KLEE: A long‐term multi‐species herbivore exclusion experiment in Laikipia, Kenya

African Journal of Range and Forage Science

Volumn 14, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 94-102

  Young, T P ^a,b   Okello, B D ^b,c   Palmer, T M ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b MPALA RESEARCH CENTRE   (Kenya)

^c UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Africa; Cattle; Fencing; Livestock; Mega herbivore

Indexed keywords

EID: 85023990722     PISSN: 10220119     EISSN: 17279380     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10220119.1997.9647929     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Agnew ADQ & Agnew S 1994. Upland Kenya wildflowers. East African Natural History Society, Nairobi.
2. Beentje H 1994. Kenya trees shrubs and lianas. National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi.
3. Belsky AJ 1984. Role of small browsing mammals in preventing woodland regeneration in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 22:271-279.
4. Belsky AJ 1992. Effects of grazing, competition, disturbance and fire on species composition in grassland communities. Journal of Vegetation Science 3:187-200.
5. Bernard FE, Campbell DJ & Thom DJ 1989. Carrying capacity of the eastern ecological gradient of Kenya. National Geographic Research 5:399-421.
6. Bourliere F (ed.) 1983. Ecosystems of the world. 13. Tropical savannas. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
7. Brown JH & Heske EJ 1990. Control of a desert-grassland transition by a keystone rodent guild. Science 250:1705-1707.
8. Brown JH & McDonald W 1995. Livestock grazing and conservation on southwestern rangelands. Conservation Biology 9:1644-1647.
9. Christensen NL et al. 1996. The Report on the Ecological Society of America Committee on the Scientific Basis for Ecosystem Management. Ecological Applications 6:665-691.
10. Cole MM 1986. The savannas. Biogeography and geobotany. Academic Press, London.
11. Cumming DHM 1982. The influence of large herbivores on savanna structure in Africa. In: Huntly BJ & Walker BH (eds). The ecology of tropical savannas. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 217-245.
12. Dublin HT 1995. Vegetation dynamics in the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem: the role of elephants, fire, and other factors. In: Sinclair ARE & Arcese P (eds). Serengeti II: dynamics, management, and conservation of an ecosystem. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 71-90.
13. Dublin HT Sinclair ARE & McGlade J 1990. Elephants and fire as causes of multiple stable states in the Serengeti-Mara woodlands. Journal of Animal Ecology 59:1147-1164.
14. Flcischner TL 1995. Ecological costs of livestock grazing in western North America. Conservation Biology 8:629-644.
15. Gichohi H, Mwangi E & Gakahu G 1996. Savanna ecosystems. In: McClanahan TM & Young TP (eds). East African Ecosystems and their Conservation. Oxford University Press, NY, pp. 273-298.
16. Hansen RM, Woie BM & Child RD (eds.) 1986. Range development and research in Kenya. Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development. Moirilton, Arizona.
17. Herlocker DJ 1996. Rangeland degradation in arid and semi-arid East Africa. In: McClanahan TM & Young TP (eus). East African Ecosystems anti their Conservation. Oxford University Press, NY, pp. 266-267.
18. Heske EJ, Brown JH & Mistry S 1994. Long-term experimental study of a Chihuahuan Desert community: 13 years of competition. Ecology 75:438-445.
19. Hoarc RE 1992. Present and future use of fencing in the management of larger African mammals. Environmental Conservation 19:160-164.
20. Hobbs NT, Baker DL, Bear GD & Bowden DC 1996a. Ungulate grazing in sagebrush grassland: mechanisms of resource competition. Ecological Applications 6:200-217.
21. Hobbs NT, Baker DL, Bear GD & Bowden DC 1996b. Ungulate grazing in sagebrush grassland: effects of résout ce competition on secondary production. Ecological Applications 6:218-227.
22. Hopcraft D 1990. Wildlife land use at tin; Atlu River, Kenya. In: The improvement of tropical and subtropical rangelands. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 332-340.
23. Keesing FL 1997. Ecological interactions between small mammals, large mammals, and vegetation in a tropical savanna of central Kenya. PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley.
24. Keesing FL 1998. Impacts of ungulates on the demography and diversity of small mammals in central Kenya. Oecologia in press.
25. Loft HR, Menke JW, Kie JG & Bertram RC 1987. Influence of cattle stocking rate on the structural profile of deer hiding cover. Journal of Wildlife Management 51:655-664.
26. MacMillan S (ed.) 1986. Wild life/livestock interfaces on rangelands. Inter-African Bureau for Animal Resources, Nairobi.
27. Mbugua SW 1986. Monitoring livestock and wildlife in Kenya. In: Hansen RM, Woie BM & Child RD (eds). Range development and research in Keuya. Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development, Morrilton, Arizona, pp. 413-430.
28. McNaughton SJ 1979. Grassland-herbivore dynamics. In: Sinclair ARIi & Norton-Griffiths M (eds). Serengeti: dynamics of an ecosystem. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 46-81.
29. McNaughton SJ & Banyikwa FF 1995. Plant communities and herbivory. In: Sinclair ARE & Arcese P (eds). Serengeti II: dynamics, management, and conservation of an ecosystem. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 49-70.
30. Mcnault JC Barbault R, Lavelle P & Lepage M 1985. African savannas: biological systems of humidification and mineralization. In: Tot hill, J.C. and J. J. Mott (eds). Ecology and management of the world's savannas. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, pp. 14-33.
31. O'Connor TG 1985. A synthesis of field experiments concerning the grass layer in the savanna regions of Southern Africa. South African National Scientific Programme Reports 114:1-126.
32. Prins HHT 1992. The pastoral road to extinction-competition between wildlife and traditional pastoralism in East Africa. Environmental Conservation 19:117-123.
33. Sinclair ARE & Arcese P (eds) 1995. Serengeti II: dynamics, management, and conservation of an ecosystem. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
34. Sinclair ARE & Norton-Griffiths M (eds) 1979. Serengeti: dynamics of an ecosystem. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
35. Stuart C & Stuart T 1994. A field guide to the tracks and sigas of southern and East African wildlife. Southern Book Publishers, Cape Town.
36. Taiti SW 1992. The vegetation of Laikipia District, Kenya. Laikipia-Mt. Kenya Papers B-2. Laikipia Research Programme, Universities of Nairobi and Bern.
37. Thouless CR & Sakwa J 1995. Shocking elephants: fences and crop raiders in I-aikipia District, Kenya. Biological Conservation 72:99-107.
38. Tothill JC & Mott JJ (eds) 1985. Ecology and management of the world's savannas. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.
39. Walker BH & Menault JC (eds) 1988. Research procedure andexperimental design for savanna ecology and management. Responses of savannas to stress and disturbance, Publication #4, Printing Centre, Melbourne.
40. Werger MJA 1977. Effects of game and domestic livestock on vegetation in East and southern Africa. In: Krause W (ed.). Handbook of vegetation science. Vol. 13. W. Junk, The Hague, pp. 149-159.
41. West O 1971. Fire, man and vegetation as interacting factors limiting the development of climax vegetation in Rhodesia. Proceedings of the Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference 11:121-145.
42. Western D 1989. Conservation without parks: wildlife in the rural landscape. In: Western D & Pearl MC (eds). Conservation for the Twenty-first Century. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 158-165.
43. Young TP, Patridge N & Maccrae A 1995. Long-term glades in acacia bushland and their edge effects in Laikipia, Kenya. Ecological Applications 5:97-108.
44. Young TP, Stubblefield CH & Isbell LA 1997. Coexistence among obligate acacia ants. Oecologia 109:98-107.
45. Young TP & Okello BD 1998. Reduction of thorn length in acacia trees protected from browsing. Oecologia, in press.