marine Corps Perspectives and Climate Change Initiatives
    • Ransom, E.W.1
  • 101
    • 0013116145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., February
    • Secretary of Defense (Robert M. Gates). 2010. Quadrennial Defense Review, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., February.
    • (2010) Quadrennial Defense Review
  • 103
    • 85014284319 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • November, available at, Accessed May 25, 2010
    • National Intelligence Council, 2008, 2025 Global Trends Report, November, p. 53; available at http://www.dni.gov/nic/PDF_2025/2025_Global _Trends_Final_Report.pdf. Accessed May 25, 2010.
    • (2008) 2025 Global Trends Report , pp. 53
  • 104
    • 85014249221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canada National Defence website; available at, Accessed June 4, 2010
    • Great Game in a Cold Climate: Canada's Arctic Sovereignty in Question, Canada National Defence website; available at http://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/vo6/no4/north-nord-01-eng.asp. Accessed June 4, 2010.
    • Great Game in a Cold Climate: Canada's Arctic Sovereignty in Question
  • 105
    • 85014263013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • a series of commissioned research reports and conference reports
    • National Intelligence Council. 2008. The Impact of Climate Change to 2030, a series of commissioned research reports and conference reports.
    • (2008) The Impact of Climate Change to 2030
  • 106
    • 85014211025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accessed April 8
    • http://www.dni.gov/nic/special_climate2030. html. Accessed April 8, 2011.
    • (2011)
  • 108
    • 85014183246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deputy Director, White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, presentation to the committee, February 5
    • Kathy Jacobs, Deputy Director, White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, "Perspectives from OSTP on Water, Adaptation, and the National Assessment," presentation to the committee, February 5, 2010
    • (2010) Perspectives from OSTP on Water, Adaptation, and the National Assessment
    • Jacobs, K.1
  • 110
    • 85014177027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Water Dispute Increases India Pakistan Tension
    • July 20, available at, Accessed February 14, 2011
    • Lydia Polgreen and Sabrina Tavernise, "Water Dispute Increases India Pakistan Tension," New York Times, July 20, 2010; available at http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/21/world/asia/21kashmir. html?_r=1&adxnnl=1&ref=water&adxnnlx=1284742861-5IiKNw+K65TaQM6PEasqgQ. Accessed February 14, 2011.
    • (2010) New York Times
  • 112
    • 84988452559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.
    • National Research Council. 2008. Maritime Security Partnerships, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.
    • (2008) Maritime Security Partnerships
  • 113
    • 84988452559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.
    • National Research Council. 2008. Maritime Security Partnerships, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.
    • (2008) Maritime Security Partnerships
  • 114
    • 0013116145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., February
    • Secretary of Defense (Robert M. Gates). 2010. Quadrennial Defense Review, Department of Defense, Washington, D.C., February, pp. 84-89.
    • (2010) Quadrennial Defense Review , pp. 84-89
  • 115
    • 85014267736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NATO Secretary General Debates Climate Change Security Threats in Copenhagen
    • December 15, updated April 14, 2010. Available at, Accessed June 4, 2010
    • "NATO Secretary General Debates Climate Change Security Threats in Copenhagen," NATO News, December 15, 2009; updated April 14, 2010. Available at http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-614123F7-2989961A/natolive/news_60163.htm?selectedLocale=en. Accessed June 4, 2010.
    • (2009) NATO News
  • 116
    • 85014246628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.S. Navy Prepares for Militarization of the Arctic
    • November 30
    • Noel Brinkerhoff. 2009. "U.S. Navy Prepares for Militarization of the Arctic," All Government, November 30.
    • (2009) All Government
    • Brinkerhoff, N.1
  • 117
    • 78651322330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Russia's Arctic Strategy, Ambitions and Constraints
    • 2nd Quarter
    • Katarzyna Zysk, 2010, "Russia's Arctic Strategy, Ambitions and Constraints," Joint Forces Quarterly, Issue 57, 2nd Quarter.
    • (2010) Joint Forces Quarterly , Issue.57
    • Zysk, K.1
  • 118
    • 85014281874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • available at, Accessed June 4
    • "New Russian Maritime Strategy Highlights Arctic"; available at http://www.barentsobserver.com/new-russian-maritime-strategy-highlights-arctic.-116320. html. Accessed June 4, 2010.
    • (2010) New Russian Maritime Strategy Highlights Arctic
  • 119
    • 85014182898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canada's Northern Strategy documents at, Accessed February 14
    • Canada's Northern Strategy documents at http://www.northernstrategy.gc.ca/index-eng.asp. Accessed February 14, 2011.
    • (2011)
  • 120
    • 84873246546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Russia and Norway Reach Accord on Barents Sea
    • April 27
    • "Russia and Norway Reach Accord on Barents Sea," New York Times, April 27, 2010.
    • (2010) New York Times
  • 121
    • 77956274048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arctic Shortcut Beckons Shippers as Ice Thaws
    • September 10
    • Andrew E. Kramer and Andrew C. Revkin, "Arctic Shortcut Beckons Shippers as Ice Thaws," New York Times, September 10, 2009.
    • (2009) New York Times
    • Kramer, A.E.1    Revkin, A.C.2
  • 123
    • 85014178845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oil Tanker Titan Plans to Break the Ice on Arctic Route
    • April 13, available at, Accessed June 4, 2010
    • "Oil Tanker Titan Plans to Break the Ice on Arctic Route," Financial Times, April 13, 2010; available at http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/7bcf96dc-4697-11df-9713-00144feab49a.html. Accessed June 4, 2010.
    • (2010) Financial Times
  • 124
    • 85014256275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving Dilution of Precision
    • November 1. Available at, Accessed August 2, 2010
    • Dennis Milbert, 2009, "Improving Dilution of Precision," GPS World, November 1. Available at http://www.gpsworld.com/gnss-system/algorithms- methods/innovation-improving-dilution-precision-9100?page_id=3. Accessed August 2, 2010.
    • (2009) GPS World
    • Milbert, D.1
  • 125
    • 85014294819 scopus 로고
    • April. Available at, Accessed June 4, 2010
    • John A. Koubuchar, 1991, "Ionospheric Effects on GPS," GPS World, April. Available at http://gauss.gge.unb.ca/gpsworld/EarlyInnovation-Columns/Innov.1991.04.pdf. Accessed June 4, 2010.
    • (1991) GPS World
    • Koubuchar, J.A.1
  • 126
    • 85014236666 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • April 19, Available at, Accessed June 4, 2010
    • "Sources of Error in GPS," April 19, 2009. Available at http://www.kowoma.de/en/gps/errors.htm. Accessed June 4, 2010.
    • (2009) Sources of Error in GPS
  • 127
    • 77954668947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available at
    • "Inertial Navigation: Forty Years of Evolution." Available at http://www.imar-navigation.de/download/inertial_navigation_introduction. pdf. Accessed June 4, 2010.
    • Inertial Navigation: Forty Years of Evolution
  • 128
    • 77953270786 scopus 로고
    • U.S. Space Environmental Laboratory, NOAA; available at, Accessed June 4, 2010
    • Norman Cohen and Kenneth Davies, 1994, Radio Wave Propagation, U.S. Space Environmental Laboratory, NOAA; available at http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/info/Radio.pdf. Accessed June 4, 2010.
    • (1994) Radio Wave Propagation
    • Cohen, N.1    Davies, K.2
  • 129
    • 85014271526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • December, available at, Accessed June 4, 2010
    • United States Coast Guard Strategic Spectrum Plan, December 2007; available at http:// www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/spectrumreform/Spectrum_Plans_2007/Coast%20Guard_Stategic_ Spectrum_Plan_Nov2007.pdf. Accessed June 4, 2010.
    • (2007)
  • 130
    • 85014164185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forecasting the Occurrence of Ionospheric Scintillation Activity in the Equatorial Ionosphere on a Day-to-Day Basis
    • David N. Anderson, 2003, "Forecasting the Occurrence of Ionospheric Scintillation Activity in the Equatorial Ionosphere on a Day-to-Day Basis," GPS Solutions, Vol. 7, No. 3.
    • (2003) GPS Solutions , vol.7 , Issue.3
    • Anderson, D.N.1
  • 131
    • 85014167327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • available at, Accessed June 4
    • Executive Summary of the Commercial Satellite Communications (SATCOM) Report; available at http://www.fas.org/spp/military/docops/navy/commrept/index.html. Accessed June 4, 2010.
    • (2010)
  • 132
    • 85014224870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • available at, Accessed June 4
    • Geostationary Satellite History; available at http://www.geo-orbit.org/sizepgs/geodef.html. Accessed June 4, 2010.
    • (2010)
  • 133
    • 85014232731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • available at, Accessed June 4
    • Submarine Satellite Master Plan; available at http://www.fas.org/man/ dod-101/navy/docs/scmp/index.html. Accessed June 4, 2010.
    • (2010)
  • 134
    • 85014144388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association 67th Annual National Conference, April 2, The Palmer House Hilton, Chicago, Ill.; available at, Accessed June 4, 2010
    • Jon D. Carlson, Christopher Hubach, Joseph Long, Kellen Minteer, and Shane Young. 2009. "The Scramble for the Arctic: The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and Extending National Seabed Claims," paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association 67th Annual National Conference, April 2, The Palmer House Hilton, Chicago, Ill.; available at http:// www.allacademic.com/meta/p363540_index.html. Accessed June 4, 2010.
    • (2009) The Scramble for the Arctic: The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and Extending National Seabed Claims
    • Carlson, J.D.1    Hubach, C.2    Long, J.3    Minteer, K.4    Young, S.5
  • 135
    • 85014153778 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • March 30, Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, Washington, D.C.
    • Ronald O'Rourke, 2010, Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress, March 30, Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, Washington, D.C., pp. 7-12.
    • (2010) Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress , pp. 7-12
    • O'Rourke, R.1
  • 137
    • 85014192079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • available at, Accessed August 2
    • Arctic Mapping and the Law of the Sea; available at http://arctic-healy-baker-2008.blogspot.com/2009/09/new-seamount. html. Accessed August 2, 2010.
    • (2010) Arctic Mapping and the Law of the Sea;
  • 139
    • 85014200011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Man Made Carbon Dioxide Affects Ocean Acoustics
    • December 22
    • "Man Made Carbon Dioxide Affects Ocean Acoustics," Science News, December 22, 2009.
    • (2009) Science News
  • 140
    • 77954545277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Saltier, Hotter, More Acidic, and Less Diverse? Observing the Future Ocean
    • D.E. Harrison and David M. Legler, 2009, "Saltier, Hotter, More Acidic, and Less Diverse? Observing the Future Ocean," EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union, Vol. 91, No. 3, p. 23.
    • (2009) EOS, Transactions American Geophysical Union , vol.91 , Issue.3 , pp. 23
    • Harrison, D.E.1    Legler, D.M.2
  • 141
    • 85014279699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • http://www.oceanobs09. net/. Accessed June 4, 2010.
    • (2010)
  • 143
  • 144
    • 68749093073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Decline in Arctic Sea-Ice Thickness: Separating the Spatial, Annual and Interannual Variability in a Quarter Century of Submarine Data
    • D.A. Rothrock, D.B. Percival, and M. Wennahan, 2008, "The Decline in Arctic Sea-Ice Thickness: Separating the Spatial, Annual and Interannual Variability in a Quarter Century of Submarine Data," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 113, C05003.
    • (2008) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.113 , pp. C05003
    • Rothrock, D.A.1    Percival, D.B.2    Wennahan, M.3
  • 148
    • 85014252308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • December. Available at, Accessed August 2, 2010
    • University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. 2009. Community Review of the NCEP Climate Prediction Center, December. Available at http://www.ncep.noaa.gov/director/ucar_reports/CPC_Report_ UCAR_Final.pdf. Accessed August 2, 2010.
    • (2009) Community Review of the NCEP Climate Prediction Center
  • 150
    • 65849190053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • synthesis and assessment product 3.1, U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research Report, Available at, Accessed June 4, 2010
    • David C. Bader, Curt Covey, William J. Gutowski, Isaac M. Held, Kenneth E. Kunkel, Ronald L. Miller, Robin T. Tokmakian, and Minghua H. Zhang. 2008. "Climate Models: An Assessment of Strengths and Limitations," synthesis and assessment product 3.1, U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research Report. Available at http://www.climatescience. gov/Library/sap/sap3-1/final-report/default.htm. Accessed June 4, 2010.
    • (2008) Climate Models: An Assessment of Strengths and Limitations
    • Bader, D.C.1    Covey, C.2    Gutowski, W.J.3    Held, I.M.4    Kunkel, K.E.5    Miller, R.L.6    Tokmakian, R.T.7    Zhang, M.H.8
  • 156
    • 33846159471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vulnerability of Hampton Roads, Virginia, to Storm-Surge Flooding and Sea-Level Rise
    • Lisa R. Kelinosky, Brent Yarnal, and Ann Fisher. 2007. "Vulnerability of Hampton Roads, Virginia, to Storm-Surge Flooding and Sea-Level Rise," Natural Hazards, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 43-70.
    • (2007) Natural Hazards , vol.40 , Issue.1 , pp. 43-70
    • Kelinosky, L.R.1    Yarnal, B.2    Fisher, A.3
  • 158
    • 68749093073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Decline in Arctic Sea-Ice Thickness:Separating the Spatial, Annual and Interannual Variability in a Quarter Century of Submarine Data
    • D.A. Rothrock, D.B. Percival, and M. Wensnahan. 2008. "The Decline in Arctic Sea-Ice Thickness:Separating the Spatial, Annual and Interannual Variability in a Quarter Century of Submarine Data," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 113, C05003.
    • (2008) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.113 , pp. C05003
    • Rothrock, D.A.1    Percival, D.B.2    Wensnahan, M.3
  • 160
    • 0347353591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Warming Trends in the Arctic from Clear Sky Satellite Observations
    • Josefino C. Comiso. 2002. "Warming Trends in the Arctic from Clear Sky Satellite Observations," Journal of Climate, Vol. 16, pp. 3498-3510.
    • (2002) Journal of Climate , vol.16 , pp. 3498-3510
    • Comiso, J.C.1
  • 165
    • 84951208373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some Aspects of Uncertainty in Predicting Sea Ice Thinning
    • E.T. DeWeaver, C.M. Bitz, and B. Tremblay (eds.)
    • Cecilia M. Bitz. 2008. "Some Aspects of Uncertainty in Predicting Sea Ice Thinning," Arctic Sea Ice Decline: Observations, Projections, Mechanisms and Implications, E.T. DeWeaver, C.M. Bitz, and B. Tremblay (eds.), pp. 63-76.
    • (2008) Arctic Sea Ice Decline: Observations, Projections, Mechanisms and Implications , pp. 63-76
    • Bitz, C.M.1
  • 166
    • 67649205570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • September Sea-Ice Cover in the Arctic Ocean Projected to Vanish by 2100
    • Julien Boe, Alex Hall, and Xin Qu. 2009. "September Sea-Ice Cover in the Arctic Ocean Projected to Vanish by 2100," Nature Geoscience, Vol. 2, pp. 341-343.
    • (2009) Nature Geoscience , vol.2 , pp. 341-343
    • Boe, J.1    Hall, A.2    Qu, X.3
  • 169
    • 85014180064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Columbia University, presentations to the committee, November 19, Washington, D.C
    • Marc Levy, Center for International Earth Science Information Network, Columbia University, "Climate Change and U.S. National Security," presentations to the committee, November 19, 2009, Washington, D.C.
    • (2009) Climate Change and U.S. National Security
    • Levy, M.1
  • 171
    • 34247370602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis
    • S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B Averyt, M. Tignor, and H.L. Miller [eds.], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York
    • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007, "Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis," Working Group I contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B Averyt, M. Tignor, and H.L. Miller [eds.]), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York.
    • (2007) Working Group I contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
  • 173
    • 85014155770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • available at, Accessed November 23
    • Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower, available at http:// www.navy.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf. Accessed November 23, 2009
    • (2009) Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower
  • 174
    • 85014132250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available at, Accessed November 23
    • U.S. Marine Corps News. Available at http:// www.okinawa.usmc.mil/public affairs/info/archive/news. Accessed November 23, 2009.
    • (2009) U.S. Marine Corps News
  • 176
    • 85014165236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • available at
    • Department of the Navy-Navy Historical Center, available at http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq130-4. htm
  • 177
    • 85014209156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • November 3 U.S. Navy Transports UAE Donation to Earthquake Victims in Pakistan
    • "U.S. Navy Transports UAE Donation to Earthquake Victims in Pakistan," November 3, 2005
    • (2005)
  • 178
    • 85014257772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • available at, Accessed November 23
    • Department of the Navy news article, available at http://www.news.navy.mil/search/display. asp?story_id=20885. Accessed November 23, 2009
    • (2009)
  • 179
    • 70349137149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Confronting a Rising Tide: A Proposal for a Convention on Climate Change Refugees
    • Bonnier Docherty and Tyler Giannini, 2009, "Confronting a Rising Tide: A Proposal for a Convention on Climate Change Refugees," Harvard Environmental Law Review, Vol. 33, pp. 349-403.
    • (2009) Harvard Environmental Law Review , vol.33 , pp. 349-403
    • Docherty, B.1    Giannini, T.2
  • 180
    • 85014182335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • available at, Accessed November 24
    • "Australian Military Warns of Climate Conflict," available at http://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSTRE5060FU20090107. Accessed November 24, 2009
    • (2009) Australian Military Warns of Climate Conflict
  • 182
    • 85014158424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • presentation to the committee, October 20, Washington, D.C
    • Konrad Steffen, Director, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, "State of the Science for Sea-Level Rise Data," presentation to the committee, October 20, 2009, Washington, D.C.
    • (2009) State of the Science for Sea-Level Rise Data
    • Steffen, K.1
  • 184
  • 186
    • 77952724902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • available at, Accessed November 24, 2009
    • Arctic Council. 2009. Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment 2009 Report, available at http:// www.nrf.is/index.php/news/15-2009/60-arctic-marine-shipping-assessment-report-2009. Accessed November 24, 2009.
    • (2009) Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment 2009 Report
  • 188
    • 60549096201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • November, available at, Accessed November 24, 2009
    • National Intelligence Council, Global Trends 2025, November 2008, p. 53, available at http://www.dni.gov/nic/PDF_2025/2025_Global _Trends_Final_Report.pdf. Accessed November 24, 2009.
    • (2008) Global Trends 2025 , pp. 53
  • 189
    • 85014236709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global Warming Could Have a Chilling Effect on the Military
    • October, at, Accessed November 29, 2009
    • Richard F. Pittenger and Robert B. Gagosian, 2003, "Global Warming Could Have a Chilling Effect on the Military," Defense Horizons, No. 33, p. 7, October. at http://gfl.usgs.gov/. Accessed November 29, 2009.
    • (2003) Defense Horizons , Issue.33 , pp. 7
    • Pittenger, R.F.1    Gagosian, R.B.2
  • 191
    • 85014151221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • available at, Accessed November 24, 2009
    • "China to Build Own Icebreakers for Poles," available at http://www.shanghaidaily. com/sp/article/2009/200910/20091008/article_415716.htm. Accessed November 24, 2009.
    • China to Build Own Icebreakers for Poles
  • 193
    • 79953054750 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MDA, available at, Accessed November 23, 2009
    • U.S. Navy, "Maritime Domain Awareness Concept" (MDA 2007), available at http:www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/Navy_Maritime_Domain_Awareness_Concept_Final_2007.pdf. Accessed November 23, 2009.
    • (2007) Maritime Domain Awareness Concept
  • 194
    • 85014155770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • available at, Accessed November 23
    • U.S. Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, "Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower," available at http:www.navy.mil/maritime/MaritimeStrategy.pdf. Accessed November 23, 2009.
    • (2009) Cooperative Strategy for 21st Century Seapower
  • 195
    • 84988452559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C
    • National Research Council, 2008, Maritime Security Partnerships, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.
    • (2008) Maritime Security Partnerships


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.