Poor kids in a rich country: America's children in comparative perspective

Poor Kids in a Rich Country: America's Children in Comparative Perspective

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-263

  Rainwater, Lee ^a   Smeeding, Timothy M ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85023640583     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (131)

1. Adema, William, and Marcel Einerhand. 1998. "The Growing Role of Private Social Benefits." Labor Market and Social Policy occasional paper 32. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (April 17).
2. Anderson, Elijah. 1999. Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City. New York: W. W. Norton.
3. Applebaum, Diana Karter. 1977. "The Level of the Poverty Line: A Historical Survey." Social Service Review 51(3): 514-23.
4. Atkinson, Anthony B. 1970. "On the Measurement of Inequality." Journal of Economic Theory 2(3, September): 244-63.
5. Atkinson, Anthony B., Lee Rainwater, and Timothy M. Smeeding. 1995. "Income Distribution in OECD Countries: Evidence from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS)." Social Policy Studies 18. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (October).
6. Bradbury, Bruce. 1989. "Family Size Equivalence Scales and Survey Evaluations of Income and Well-being." Journal of Social Policy 18(3, July): 383-408.
7. Bradbury, Bruce, Stephen P. Jenkins, and John Micklewright, eds. 2001. The Dynamics of Child Poverty in Industrialized Countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8. Bradley, David, Evelyne Huber, Stephanie Moller, Francois Nielsen, and John Stephens. 2001. "Distribution and Redistribution in Post-Industrial Democracies." Center for Policy Research, Luxembourg Income Study working paper no. 265. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University (May). Available at: www.lisproject.org/publications/liswps/265.pdf.
9. Bradshaw, Jonathan. 2001. "Child Poverty Under Labour." In An End in Sight?: Tackling Child Poverty in the United Kingdom, edited by Geoff Fimister. London: Child Poverty Action Group.
10. Bradshaw, Jonathan, and Jun-Rong Chen. 1997. "Poverty in the United Kingdom: A Comparison with Nineteen Other Countries." Benefits 18(January): 1-16.
11. Büchel, Felix, Joachim R. Frick, Peter Krause, and Gerg G. Wagner. 2001. "The Impact of Poverty on Children's School Attendance: Evidence from West Germany." In Child Well-Being, Child Poverty, and Child Policy in Modern Nations: What Do We Know?, edited by Koen Vleminckx and Timothy M. Smeeding. Bristol, Eng.: Policy Press.
12. Buhmann, Brigitte, Lee Rainwater, Gunther Schmaus, and Timothy M. Smeeding. 1988. "Equivalence Scales, Well-being, Inequality, and Poverty: Sensitivity Estimates Across Ten Countries Using the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) Database." Review of Income and Wealth 34(2, June): 115-42.
13. Burtless, Gary, and Timothy M. Smeeding. 2001. "The Level, Trend, and Composition of Poverty." In Understanding Poverty, edited by Sheldon H. Danziger and Robert H. Haveman. New York and Cambridge, Mass.: Russell Sage Foundation and Harvard University Press.
14. Chase-Lansdale, P. Lindsay, Robert A. Moffitt, Brenda J. Lohman, Andrew J. Cherlin, Rebekah Levine Coley, Laura D. Pittman, Jennifer Roff, and Elizabeth Votruba-Drzal. 2003. "Mothers' Transitions from Welfare to Work and the Well-being of Preschoolers and Adolescents." Science 299(March): 1548-52.
15. Cherry, Robert, and Max B. Sawicky. 2000. "Giving Tax Credit Where Credit Is Due: A 'Universal Unified Child Credit' That Expands the EITC and Cuts Taxes for Working Families." Briefing paper. Washington, D.C.: Economic Policy Institute (April). Available at: www.cpinet.org/briefingpapers/ EITC_BP.pdf.
16. Citro, Constance F., and Robert T. Michael. 1995. Measuring Poverty: A New Approach. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. Available at: http://books.nap.edu/books/0309051282/html/index.html.
17. Coleman, Richard Patrick, Lee Rainwater, and Kent A. McClelland. 1978. Social Standing in America: New Dimensions of Class. New York: Basic Books.
18. Corcoran, Mary. 2002. "Mobility, Persistence, and the Consequences of Poverty for Children: Child and Adult Outcomes." In Understanding Poverty, edited by Sheldon H. Danziger and Robert H. Haveman. New York and Cambridge, Mass.: Russell Sage Foundation and Harvard University Press.
19. Cornell University. College of Human Ecology. N.d. "Cross-National Equivalent File, 1980-2001." Available at: www.human.cornell.edu/ pam/gsoep/equivfil.cfm.
20. Cowell, Frank A. 1978. Measuring Inequality: Techniques for the Social Sciences. New York: Halsted Press.
21. Cowell, Frank A. 1984. "The Structure of American Income Inequality." Review of Income and Wealth 30(3, September): 351-75.
22. Cowell, Frank A. 1988. "Poverty Measures, Inequality, and Decomposability." In Welfare and Efficiency in Public Economics, edited by Dieter Bös, Manfred Rose, and Christian Seidl. Berlin and New York: Springer-Verlag.
23. Danziger, Sheldon H. 2001. "After Welfare Reform and an Economic Boom: Why Is Child Poverty Still So Much Higher in the United States Than in Europe?" Paper presented to the Eighth Foundation for International Studies on Social Security (FISS) Conference on Support for Children and Their Parents: Why's, Ways, Effects, and Policy. Sigtuna, Sweden (June).
24. Davies, Hugh, and Heather Joshi. 2001. "Who Has Borne the Cost of Britain's Children in the 1990s?" In Child Well-being, Child Poverty, and Child Policy in Modern Nations: What Do We Know?, edited by Koen Vleminckx and Timothy M. Smeeding. Bristol, Eng.: Policy Press.
25. Davis, Allison. 1946. "The Motivation of the Underprivileged Worker." In Industry and Society, edited by William F. Whyte. New York: McGraw-Hill.
26. Davis, Allison. 1948. Social-Class Influences upon Learning. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
27. Dubnoff, Steven. 1985. "How Much Income Is Enough?: Measuring Public Judgments." Public Opinion Quarterly 49(Fall): 285-99.
28. Duesenberry, James S. 1949. Income, Saving, and the Theory of Consumer Behavior. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
29. Duncan, Greg J., and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn. 1997a. The Consequences of Growing up Poor. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
30. Duncan, Greg J., and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn. 1997. "Income Effects Across the Life Span: Integration and Interpretation." In The Consequences of Growing up Poor, edited by Greg J. Duncan and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
31. Duncan, Greg J., Wei-Jun J. Yeung, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, and Judith Smith. 1998. "How Much Does Childhood Poverty Affect the Life Chances of Children?" American Sociological Review 63(3, June): 406-23.
32. Ellwood, David, and Rebecca Blank. 2001. "The Clinton Legacy for America's Poor." Research working paper RWP01-028. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University, Kennedy School of Government (July).
33. Esping-Andersen, Gøsta. 1990. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge: Policy Press.
34. Esping-Andersen, Gøsta. 1999. Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
35. European Commission. 1985. "On Specific Community Action to Combat Poverty (Council Decision of December 19, 1984)." 85/8/EEC. Official Journal of the European Communities 2(24).
36. European Commission. 1989. "Communication from the Commission on Family Policies (COM [89] 363 final)." Social Europe: Official Journal of the European Communities 1(94, October 31): 121-29.
37. European Commission. 2001. "Social Protection Committee Report on Indicators in the Field of Poverty and Social Exclusion." Brussels: European Commission (October). Available at: europa.eu.int/comm/employment_social/ news/2002/jan/report_ind_en.pdf.
38. Eurostat. 1998. "Analysis of Income Distribution in Thirteen EU Member States." 11. Luxembourg: Eurostat (Statistical Office of the European Communities).
39. Expert Committee on Family Budget Revisions. 1980. New American Family Budget Standards. Madison: University of Wisconsin, Institute for Research on Poverty.
40. Fisher, Gordon M. 1992. "The Development and History of the Poverty Thresholds." Social Security Bulletin 55(4, Winter): 3-14. Available at: www.ssa.gov/history/fisheronpoverty.html#15.
41. Fisher, Gordon M. 1993. "An Overview of (Unofficial) Poverty Lines in the United States from 1904 to 1965." Poverty Measurement working paper. Washington: U.S. Bureau of the Census.
42. Fisher, Gordon M. 1995. "Is There Such a Thing as an Absolute Poverty Line over Time?: Evidence from the United States, Britain, Canada, and Australia on the Income Elasticity of the Poverty Line." Poverty Measurement working paper. Washington: U.S. Bureau of the Census. Available at: www.census.gov/hhes/poverty/povmeas/papers/elastap4.html.
43. Flores, Kimura, Toby Douglas, and Deborah Ellwood. 1998. "The Children's Budget Report: A Detailed Analysis of Spending on Low-Income Children's Programs in Thirteen States." Assessing the New Federalism Series 14. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute.
44. Förster, Michael. 1994. "Family Poverty and the Labor Market." Luxembourg Income Study working paper 114. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Center for Policy Research ( July).
45. Foster, James, Joel Greer, and Erik Thorbecke. 1984. "A Class of Decomposable Poverty Measures." Econometrica 52(3): 761-66.
46. Gallup Organization. various years. "Gallup Surveys." Roper Center for Public Opinion Research, University of Connecticut, Storrs. www.ropercenter. uconn.edu/.
47. Goedhart, Theo, Victor Halberstadt, Arie Kapteyn, and Bernard van Praag. 1977. "The Poverty Line: Concept and Measurement." Journal of Human Resources 12(4, Fall): 503-20.
48. Gornick, Janet, and Marcia K. Meyers. 2003. Families That Work: Policies for Reconciling Parenthood and Employment. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
49. Government of Canada. Social Union. 1999. "National Child Benefit Progress Report: 1999." Ottawa: Government of Canada (May 14). Available at: www.nationalchildbenefit.ca/ncb/NCB-99/toceng.html.
50. Gregg, Paul, and Stephen Machin. 2001. "Child Experiences, Educational Attainment, and Adult Labor Market Performance." In Child Well-being, Child Poverty, and Child Policy in Modern Nations: What Do We Know?, edited by Koen Vleminckx and Timothy M. Smeeding. Bristol, Eng.: Policy Press.
51. Hagenaars, Aldi J. M. 1991. "The Definition and Measurement of Poverty." In Economic Inequality and Poverty: International Perspectives, edited by Lars Osberg. Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe.
52. Hagenaars, Aldi, Klaas de Vos, and Asgharm Zaidi. 1998. "Patterns of Poverty in Europe." In The Distribution of Welfare and Household Production: International Perspectives, edited by Stephen P. Jenkins, Arie Kapteyn, and Bernard M. S. van Praag. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
53. Harrington, Michael. 1962. The Other America: Poverty in the United States. New York: Macmillan.
54. Hauser, Robert M., and Megan M. Sweeney. 1997. "Does Poverty in Adolescence Affect the Life Chances of High School Graduates?" In Consequences of Growing up Poor, edited by Greg J. Duncan and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
55. Haveman, Robert. 2003. "When Work Alone Is Not Enough." LaFollette Policy Report 13(2): 1-15.
56. Haveman, Robert, and Barbara Wolfe. 1994. Succeeding Generations: On the Effects of Investments in Children. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
57. Hicks, Alexander, and Lane Kenworthy. 2003. "Varieties of Welfare Capitalism." Socio-Economic Review 1(1): 27-61.
58. Hills, John. 2002. "The Blair Government and Child Poverty: An Extra One Percent for Children in the United Kingdom." Unpublished paper. London School of Economics.
59. Huber, Evelyne, Charles Ragin, and John D. Stephens. 1997. "Comparative Welfare States Data Set." Data set. Available at: www.lisproject.org/ publications/welfaredata/hrscode98.PDF.
60. Immervoll, Herwig, Holly Sutherland, and Klaas de Vos. 2000. "Child Poverty and Child Benefits in the European Union." EUROMOD working paper EM1/00. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
61. Jäntti, Markus, and Sheldon Danziger. 1994. "Child Poverty in Sweden and the United States: The Effect of Social Transfers and Parental Labor Force Participation." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 48(1, October): 48-64.
62. Johnson, Lyndon B. 1964. "Proposal for a Nationwide War on the Sources of Poverty: Lyndon B. Johnson's Special Message to Congress, March 16, 1964." Reprinted in Public Papers of U.S. Presidents, Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963-1964. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
63. Kamerman, Sheila B., and Alfred J. Kahn. 1995. Starting Right: How America Neglects Its Youngest Children and What We Can Do About It. New York: Oxford University Press.
64. Kamerman, Sheila B., and Alfred J. Kahn. 1997. Family Change and Family Policies in Great Britain, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
65. Kamerman, Sheila B., and Alfred J. Kahn. 2001. "Child and Family Policies in an Era of Social Policy Retrenchment and Restructuring." In Child Well-Being, Child Poverty, and Child Policy in Modern Nations: What Do We Know?, edited by Koen Vleminckx and Timothy M. Smeeding. Bristol, Eng.: Policy Press.
66. Kapteyn, Arie, and Bernard M. S. van Praag. 1976. "A New Approach to the Construction of Family Equivalence Scales." European Economic Review 7(4, May): 313-35.
67. Katz, Michael B. 1986. In the Shadow of the Poorhouse: A Social History of Welfare in America. New York: Basic Books.
68. Katz, Michael B. 1989. The Undeserving Poor: From the War on Poverty to the War on Welfare. New York: Pantheon.
69. Kilpatrick, Robert W. 1973. "The Income Elasticity of the Poverty Line." Review of Economics and Statistics 55(3, August): 327-32.
70. Korenman, Sanders, and Jane E. Miller. 1997. "Effects of Long-term Poverty on Physical Health of Children in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth." In Greg J. Duncan and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn (eds.), Consequences of Growing Up Poor. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
71. Korpi, Walter. 1980. "Approaches to the Study of Poverty in the United States: Critical Notes from a European Perspective." In Poverty and Public Policy: An Evaluation of Social Science Research, edited by Vincent T. Covello. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman.
72. Korpi, Walter. 1983. The Democratic Class Struggle. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
73. Lancaster, Kelvin. 1971. Consumer Demand: A New Approach. New York: Columbia University Press.
74. Lesthaeghe, Ron J. 2002. "From the Reformation to Multiculturalism: A Political and Cultural Reading of the Demography of the Low Countries." Erasmus Lectures, Harvard University (Spring).
75. Levenson, Irving. 1978. "Updating Poverty Standards and Program Benefits." Growth and Change 9(1, January): 14-22.
76. Loprest, Pamela. 1999. "How Families That Left Welfare Are Doing: A National Picture." New Federalism: National Survey of America's Families B-1. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute (August). Available at: newfederalism.urban.org/pdf/anf_b1.pdf.
77. Meyers, Marcia K., Janet C. Gornick, Laura R. Peck, and Amanda J. Lockshin. 2001. "Public Policies That Support Families with Young Children: Variation Across U.S. States." In Child Well-Being, Child Poverty, and Child Policy in Modern Nations: What Do We Know?, edited by Koen Vleminckx and Timothy M. Smeeding. Bristol, Eng.: Policy Press.
78. Miller, S. M., and Pamela A. Roby. 1970. The Future of Inequality. New York: Basic Books.
79. Moffitt, Robert. 2002. "From Welfare to Work: What the Evidence Shows." Welfare Reform and Beyond 13. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution ( January).
80. Moynihan, Daniel Patrick. 1996. "Opinion: When Principle Is at Issue." The Washington Post, August 4, 1996, p. C7.
81. O'Hare, William, Taynia Mann, Kathryn Porter, and Robert Greenstein. 1990. "Real Life Poverty in America: Where the American Public Would Set the Poverty Line." 90-007. Washington, D.C.: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities ( July).
82. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. n.d. "About: Purchasing Power Parities (PPP)." Available at: www.oecd.org/EN/ about/0, EN-about-513-15-no-no-no-0,00.html.
83. Ornati, Oscar A. 1966. Poverty Amid Affluence: A Report on a Research Project Carried out at the New School for Social Research. New York: Twentieth Century Fund.
84. Orshansky, Mollie. 1965. "Counting the Poor: Another Look at the Poverty Profile." Social Security Bulletin 28(1, January): 3-20.
85. Osberg, Lars. 2002. "Time, Money, and Inequality in International Perspective." Luxembourg Income Study working paper 334. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Center for Policy Research (November).
86. Palmer, John L., Timothy M. Smeeding, and Barbara Boyle Torrey. 1988. The Vulnerable. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute Press.
87. Parsons, Talcott, and Niel J. Smelser. 1956. Economy and Society: A Study in the Integration of Economic and Social Theory. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.
88. Patterson, James T. 1981. America's Struggle Against Poverty, 1900-1980. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
89. Peattie, Lisa, and Martin Rein. 1983. Women's Claims. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
90. Rabier, Jacques-Rene, and Ronald Inglehart. 2002. Euro-Barometer 5: Revenues, Satisfaction, and Poverty, May 1976. Paris/Ann Arbor, Mich.: Institut Français d'Opinion Publique (IFOP)/Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. Available at: www.ispsr.umich. edu:8080/ICPSR-STUDY/07418.xml.
91. Rainwater, Lee. 1966. "Crucible of Identity: The Negro Lower Class Family." Daedalus 95(1, Winter): 176-211.
92. Rainwater, Lee. 1969. "The Problem of Lower Class Culture." In On Understanding Poverty: Perspectives from the Social Sciences, edited by Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Corinne Saposs Schelling. Perspectives on Poverty Series, vol. 1. New York: Basic Books.
93. Rainwater, Lee. 1974. What Money Buys: Inequality and the Social Meanings of Income. New York: Basic Books.
94. Rainwater, Lee. 1991. "The Problem of Social Exclusion." Human Resources in Europe at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century. Luxembourg: Eurostat.
95. Rainwater, Lee. 1992. "Changing Inequality Structures in Europe: The Challenge to Social Science." In European Social Science in Transition: Assessment and Outlook, edited by Meinolf Dierkes and Bernd Biervert. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
96. Rainwater, Lee. 1994. "Family Equivalence as a Social Construction." In Standards of Living and Families: Observation and Analysis, edited by Olivia Ekert-Jaffe. London: John Libby and Company Ltd.
97. Rainwater, Lee, Martin Rein, and Joseph E. Schwartz. 1986. Income Packaging in the Welfare State. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
98. Rein, Martin. 1970. Social Policy: Issues of Choice and Change. New York: Random House.
99. Riesman, David, and Howard Roseborough. 1960. "Careers and Consumer Behavior." In A Modern Introduction to the Family, edited by Norman W. Bell and Ezra F. Vogel. New York: Free Press.
100. Ross, Katherin. 1999. "Labor Pains: Maternity Leave Policy and the Labor Supply and Economic Vulnerability of Recent Mothers." Ph.D. diss., Syracuse University.
101. Ruggles, Patricia. 1990. Drawing the Line: Alternative Poverty Measures and Their Implications for Public Policy. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute Press.
102. Saunders, Peter, and Bruce Bradbury. 1989. "Some Australian Evidence on the Consensual Approach to Poverty Measurement." SPRC discussion paper 14. Sydney: Social Policy Research Centre ( July).
103. Sawicky, Max B., and Robert Cherry. 2001. "Making Work Pay with Tax Reform." Issue brief 173. Washington, D.C.: Economic Policy Institute (December 21). Available at: www.epinet.org/Issuebriefs/ib173/ ib173.pdf.
104. Sen, Amartya Kumar. 1973. On Economic Inequality. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
105. Sen, Amartya Kumar. 1981. Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
106. Sen, Amartya Kumar. 1992. Inequality Reexamined. New York and Cambridge, Mass.: Russell Sage Foundation and Harvard University Press.
107. Skevik, Anne. 1998. "The State-Parent-Child Relationship After Family Break-ups: Child Maintenance in Norway and Great Britain." In The State of Social Welfare, 1997: International Studies on Social Insurance and Retirement, Employment, Family Policy, and Health Care, edited by Peter Flora, Philip R. de Jong, Julian Le Grand, and Jun-Young Kim. London: Ashgate.
108. Skocpol, Theda. 1992. Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United States. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
109. Skocpol, Theda. 1995. Social Policy in the United States: Future Possibilities in Historical Perspective. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
110. Smeeding, Timothy M. 1997. "Poverty in Developed Countries: The Evidence from the Luxembourg Income Study." In Poverty and Human Development, Human Development Papers 1997. New York: United Nations Development Programme.
111. Smeeding, Timothy M. 2002. "No Child Left Behind?" Indicators 1(3): 6-30. 67.
112. Smeeding, Timothy M. 2003. "Real Standards of Living and Public Support for Children: A Cross-national Comparison." Paper presented at the Bocconi Workshop on Income Distribution and Welfare, Milan, Italy (May 30, 2002). Revised January 2003.
113. Smeeding, Timothy M., and Lee Rainwater. 2001. "Comparing Living Standards Across Nations: Real Incomes at the Top, the Bottom, and the Middle." LIS working paper 266. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University, Luxembourg Income Study (May). Available at: www.lisproject.org/ publications/liswps266.pdf.
114. Smeeding, Timothy M., Lee Rainwater, and Gary Burtless. 2001. "United States Poverty in a Cross-national Context." In Understanding Poverty, edited by Sheldon H. Danziger and Robert H. Haveman. New York and Cambridge, Mass.: Russell Sage Foundation and Harvard University Press.
115. Smith, Adam. 1976 [1776]. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. In The Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith, edited by R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner. Oxford: Clarendon.
116. Smith, Judith R., Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, and Pamela K. Klebanov. 1997. "Consequences of Living in Poverty for Young Children's Cognitive and Verbal Ability and Early School Achievement." In Consequences of Growing up Poor, edited by Greg J. Duncan and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
117. Summers, Robert, and Alan Heston. 1991. "The Penn World Table (Mark 5): An Expanded Set of International Comparisons, 1950-1988." Quarterly Journal of Economics 106(2, May): 327-68.
118. Townsend, Peter. 1979. Poverty in the United Kingdom: A Survey of Household Resources and Standards of Living. Berkeley: University of California Press.
119. United Kingdom. Department for Education and Skills. 1998. "Meeting the Child Care Challenge." National Child Care Strategy Green Paper. London: Department for Education and Skills (May). Available at: www.dfes.gov.uk/childcare.
120. United Nations Development Programme. 1999. Human Development Report 1999: Globalization with a Human Face. New York: United Nations. Available at: www.hdr.undp.org/reports/global/1999/ln.
121. U.S. Bureau of the Census. various years. Consumer Income Reports, 1946-1994. Series, no. P60. Available at: www.census.gov/prod/www/ abs/income.html.
122. U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1998. Statistical Abstract of the United States. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. Available at: www.census.gov/prod/www/statistical-abstractus. html.
123. U.S. Department of Commerce. N.d. Historical Poverty Tables. Available at: www.census.gov/ hhes/income/histinc/hstpovtb.html.
124. U.S. Department of Commerce. U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. various years. National Economic Accounts. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
125. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. N.d. "Poverty Guidelines, Research, and Measurement." Available at: aspe.hhs.gov/poverty.
126. Vaughan, Denton R. 1993. "Exploring the Use of the Public's Views to Set Income Poverty Thresholds and Adjust Them over Time." Social Security Bulletin 56(2): 22-46.
127. Walker, Robert, and Michael Wiseman. 2001. "The House That Jack Built." Milken Institute Review (fourth quarter): 52-62.
128. Watts, Harold. 1969. "An Economic Definition of Poverty." In On Understanding Poverty, edited by Daniel P. Moynihan. New York: Basic Books.
129. Watts, Harold. 1980. "Special Panel Suggests Changes in BLS Family Budget Program." Monthly Labor Review 103(12, December): 3-10.
130. Whiteford, Peter. 1985. "A Family's Needs: Equivalence Scales, Poverty, and Social Security." Research paper 27. Canberra, Aust.: Department of Social Security.
131. Wilensky, Harold L. 2002. Rich Democracies: Political Economy, Public Policy, and Performance. Berkeley: University of California Press.