A review of the value of quadrivalent influenza vaccines and their potential contribution to influenza control

Human Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics

Volumn 13, Issue 7, 2017, Pages 1640-1652

  Ray, Riju ^a,c   Dos Santos, Gaël ^a,b   Buck, Philip O ^c   Claeys, Carine ^a   Matias, Gonçalo ^a   Innis, Bruce L ^c,d   Bekkat Berkani, Rafik ^a,c  

^a GSK   (Belgium)

^b Business and Decision Life Sciences   (Belgium)

^c GLAXOSMITHKLINE   (United States)

^d PATH   (United States)

Author keywords

influenza; influenza B; mismatch; quadrivalent influenza vaccine

Indexed keywords

HEMAGGLUTININ; INFLUENZA VACCINE; QUADRIVALENT INFLUENZA VACCINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIBODY TITER; AUSTRALIA; BELGIUM; CANADA; CLINICAL EVALUATION; EUROPEAN UNION; FINLAND; FRANCE; GERMANY; HONG KONG; HOSPITALIZATION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNOGENICITY; INFECTION CONTROL; INFLUENZA B; INFLUENZA B VIRUS; ITALY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; REVIEW; SPAIN; UNITED KINGDOM; UNITED STATES; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; INFLUENZA;

HUMANS; INFLUENZA B VIRUS; INFLUENZA VACCINES; INFLUENZA, HUMAN;

EID: 85024096399     PISSN: 21645515     EISSN: 2164554X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1313375     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. McCauley J, Hongo S, Kaverin N, Kochs G, Lamb R, et al. Family - orthomyxoviridae. In:King AMQ, Lefkowitz E, Adams MJ, Carstens EB, editors. Virus taxonomy:Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. San Diego:Elsevier; 2012; 749-61.
2. Chen R, Holmes EC. The evolutionary dynamics of human influenza B virus. J Mol Evol 2008; 66:655-63; PMID:18504518; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00239-008-9119-z
3. Tan Y, Guan W, Lam TT-Y, Pan S, Wu S, Zhan Y, Viboud C, Holmes EC, Yang Z. Differing epidemiological dynamics of influenza B virus lineages in Guangzhou, southern China, 2009–2010. J Virol 2013; 87:12447-56; PMID:24027322; https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01039-13
4. Dos Santos G, Neumeier E, Bekkat-Berkani R. Influenza - Can we cope better with the unpredictable? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 12:699-708; PMID:26360135; https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2015.1086047
5. Fiore AE, Uyeki TM, Broder K, Finelli L, Euler GL, Singleton JA, Iskander JK, Wortley PM, Shay DK, Bresee JS, et al. Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines:Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep 2010; 59:1-62
6. Rota PA, Wallis TR, Harmon MW, Rota JS, Kendal AP, Nerome K. Cocirculation of two distinct evolutionary lineages of influenza type B virus since 1983. Virology 1990; 175:59-68; PMID:2309452; https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(90)90186-U
7. Wong KK, Jain S, Blanton L, Dhara R, Brammer L, Fry AM, Finelli L. Influenza-associated pediatric deaths in the United States, 2004–2012. Pediatrics 2013; 132:796-804; PMID:24167165; https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1493
8. Hannoun C. The evolving of influenza viruses and influenza vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:1085-94; PMID:24024871; https://doi.org/10.1586/14760584.2013.824709
9. Shaw MW, Xu X, Li Y, Normand S, Ueki RT, Kunimoto GY, Hall H, Klimov A, Cox NJ, Subbarao K. Reappearance and global spread of variants of influenza B/Victoria/2/87 lineage viruses in the 2000–2001 and 2001–2002 seasons. Virology 2002; 303:1-8; PMID:12482653; https://doi.org/10.1006/viro.2002.1719
10. Belshe RB. The need for quadrivalent vaccine against seasonal influenza. Vaccine 2010; 28:Suppl 4:D45-53; PMID:20713260; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.028
11. Skowronski DM, De Serres G, Dickinson J, Petric M, Mak A, Fonseca K, Kwindt TL, Chan T, Bastien N, Charest H, et al. Component-specific effectiveness of trivalent influenza vaccine as monitored through a sentinel surveillance network in Canada, 2006–2007. J Infect Dis 2009; 199:168-79; PMID:19086914; https://doi.org/10.1086/595862
12. Caini S, Huang QS, Ciblak MA, Kusznierz G, Owen R, Wangchuk S, Henriques CMP, Njouom R, Fasce RA, Yu H, et al. Epidemiological and virological characteristics of influenza B:Results of the Global Influenza B Study. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2015; 9:Suppl 1:3-12; PMID:26256290; https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12319
13. Lo Y-C, Chuang J-H, Kuo H-W, Huang W-T, Hsu Y-F, Liu M-T, Chen C-H, Huang H-H, Chang C-H, Chou J-H, et al. Surveillance and vaccine effectiveness of an influenza epidemic predominated by vaccine-mismatched influenza B/Yamagata-lineage viruses in Taiwan, 2011–12 season. PLoS ONE 2013; 8:e58222; PMID:23472161; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058222
14. Heikkinen T, Ikonen N, Ziegler T. Impact of influenza B lineage-level mismatch between trivalent seasonal influenza vaccines and circulating viruses, 1999–2012. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59:1519-24; PMID:25139969; https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu664
15. Tricco AC, Chit A, Soobiah C, Hallett D, Meier G, Chen MH, Tashkandi M, Bauch CT, Loeb M. Comparing influenza vaccine efficacy against mismatched and matched strains:a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med 2013; 11:153; PMID:23800265; https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-11-153
16. Skowronski DM, Janjua NZ, Sabaiduc S, De Serres G, Winter A-L, Gubbay JB, Dickinson JA, Fonseca K, Charest H, Bastien N, et al. Influenza A/subtype and B/lineage effectiveness estimates for the 2011–2012 trivalent vaccine:Cross-season and cross-lineage protection with unchanged vaccine. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:126-37; PMID:24446529; https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiu048
17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Seasonal influenza vaccine effectiveness, 2005–2015. 2015 [Accessed 2015Apr26]. http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/vaccination/effectiveness-studies.htm
18. Emborg HD, Krause TG, Nielsen L, Thomsen MK, Christiansen CB, Skov MN, Nielsen XC, Weinreich LS, Fischer TK, Rønn J, et al. Influenza vaccine effectiveness in adults 65 years and older, Denmark, 2015/16 - a rapid epidemiological and virological assessment. Euro Surveill 2016; 21:1-6; PMID:27101732; https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.14.30189
19. Ambrose CS, Levin MJ. The rationale for quadrivalent influenza vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:81-8; PMID:22252006; https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.8.1.17623
20. Pillet S, Aubin É, Trépanier S, Bussière D, Dargis M, Poulin J-F, Yassine-Diab B, Ward BJ, Landry N. A Plant-derived quadrivalent virus like particle influenza vaccine induces cross-reactive antibody and T cell response in healthy adults. Clin Immunol 2016; 168:72-87; PMID:26987887; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2016.03.008
21. Tussey L, Strout C, Davis M, Johnson C, Lucksinger G, Umlauf S, Song L, Liu G, Abraham K, White CJ. Phase 1 safety and immunogenicity study of a quadrivalent seasonal flu vaccine comprising recombinant hemagglutinin-flagellin fusion proteins. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016; 3:ofw015; PMID:26925433; https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofw015
22. Hannoun C, Megas F, Piercy J. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of influenza vaccination. Virus Res 2004; 103:133-8; PMID:15163501; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2004.02.025
23. Beyer WE, Palache AM, Baljet M, Masurel N. Antibody induction by influenza vaccines in the elderly:A review of the literature. Vaccine 1989; 7:385-94; PMID:2683459; https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-410X(89)90150-3
24. Bekkat-Berkani R, Ray R, Jain VK, Chandrasekaran V, Innis BL. Evidence update:GlaxoSmithKline's inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:201-14; PMID:26641539; https://doi.org/10.1586/14760584.2016.1113878
25. McKeage K. Inactivated quadrivalent split-virus seasonal influenza vaccine (Fluarix® quadrivalent):A review of its use in the prevention of disease caused by influenza A and B. Drugs 2013; 73:1587-94; PMID:24022123; https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-013-0114-3
26. Graaf H de, Faust SN. Fluarix quadrivalent vaccine for influenza. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:1055-63; PMID:26098443; https://doi.org/10.1586/14760584.2015.1057573
27. Kieninger D, Sheldon E, Lin W-Y, Yu C-J, Bayas JM, Gabor JJ, Esen M, Fernandez Roure JL, Narejos Perez S, Alvarez Sanchez C, et al. Immunogenicity, reactogenicity and safety of an inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine candidate versus inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine:A phase III, randomized trial in adults aged ≥ 18 years. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:343; PMID:23883186; https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-13-343
28. Domachowske JB, Pankow-Culot H, Bautista M, Feng Y, Claeys C, Peeters M, Innis BL, Jain V. A randomized trial of candidate inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine versus trivalent influenza vaccines in children aged 3–17 years. J Infect Dis 2013; 207:1878-87; PMID:23470848; https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit091
29. Beran J, Vesikari T, Wertzova V, Karvonen A, Honegr K, Lindblad N, Van Belle P, Peeters M, Innis BL, Devaster J-M. Efficacy of inactivated split-virus influenza vaccine against culture-confirmed influenza in healthy adults:A prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Infect Dis 2009; 200:1861-9; PMID:19909082; https://doi.org/10.1086/648406
30. Langley JM, Carmona Martinez A, Chatterjee A, Halperin SA, McNeil S, Reisinger KS, Aggarwal N, Huang L-M, Peng C-T, Garcia-Sicilia J, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine candidate:A phase III randomized controlled trial in children. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:544-53; PMID:23847058; https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit263
31. Tinoco JC, Pavia-Ruz N, Cruz-Valdez A, Aranza Doniz C, Chandrasekaran V, Dewé W, Liu A, Innis BL, Jain VK. Immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and safety of inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine candidate versus inactivated trivalent influenza vaccine in healthy adults aged ≥ 18 years:A phase III, randomized trial. Vaccine 2014; 32:1480-7; PMID:24486352; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.022
32. Jain VK, Domachowske JB, Wang L, Ofori-Anyinam O, Rodríguez-Weber MA, Leonardi ML, Klein NP, Schlichter G, Jeanfreau R, Haney BL, et al. Time to change dosing 1 of inactivated 2 quadrivalent influenza vaccine in 3 young children:Evidence from a 4 phase III, randomized, controlled trial. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc 2017; 6(1):9-19.
33. Jain VK, Rivera L, Zaman K, Espos RA, Sirivichayakul C, Quiambao BP, Rivera-Medina DM, Kerdpanich P, Ceyhan M, Dinleyici EC, et al. Vaccine for prevention of mild and moderate-to-severe influenza in children. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:2481-91; PMID:24328444; https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1215817
34. Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. Approved products - fluzone quadrivalent. [Accessed 2015Oct29]. http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/ucm356091.htm
35. Greenberg DP, Robertson CA, Noss MJ, Blatter MM, Biedenbender R, Decker MD. Safety and immunogenicity of a quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine compared to licensed trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines in adults. Vaccine 2013; 31:770-6; PMID:23228813; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.074
36. Greenberg DP, Robertson CA, Landolfi VA, Bhaumik A, Senders SD, Decker MD. Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccine in children 6 months through 8 years of age. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2014; 33:630-6; PMID:24445833; PMID:24445833; https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000000254
37. Gorse GJ, Falsey AR, Ozol-Godfrey A, Landolfi V, Tsang PH. Safety and immunogenicity of a quadrivalent intradermal influenza vaccine in adults. Vaccine 2015; 33:1151-9; PMID:25613721; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.025
38. Toback SL, Levin MJ, Block SL, Belshe RB, Ambrose CS, Falloon J. Quadrivalent Ann Arbor strain live-attenuated influenza vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2012; 11:1293-303; PMID:23151111; https://doi.org/10.1586/erv.12.108
39. Block SL, Yi T, Sheldon E, Dubovsky F, Falloon J. A randomized, double-blind noninferiority study of quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine in adults. Vaccine 2011; 29:9391-7; PMID:21983154; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.109
40. Block SL, Falloon J, Hirschfield JA, Krilov LR, Dubovsky F, Yi T, Belshe RB. Immunogenicity and safety of a quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2012; 31:745-51; PMID:22466322; https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0b013e31825687b0
41. Sheldon EA, Jeanfreau R, Sliman JA, Charenkavanich S, Rousculp MD, Dubovsky F, Mallory RM. Immunogenicity of a quadrivalent Ann Arbor strain live attenuated influenza vaccine delivered using a blow-fill-seal device in adults:A randomized, active-controlled study. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013; 7:1142-50; PMID:23061976; https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12027
42. Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Cox N, Anderson LJ, Fukuda K. Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States. JAMA 2003; 289:179-86; PMID:12517228; https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.2.179
43. Fleming DM, Taylor R, Haguinet F, Schuck-Paim C, Logie J, Webb D, Lustig R, Matias G. Influenza-attributable burden in United Kingdom primary care. Epidemiology and Infection 2016; 144:537-47; PMID:26168005; https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268815001119
44. Paget WJ, Balderston C, Casas I, Donker G, Edelman L, Fleming D, Larrauri A, Meijer A, Puzelli S, Rizzo C, et al. Assessing the burden of paediatric influenza in Europe:The European Paediatric Influenza Analysis (EPIA) project. Eur J Pediatr 2010; 169:997-1008; PMID:20229049; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-010-1164-0
45. Matias G, Taylor R, Haguinet F, Schuck-Paim C, Lustig R, Shinde V. Estimates of mortality attributable to influenza and RSV in the United States during 1997–2009 by influenza type or subtype, age, cause of death, and risk status. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014; 8:507-15; PMID:24975705; https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12258
46. Fleming DM, Taylor RJ, Lustig RL, Schuck-Paim C, Haguinet F, Webb DJ, Logie J, Matias G, Taylor S. Modelling estimates of the burden of Respiratory Syncytial virus infection in adults and the elderly in the United Kingdom. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:443; PMID:26497750; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-1218-z
47. Matias G, Haguinet F, Lustig RL, Edelman L, Chowell G, Taylor RJ. Model estimates of the burden of outpatient visits attributable to influenza in the United States. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:641; PMID:27821091; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-016-1939-7
48. Mosnier A, Caini S, Daviaud I, Nauleau E, Bui TT, Debost E, Bedouret B, Agius G, van der Werf S, Lina B, et al. Clinical characteristics are similar across Type A and B influenza virus infections. PLoS ONE 2015; 10:e0136186; PMID:26325069; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136186
49. Silvennoinen H, Huusko T, Vuorinen T, Heikkinen T. Comparative burden of influenza A/H1N1, A/H3N2 and B infections in children treated as outpatients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2015; 34:1081-5; PMID:26181897; https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000000814
50. Cohen JM, Silva ML, Caini S, Ciblak M, Mosnier A, Daviaud I, Matias G, Badur S, Valette M, Enouf V, et al. Striking similarities in the presentation and duration of illness of influenza A and B in the community:A study based on sentinel surveillance networks in France and Turkey, 2010–2012. PLoS ONE 2015; 10:e0139431; PMID:26426119; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139431
51. Li W-C, Shih S-R, Huang Y-C, Chen G-W, Chang S-C, Hsiao M-J, Tsao K-C, Lin T-Y. Clinical and genetic characterization of severe influenza B-associated diseases during an outbreak in Taiwan. J Clin Virol 2008; 42:45-51; PMID:18325832; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2007.11.026
52. Esposito S, Molteni CG, Daleno C, Valzano A, Fossali E, Da Dalt L, Cecinati V, Bruzzese E, Giacchino R, Giaquinto C, et al. Clinical and socioeconomic impact of different types and subtypes of seasonal influenza viruses in children during influenza seasons 2007/2008 and 2008/2009. BMC Infect Dis 2011; 11:271; PMID:21992699; https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-11-271
53. Irving SA, Patel DC, Kieke BA, Donahue JG, Vandermause MF, Shay DK, Belongia EA. Comparison of clinical features and outcomes of medically attended influenza A and influenza B in a defined population over four seasons:2004–2005 through 2007–2008. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012; 6:37-43; PMID:21668663; https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00263.x
54. Paddock CD, Liu L, Denison AM, Bartlett JH, Holman RC, Deleon-Carnes M, Emery SL, Drew CP, Shieh W-J, Uyeki TM, et al. Myocardial injury and bacterial pneumonia contribute to the pathogenesis of fatal influenza B virus infection. J Infect Dis 2012; 205:895-905; PMID:22291193; https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jir861
55. Glezen PW, Schmier JK, Kuehn CM, Ryan KJ, Oxford J. The burden of influenza B:A structured literature review. Am J Public Health 2013; 103:e43-51; PMID:23327249; https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301137
56. Fowlkes A, Steffens A, Temte J, Lonardo SD, McHugh L, Martin K, Rubino H, Feist M, Davis C, Selzer C, et al. Incidence of medically attended influenza during pandemic and post-pandemic seasons through the Influenza Incidence Surveillance Project, 2009–13. Lancet Respir Med 2015; 3:709-18; PMID:26300111; https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00278-7
57. Tafalla M, Buijssen M, Geets R, Vonk Noordegraaf-Schouten M. A comprehensive review of the epidemiology and disease burden of Influenza B in 9 European countries. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:993-1002; PMID:26890005; https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2015.1111494
58. Reed C, Meltzer MI, Finelli L, Fiore A. Public health impact of including two lineages of influenza B in a quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2012; 30:1993-8; PMID:22226861; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.12.098
59. Clements KM, Meier G, McGarry LJ, Pruttivarasin N, Misurski DA. Cost-effectiveness analysis of universal influenza vaccination with quadrivalent inactivated vaccine in the United States. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:1171-80; PMID:24609063; https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.28221
60. Chit A, Roiz J, Briquet B, Greenberg DP. Expected cost effectiveness of high-dose trivalent influenza vaccine in US seniors. Vaccine 2015; 33:734-41; PMID:25444791; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.079
61. Raviotta JM, Smith KJ, DePasse J, Brown ST, Shim E, Nowalk MP, Zimmerman RK. Cost-effectiveness and public health effect of influenza vaccine strategies for U.S. Elderly adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2016; 64:2126-31; PMID:27709600; https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14323
62. Crépey P, de Boer PT, Postma MJ, Pitman R. Retrospective public health impact of a quadrivalent influenza vaccine in the United States. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2015; 9 Suppl 1:39-46; PMID:26256294; https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12318
63. de Boer PT, Crépey P, Pitman RJ, Macabeo B, Chit A, Postma MJ. Cost-effectiveness of quadrivalent versus trivalent influenza vaccine in the United States. Value Health 2016; 19:964-75; PMID:27987647; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2016.05.012
64. Mullikin M, Tan L, Jansen JP, Van Ranst M, Farkas N, Petri E. A novel dynamic model for health economic analysis of influenza vaccination in the elderly. Infect Dis Ther 2015; 4:459-87; PMID:26350238; https://doi.org/10.1007/s40121-015-0076-8
65. Brogan AJ, Talbird SE, Davis AE, Thommes EW, Meier G. Cost-effectiveness of seasonal quadrivalent versus trivalent influenza vaccination in the United States:A dynamic transmission modeling approach. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13(3):533-42.
66. McNeil S, Ambrose A, Andrews M, Boivin G, Bowie W, Chit A, Elsherif M, Green K, et al. Strain specific influenza burden of disease among hospitalized Canadian adults during the 2011/12 season:A public health agency of Canada/Canadian Institutes of Health Research (PCIRN) serious outcomes surveillance network study. Paper presented at:Options for Control of Influenza VIII; 2013; Cape Town, South Africa.
67. Chit A, Roiz J, Aballea S. An assessment of the expected cost-effectiveness of quadrivalent influenza vaccines in Ontario, Canada using a static model. PLoS ONE 2015; 10:e0133606; PMID:26222538; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133606
68. Thommes EW, Ismaila A, Chit A, Meier G, Bauch CT. Cost-effectiveness evaluation of quadrivalent influenza vaccines for seasonal influenza prevention:a dynamic modeling study of Canada and the United Kingdom. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:465; PMID:26503131; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-1193-4
69. Matias G, Taylor R, Haguinet F, Schuck-Paim C, Lustig R, Fleming D. Modelling estimates of age-specific influenza-related hospitalisation and mortality in the United Kingdom. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:481; PMID:27278794; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3128-4
70. Harvala H, Smith D, Salvatierra K, Gunson R, von Wissmann B, Reynolds A, Frew C, MacLean A, Hunt A, Yirrell D, et al. Burden of influenza B virus infections in Scotland in 2012/13 and epidemiological investigations between 2000 and 2012. Euro Surveill 2014; 19(37):pii:20903; PMID:25259532; https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.37.20903
71. Meier G, Gregg M, Poulsen Nautrup B. Cost-effectiveness analysis of quadrivalent influenza vaccination in at-risk adults and the elderly:An updated analysis in the UK. J Med Econ 2015; 18:746-61; PMID:25903831; https://doi.org/10.3111/13696998.2015.1044456
72. Weigl JAI, Puppe W, Schmitt HJ. The incidence of influenza-associated hospitalizations in children in Germany. Epidemiol Infect 2002; 129:525-33; PMID:12558335; https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268802007707
73. Eichner M, Schwehm M, Hain J, Uphoff H, Salzberger B, Knuf M, Schmidt-Ott R. 4Flu - an individual based simulation tool to study the effects of quadrivalent vaccination on seasonal influenza in Germany. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:365; PMID:24993051; https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-14-365
74. Dolk C, Eichner M, Welte R, Anastassopoulou A, Van Bellinghen L-A, Poulsen Nautrup B, Van Vlaenderen I, Schmidt-Ott R, Schwehm M, Postma M. Cost-utility of quadrivalent versus trivalent influenza vaccine in Germany, using an individual-based dynamic transmission model. Pharmacoeconomics 2016; 34:1299-308; PMID:27647004; https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-016-0443-7
75. Nagy L, Heikkinen T, Sackeyfio A, Pitman R. The clinical impact and cost effectiveness of quadrivalent versus trivalent influenza vaccination in Finland. Pharmacoeconomics 2016; 34:939-51; PMID:27423657; https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-016-0430-z
76. Gerlier L, Lamotte M, Dos Santos Mendes S, Damm O, Schwehm M, Eichner M. Estimates of the public health impact of a pediatric vaccination program using an intranasal tetravalent live-attenuated influenza vaccine in Belgium. Paediatr Drugs 2016; 18:303-18; PMID:27272706; https://doi.org/10.1007/s40272-016-0180-6
77. García A, Ortiz de Lejarazu R, Reina J, Callejo D, Cuervo J, Morano Larragueta R. Cost-effectiveness analysis of quadrivalent influenza vaccine in Spain. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2269-77; PMID:27184622; https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2016.1182275
78. Pitrelli A. Introduction of a quadrivalent influenza vaccine in Italy:A budget impact analysis. J Prev Med Hyg 2016; 57:E34-40; PMID:27346938
79. Duru G, Carrat F, Pribil C, Bricaire F, Pujol P, Robert J, Lafuma A. Cost effectiveness of quadrivalent influenza vaccine over trivalent vaccine in France. Value Health 2014; 17:A678; PMID:27202501; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.2525
80. Uhart M, Bricout H, Clay E, Largeron N. Public health and economic impact of seasonal influenza vaccination with quadrivalent influenza vaccines compared to trivalent influenza vaccines in Europe. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2259-68; PMID:27166916; https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2016.1180490
81. Chan PKS, Chan MCW, Cheung JLK, Lee N, Leung TF, Yeung ACM, Wong MCS, Ngai KLK, Nelson EAS, Hui DSC. Influenza B lineage circulation and hospitalization rates in a subtropical city, Hong Kong, 2000–2010. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56:677-84; PMID:23074315; https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cis885
82. Wu P, Goldstein E, Ho LM, Yang L, Nishiura H, Wu JT, Ip DKM, Chuang S-K, Tsang T, Cowling BJ. Excess mortality associated with influenza A and B virus in Hong Kong, 1998–2009. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:1862-71; PMID:23045622; https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis628
83. You JHS, Ming W-K, Chan PKS. Cost-effectiveness of quadrivalent influenza vaccine in Hong Kong - A decision analysis. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:564-71; PMID:25714506; https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2015.1011016
84. Australian Government. Department of health. Australian influenza surveillance report. No. 10 2015. [Accessed 2016Mar15]. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/ozflu-surveil-no10-15.htm
85. Milne GJ, Halder N, Kelso JK, Barr IG, Moyes J, Kahn K, Twine R, Cohen C. Trivalent and quadrivalent influenza vaccination effectiveness in Australia and South Africa:Results from a modelling study. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 10(4):324-32.
86. Jamotte A, Chong CF, Manton A, Macabeo B, Toumi M. Impact of quadrivalent influenza vaccine on public health and influenza-related costs in Australia. BMC Public Health 2016; 16:630; PMID:27449665; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3297-1
87. Public Health England. The national childhood flu immunisation programme 2015/16 Information for healthcare practitioners. 2015 [Accessed 2016Jan30]. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/478996/PHE_Childhood_influenza_programme_2015_16_Nov15b.pdf
88. Pebody R, Warburton F, Andrews N, Ellis J, von Wissmann B, Robertson C, Yonova I, Cottrell S, Gallagher N, Green H, et al. Effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccine in preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza in primary care in the United Kingdom:2014/15 end of season results. Euro Surveill 2015; 20(36); PMID:26535911; https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.36.30013
89. Chuang J-H, Huang AS, Huang W-T, Liu M-T, Chou J-H, Chang F-Y, Chiu W-T. Nationwide surveillance of influenza during the pandemic (2009–10) and post-pandemic (2010–11) periods in Taiwan. PLoS ONE 2012; 7:e36120; PMID:22545158; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0036120
90. Song JY, Cheong HJ, Choi SH, Baek JH, Han SB, Wie S-H, So BH, Kim HY, Kim YK, Choi WS, et al. Hospital-based influenza surveillance in Korea:Hospital-based influenza morbidity and mortality study group. J Med Virol 2013; 85:910-7; PMID:23508916; https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.23548
91. Wie S-H, So BH, Song JY, Cheong HJ, Seo YB, Choi SH, Noh JY, Baek JH, Lee JS, Kim HY, et al. A comparison of the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of adult patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza A or B during the 2011–2012 influenza season in Korea:a multi-center study. PLoS ONE 2013; 8:e62685; PMID:23671624; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062685
92. European Center for Disease Prevention and Control. Risk assessment influenza 2015/16 - seasonal-influenza-risk-assessment-2015-2016.pdf. 2016 [Accessed 2016Apr14]. http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications/Publications/seasonal-influenza-risk-assessment-2015-2016.pdf93
93. Barros ENC de, Cintra O, Rossetto E, Freitas L, Colindres R. Patterns of influenza B circulation in Brazil and its relevance to seasonal vaccine composition. Braz J Infect Dis 2016; 20:81-90; PMID:26626166; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2015.09.009
94. Caini S, Andrade W, Badur S, Balmaseda A, Barakat A, Bella A, Bimohuen A, Brammer L, Bresee J, Bruno A, et al. Temporal patterns of influenza A and B in tropical and temperate countries:What are the lessons for influenza vaccination? PLoS ONE 2016; 11:e0152310; PMID:27031105; https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152310
95. Quinn E, Jit M, Newall AT. Key issues and challenges in estimating the impact and cost-effectiveness of quadrivalent influenza vaccination. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2014; 14:425-35; PMID:24734967; https://doi.org/10.1586/14737167.2014.908713
96. DiazGranados CA, Dunning AJ, Kimmel M, Kirby D, Treanor J, Collins A, Pollak R, Christoff J, Earl J, Landolfi V, et al. Efficacy of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccine in older adults. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:635-45; PMID:25119609; https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1315727
97. McCullers JA, Huber VC. Correlates of vaccine protection from influenza and its complications. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:34-44; PMID:22252001; https://doi.org/10.4161/hv.8.1.18214
98. You JHS, Ming W, Chan PKS. Cost-effectiveness analysis of quadrivalent influenza vaccine versus trivalent influenza vaccine for elderly in Hong Kong. BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:618; PMID:25420713; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-014-0618-9
99. You J, Ming W, Chan P. Quadrivalent influenza vaccine in Hong Kong- a cost-effectiveness analysis. Value Health 2014; 17:A678; PMID:27202499; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2014.08.2523
100. Kittikraisak W, Chittaganpitch M, Gregory CJ, Laosiritaworn Y, Thantithaveewat T, Dawood FS, Lindblade KA. Assessment of potential public health impact of a quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in Thailand. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2015; 10:211-9; PMID:26588892; https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12361
101. Yang M-C, Tan EC-H, Su J-J. Cost-effectiveness analysis of quadrivalent versus trivalent influenza vaccine in Taiwan:A lifetime multi-cohort model. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13(1):81-89.
102. World Health Organization. Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2012–2013 northern hemisphere influenza season. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2012; 87:83-95; PMID:22462202
103. Robert Koch Institut. Wissenschaftliche Begründung für die Änderung der Empfehlung zur Impfung gegen Influenza. Epidemiologisches Bulletin 2013; 36/37:365-70
104. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices-United States, 2013–2014. MMWR Recomm Rep 2013; 62:1-43; PMID:24048214
105. Centre for Health Protection, Department of Health, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Scientific committee on vaccine preventable diseases recommendations on seasonal influenza vaccination for the 2013/14 season. 2013 [Accessed 2016Jan27]. http://www.chp.gov.hk/files/pdf/recommendations_on_seasonal_influenza_vaccination_for_the_201314_season.pdf
106. Public Health Agency of Canada. An Advisory Committee Statement (ACS) National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI). Statement on Seasonal Influenza Vaccine for 2014–2015. 2014 [Accessed 2016Jan27]. http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/naci-ccni/assets/pdf/flu-grippe-eng.pdf
107. Ministero della Salute. Prevenzione e controllo dell'influenza:Raccomandazioni per la stagione 2014–2015. [Accessed 2016Jan27]. http://www.trovanorme.salute.gov.it/norme/renderNormsanPdf;jsessionid = PkVx2wHQuWozSjEDnrNKxA__.sgc4-prd-sal?anno = 0&codLeg = 49871&parte = 1%20&serie
108. Haut Conseil de la santé. L'utilisation du vaccin contre la grippe saisonnière FluarixTetra®. 2014 [Accessed 2016Jan27]. http://www.hcsp.fr/Explore.cgi/Telecharger?NomFichier = hcspa20140523_placefluarixtetragrippe.pdf
109. Haut Conseil de la santé. L'utilisation du vaccin contre la grippe saisonnière Saison hivernale 2015–2016. 2015 [Accessed 2016Feb17]. http://www.vaccination-info.be/assets/files/avisCSSgrippe2015.pdf
110. Sociedade Brasileira de Imunizações. Vacinas influenza no Brasil em 2015. 2015 [Accessed 2016Jan27]. http://www.sbim.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/nota_tecnica_influenza.pdf
111. Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation. Minute of the meeting on 4 June 2014. [Accessed 2016Jan27]. https://app.box.com/s/iddfb4ppwkmtjusir2tc/1/2199012147/19052160649/1
112. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Tropenmedizin und Internationale Gesundheit e.V.:Grippe. 2015. [Accessed 2016Jan27]. http://www.dtg.org/influenzasaisonal.html?&F = 20
113. Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing, National Health and Medical Research Council. The Australian Immunisation Handbook 10th Edition (updated June 2015). [Accessed 2015Aug14]. http://www.immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/Handbook10-home