Cameroon's predicaments

Cameroon's Predicaments

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 1-253

  Angwafo, Peter Tse ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85023166756     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (158)

1. Abbink, J. and DeBruijn, M (2011), eds, Land ,law and politics in Africa: mediating conflict and reshaping the state, Brill, Leiden
2. Adebanwi, W. and Obadare, E (2011),' When corruption fights back: Democracy and elite interest in Nigeria's anticorruption war'. Journal of Modern African Studies Volume 49 Number 02 pp 203
3. Albert, I.O, (2005),'explaining 'godfatherism' in Nigerian politics, African Sociological Review Volume 9 Number 2 pp79-81
4. Alpes, M. (2011), Bushfalling: how young Cameroonians dare to migrate, PhD Thesis, Kiel
5. Alpes, M. (2012), 'Bushfalling at all cost: the economy of migratory knowledge in Anglophone Cameroon', African Diaspora 5 pp
6. Anyangwe, Carlson (2009), Betrayal of too trusting a people the UN, UK and the Trust Territory of the Southern Cameroons, Langaa Research and Publishing CIG Mankon-Bamenda
7. Appadurai, A. (2008), 'Disjunctive and difference in the global cultural economy' in Inda and Rosaldo, eds, The anthropology of globalization: a reader Oxford, Blackwell publishing
8. Arthur, J. A. (2010), African Diaspora identities: negotiating culture in transnational migration, Lexington Books, Rowman &Littlefield Publishers, Lanham-Maryland
9. Asiwaju, A.I (2001), West African Transformations: Comparative Impacts of French and British Colonialism, Malthouse Press LTD, Lagos, Benin, Jos, Oxford, Port-Harcourt, Zaria
10. Ayee, J.R (2011),'Manifestos and elections in Ghana's fourth republic', South African Journal of International Affairs Volume 18 Number 3 pp372
11. Balogun, M.J (2007), 'Enduring clientelism, governance reform and leadership capacity: a review of the democratization process in Nigeria', Journal of Contemporary African Studies Volume 15 Number 2pp248
12. Bayart, J.F, (1973),'one-party government and political development in Cameroun', African Affairs Volume 72, Number 287pp128
13. Bayart, J.F (2009), the state in Africa: the Politics of the Belly, Polity Cambridge
14. Carrier, N (2009), 'The Hilux and the body thrower: Khat transporters in Kenya' in Gewald, J. Luning, S and van Walraven, K, eds, The speed of change: Motor vehicles and people in Africa, 1890-2000, Brill Leiden-Boston
15. Chanock, M.(1985), Law, custom and social order: The colonial experience in Malawi and Zambia ,Cambridge University Press, London, New York, New Rochelle, Melbourne, Sidney
16. Che, C. (2011), Kingdom of Mankon: Aspects of history, language, culture flora and fauna, Langaa Research and Publishing, Mankon
17. Chem-Langee, B. (1995), slavery and slave trade marketing in Nso' in the nineteenth century, Paideuma, 41 pp180
18. Chem-Langee, B (1999) 'Anglophone-Francophone divide and political disintegration in Cameroon: a psychohistorical perspective' in Nkwi, P and Nyamnjoh, F, eds, regional balance and national integration in Cameroon: lessons learned and the uncertain future, Yaoundé/ Leiden &ICASSRT monograph 1
19. Chilver, E. and Kaberry, P. (1970), 'Chronology of the Bamenda Grassfields', The Journal of African History Volume 11 Number 2 pp255
20. Chilver E.M and Kaberry, P.M (1971), 'The kingdom of Kom in West Cameroon' in Forde, D and Kaberry P.M ,eds, West African Kingdoms in the Nineteenth century, Oxford University Press, Oxford, London
21. Crowder, M (1970), West Africa under colonial rule, Hutchison, London
22. Collier, P and Gunning (1999), 'why has Africa grown slowly?' Journal of Economic Perspectives Volume 13 Number 3 pp5-13
23. Dafinger, A. and Pelican, M. (2006), 'Sharing or dividing the land? Land rights and farmer -herder relations in Burkina Faso and Northwest Cameroon', CJAS/RCEA Volume 40 Number 1 pp127-151
24. Davidheiser, M and Luna, A.M (2008),'From complementarity to conflict: a historical analysis of farmer-Fulbe relations in West Africa', African Journal on Conflict Resolution, Volume 8, Number 1 pp 98
25. Davidson, B. (1963) Guide to African history, George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London
26. De Bruijn, M. Nyamnjoh, F.B, and Angwafo, T. (2010), 'Mobile interconnections reinterpreting distance, relating and difference in the Cameroonian Grassfields', Journal of African Media studies Volume 2 Number 3 pp271
27. De Bruijn, M and van Dijk, R (2012) 'Connecting and change in African societies: examples of 'ethnographies of linking' in Anthropology', Anthropologica, 54 pp50
28. DeLancey, M.W. (1988), The political economy of Cameroon: Historical perspectives, the expansion of coffee production in Bamenda and banana in the Southwest' African Studies Centre, Leiden
29. Dolby, N (2006), 'Popular culture and public space in Africa: the possibilities of cultural citizenship', African Studies Review, Volume 49, Number 3 pp 38
30. Eboh, S.O. (2004), African communalism: the way to social harmony and peaceful co-existence, IKO-Verlag fur Interkulturelle Kommunikation, Frankfurt am Main-London
31. Ebune, J (2004), 'The making of the federal system' in Ngoh, V, eds, Cameroon: from a federal to a unitary state 1961-1972, critical study, Design House Limbe
32. Enloe, C (1980), Ethnic soldiers: the state security in a divided society, Penguin books, Harmondsworth
33. Eckert, M. A. (1999),'Slavery in colonial Cameroon, 1880s to 1930s'in Miers et al, eds, Slavery and colonial rule in Africa, Frank CASS, London-Portland, OR pp133-148
34. Egbo, O.et al (2010), Legitimizing corruption in government: security votes in Nigeria, ASC Working paper 91, Leiden
35. Ekpo, M.U (1979), 'Gift giving and bureaucratic corruption in Nigeria' in Ekpo M.U, eds, bureaucratic corruption in Sub Saharan Africa: Towards a search for causes and consequences, University Press of America
36. Etahgonop (2004),'Federalism in a one-party state' in Ngoh, V, eds, Cameroon: from a federal to a unitary state 1961-1972, a critical study, Design House Limbe
37. FAO (2010),'Assessing progress in Africa towards the Millennium Development Goals: Section II', Tracking progress, Rome
38. Fisiy, C.(1992), power and privilege in the administration of law: land law reforms and social differentiation in Cameroon, African Studies Centre, Leiden
39. Fo, Angwafo. S.A.N (2009), Royalty and politics: The story of my life, Langaa, Mankon.
40. Fonjong, L.N (2004), 'Changing fortunes of government policies and its implications on the application of agricultural innovations in Cameroon', Nordic Journal of African Studies Volume 13 Number 1pp 14
41. Geschiere, P. (1993), 'Chiefs and colonial rule in Cameroon: inventing chieftaincy, French and British style', Journal of the International African Institute Volume 63 Number 2pp
42. Geschiere, P. (2005a), 'Autochthony and citizenship: new modes in the struggle over belonging and exclusion in Africa', Quest: African Journal of philosophy XVIII: 9-24 pp15
43. Geschiere, P. (2005b), 'Funerals and belonging: different patterns in South Cameroon', African Studies Review Volume 48 Number 2 pp 46-47
44. Geschiere, P and Nyamnjoh, F. (2001),'Capitalism and autochthony: the seesaw of mobility and belonging' in Comaroff, J and Comaroff, J.L ,eds, Millennial capitalism and the culture of neoliberalism, Duke University Press Durham& London pp163
45. Gewald, J.B (2002) 'Missionaries, Hereros, and motorcars: mobility and the impact of motor vehicles in Namibia before 1940',International Journal of African Historical Studies Volume 35,Number 2-3 pp 261
46. Glassman, J. (1995), Feasts and riots: revelry, rebellion and popular consciousness on the Swahili coast 1856-1888 Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann
47. Goheen, M. (1996), Men own the fields, women own the crops: gender and power in the Cameroon grassfields, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison Wisconsin
48. Gros, J. (2003), 'Cameroon in synopsis' in Gros (Eds) Cameroon: politics and society in critical perspectives, University Press of America, Lanham Maryland pp 23
49. Honwana, A. (2012), The time of youth: work, social change, and politics in Africa, Kumarian Press
50. Horton, P.B and Hunt, C.L (1982), Sociology Mc Graw-Hill, New York
51. IAC report (2004), Realizing the promise and potential of African agriculture: science and technology strategies for improving agricultural productivity and food security in Africa, Amsterdam pp10-15
52. IMF (2010),'Cameroon: poverty reduction strategy paper', IMF Country Report No 10/257, Washington D.C
53. Jerome, Y. B. (2010), 'The Anglo-leasing corruption scandal in Kenya: the politics of International and domestic pressures and counter-pressures', Review of African Political Economy 37:124 pp 124
54. Joseph, R.A. (1975) 'National politics in post war Cameroon: the difficult birth of the UPC', Journal of African Studies 2:2
55. Joseph, R. A (1976),'The Gaullist legacy: patterns of French Neo-colonialism', Review of African Political economy, Number 6 PP4, 5 & 12
56. Joseph, R, A. (1983)' Class, state and prebendal politics in Nigeria, The Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics Volume xxi pp 26-29
57. Jua, N. and Konings, P (2004), 'Occupation of public space: Anglophone nationalism in Cameroon', Cahieres d'etudes Africaines 175 pp 3-15
58. Konings, P. (1995), Gender and class in the tea estates of Cameroon, African Studies Centre, Leiden
59. Konings, P. (1998), Women Plantation workers and economic crisis in Cameroon, Berg, Oxford pp151
60. Konings, P. (1999), 'The Anglophone problem' and chieftaincy in Anglophone Cameroon' in E.A, B.van Rouveroy Nieuwaal and R.van Dijk, R, eds, African Chieftaincy in a new socio-political landscape, Hamburg: LIT Verlag pp 181-206
61. Konings, P. (2001), 'Mobility and exclusion: conflicts between autochthons and allochthons during political liberalization in Cameroon' in De Bruijn, M.van Dijk and Foeken, D, eds, mobile Africa: the changing patterns of movement in Africa and beyond, Brill, Leiden
62. Konings, P and Nyamnjoh, F.B (1997), 'The Anglophone problem in Cameroon', the Journal of modern African studies 35: 2 pp 270-220
63. Konings, P. and Nyamnjoh, F.B (2002), 'President Biya and the Anglophone problem' in J Takougang and J.M Mbaku ,eds, the leadership challenge in Africa; Cameroon under Paul Biya, African World Press, Trenton New York
64. Konings, P. and Nyamnjoh, F.B (2003), Negotiating and Anglophone identity, a study of the politics of recognition and representation in Cameroon, Brill Leiden-Boston
65. Krieger, M (2008), Cameroon's Social Democratic Front: its history and prospects as an opposition political party (1990-2011), Langaa Research and Publishing (CIG) Mankon-Bamenda
66. Le Vine, V. (1963),'The Cameroon federal republic', in Carter, G. M , eds, five African states: responses to diversity, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York
67. Mbah, E.M (2009), 'Disruptive colonial boundaries and attempts to resolve land/boundary disputes, in the Grassfields of Bamenda Cameroon', African Journal of Conflict Resolution Volume 9 Number 3 pp 11-32
68. Mbiti, J.S. (1990), African religions and philosophy, Heinemann, London
69. MDG (2012), Indicators, UNDP, Washington D.C.
70. Medard, C and Golaz, V. (2013),'Creating dependency: land and gift-giving practices in Uganda', Journal of Eastern African Studies Volume7, Number 3 pp550-552.
71. Moritz, M. (2006), 'The politics of permanent conflict: farmerherder conflicts in Northern Cameroon', CJAS/RCEA Volume 40 Number 1 pp107 & 118
72. Mung'ong'o, C.G (2002) 'the right to food, land and democracy: an analysis from a grassroots perspective in three semi-Arid rural districts in Tanzania', Nordic Journal of African Studies Volume 11 Number 1 PP 78-88
73. Mwangi, Oscar. (2008), 'Political corruption, party financing and democracy in Kenya' the Journal of Modern African Studies 46 pp 269-272
74. Neba, A. (1987), Modern geography of the republic of Cameroon, Neba Publishers, Camden
75. Ndege, P.B.(2012),From accumulation of women and children to 'land grabbing: agrarian kleptocracy and the land question in Kenya. Moi University Press, Moi University
76. Ndi, A, (2013), Southern West Cameroon revisited 1950-1972; unveiling inescapable traps Vol 1 Paul's Press Bamenda
77. Ndjio, B (2008), Cameroonian feymen and Nigerian'419' scammers: two examples of Africa's 'reinvention' of the global capitalism, ASC Working paper, Leiden
78. Ngoh, V. J. (2004), 'Introduction', eds, in Cameroon: From a Federal to a Unitary State 1961-1972: A Critical Study, Design House, and Limbe
79. Ngum, A. A (2013), Gender and politics: Women of the Bamenda Grassfields in the struggle for independence and reunification 1958- 2011, Master Thesis the University of Ngaoundere
80. Njoku, O.N (1977), 'The burden of imperialism: Nigeria war relief fund, 1939-1945', in Were, G.S and Muriuki, eds, Transafrican Journal of History Vol 6 and 7 Gideon .S and Were Press
81. Njeuma, M and Awasom (1988), 'The Fulani and the political economy of the Bamenda Grassfields, 1940-1960' in Geschiere, P and Konings, eds, the political economy of Cameroon: historical perspectives, edited by African studies Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands pp1-11
82. Njeuma, M. (1995), 'Reunification and political opportunism in the making of Cameroon's independence' Paideuma No 41 pp 30-34
83. Nkwi, P. and Socpa, A. (1997), 'Ethnicity and party politics in Cameroon: the politics of divide and rule' in Nkwi and Nyamnjoh, eds, regional balance and national integration in Cameroon: lessons learned and the uncertain future, Yaoundé/ Leiden &ICASSRT monograph 1
84. Nkwi, W.(2011),Sons and daughters of the soil: land and boundary conflicts in north west Cameroon,1955-2005,Langaa Mankon- Bamenda
85. Nnam, N.(2007),Colonial mentality in Africa, Hamilton Books, Lanham, Maryland
86. Nyamnjoh, F.B and Awasom, N (2008),'Introduction 'in Percival, John, eds, the 1961 Cameroon Plebiscite: Choice or Betrayal, Langaa RPCIG, Mankon
87. Nyamnjoh, F.B (2011), 'Cameroonian bush falling: negotiation of identity and belonging in fiction and ethnography', American Ethnologist Volume 38 Number 4 pp 707- 711
88. Nyamnjoh, F.B (2012), 'Potted plants in green houses: a critical reflection on the resilience of colonial education in Africa', Journal of Asian and African Studies pp134
89. Nyamnjoh, F.B, (2013a), 'Politics of back-scratching in Cameroon and beyond' in Drulak, P and Moravcova, S ,eds, Non-Western reflection on politics, Frankfurt am Main: Peter pp
90. Nyamnjoh, F.B (2013b), The nimbleness of being Fulani, Africa Today, Volume 59 Number 3 pp111-114
91. Nyamnjoh, F.B. and Page, B. (2002),'Whiteman kontri and the enduring allure of modernity among Cameroonian youth', African Affairs, 101 pp 607-628
92. Nyamnjoh, H (2008),'We get nothing from fishing': fishing for boat opportunities amongst Senegales fisher migrants, Langaa and African Studies Centre, Mankon-Leiden
93. Obuah, E. (2010), 'Combating corruption in Nigeria: the Nigerian Economic and financial crimes', African studies Quarterly Volume 12 Number 1 pp 10-25
94. Orji, N. (2010)' Governing 'ethnicised' public sphere: insights from Nigeria, Africa Development Vol. XXXV. No 4 pp 166- 168
95. Parkins, N.C (2011), Push and pull factors of migration, American Review of Political Economy, Volume 8 Number 2 pp12-15
96. Percival, J. (2008), The 1961 Cameroon Plebiscite: Choice or Betrayal, Langaa RPCIG, Mankon-Bamenda
97. Parry, M (1990) climate change and world agriculture, Earthscan/ UNEP/IISA, London
98. Rangers, T. (1994), 'The invention of tradition revisited: the case of colonial Africa' in Kaarsholm et al, eds, inventions and boundaries: historical and anthropological approaches to the study of ethnicity, Roskilde University
99. Rodney, W. (2012),How Europe underdeveloped Africa, Pambazuka Press and CODESRIA ,Cape Town &Dakar
100. Roth and Wittich (1978), eds, 'Economy and society: an outline of interpretative sociology' in Max Weber and idea bureaucracy, University Press, California
101. Sama, M. Cand Johnson-Ross (2006),'Reclaiming the Bakassi kingdom: the Anglophone Cameroon-Nigeria border', Afrika Zamani, Number 13-14
102. Schler, L. (2002), 'Looking through a glass of beer: alcohol in the cultural spaces of colonial Douala 1940-1945, International Journal of African Historical studies Vol.35, No 3-2 pp
103. Schler, L. (2005),'History, the nation-state, and alternative narratives: an example from colonial Duala', African Studies Review, vol 48, No 1pp102
104. Sender, J. Cramer, C and Oya, C. (2005), Unequal prospects: disparities in the quantity and quality of labour supply in sub- Saharan Africa, ASC Working Paper 62/2005 pp46
105. Skare, O. K. (2010), 'The road to renaming what's in a name? The changing of Durban's street names and its coverage in the Mercury, Journal of African Media Studies Volume 2 Number 3
106. Stock, Robert. (2004), Africa South of the Sahara: A Geographical Interpretation, the Guilford Press, and New York London
107. Szeftel, M. (2000),'Clientelism, corruption and catastrophes' Review of African Political Economy Volume 27 Number 85 pp437
108. Tanyi, L.M (2010), HIV/AIDS disease burden and the elderly population in the Northwest Region of Cameroon, PhD Thesis, University of Nigeria Nssuka PP4
109. Tumi, W. (2006), The political regimes of Ahmadou Ahidjo and Paul Biya, and Christian Tumi University of Michigan, Michigan
110. UNDP (2011), Sustainability and equity: a better future for all, Washington D.C
111. Van Beek (2012), 'Cultural models of power in Africa', in Abbink, J and De Bruijn, M eds, land ,law and politics in Africa: mediating conflict and reshaping the state, Brill, Leiden
112. Warnier, J.P (1975), Pre-colonial Mankon: The development of Cameroon Chiefdom in its regional setting, University of Pennsylvania, PhD Thesis in Cultural Anthropology
113. Warnier, J.P and Fowler, I (1979), 'A nineteenth century Ruhr in central Africa': Journal of the International African Institute, Volume 49 Number 4 pp331
114. Warnier (1995) 'Slave trade without slave raiding in the western grassfields of Cameroon' Paideuma Number 42
115. Wilmot, P.F (1980), Ideology and National Consciousness, Lantern Books, Ibadan, Ikeja and Lagos
116. Wilmot, P.F (1985), Sociology: a new introduction, Collins International Textbooks London
117. Wilmot, P.F (1968), Surveys of African economics, International Monetary Fund Volume 1 Washington D.C pp 14-29 World Food Program 2009 country report- Cameroon
118. Wynchank, A.(2013), 'German and French colonizers in the words of a Cameroonian witness', Mount Cameroun, Number 8/9,pp 49-56
119. Effa tambe Ncham (2012) A man's head receives bullet in Baffia http://allafrica.com/stories/201211010852.html Accessed 02/11/2012
120. Mosima Elizabeth http://allafrica.com/stories/201211020157.html accessed 02/11/2012 Automatic pistols of mark valtro, a charger and nine bullets
121. http://allafrica.com/stories/201211020024.html accessed 02/11/20
122. Njila, Hinsley Chia Innocent [eds] a guide to understanding Cameroonian-Immigrants in the USA Cameroonian-American Filmmaker Shoots compelling film on Spousal Abuse Main How much I miss my mother! Accessed 13/12/2013
123. The World University Rankings:http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/worlduniversity- rankings/2012-13/world-ranking/region/europe accessed 18/01/2013
124. World University rankings: http://www.webometrics.info/en/Africa/Cameroon%20 Accessed 18/01/2013
125. Vakunta, P. Cameroon: unravelling the leadership conundrum in Cameroon http://allafrica.com/stories/201211021100.html?viewall=1, accessed 02/11/2013
126. www.cameroononline.org accessed 16/11/2012 and 22/01/2013
127. Agendia, Aloysius: Cameroon 2005 census results: smack of diabolic geo-political planning. http://agendia.jigsy.com/entries/blog/cameroon-2005-censusresults- smack-of-diabolic-geo-political-planning accessed 19/01/2013
128. Tande, D (2010) Cameroon:2005 census results finally published http://www.dibussi.com/2010/04/cameroon-2005-censusresult- published.html accessed 19/01/2013 http://www.indexmundi.com/g/r.aspx?c=cm&v=74 accessed 18/01/2013
129. The World University Rankings http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-universityrankings/ 2012-13/world-ranking/region/europe accessed 18/01/2013
130. World University rankings http://www.webometrics.info/en/Africa/Cameroon%20 Accessed 18/01/2013
131. UNDP (2011) Explanatory note on Human Development Report, sustainability and Equity: a better future for all http://hdrstats.undp.org/images/explanations/CMR.pdf Accessed 28/01/2013
132. Africa, in NewAfrican, an IC Publication http://www.newafricanmagazine.com/blogs/moneytalks/ multinationals-steal-$50bn-per-year-from-africa accessed 28/01/2013
133. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_statistics accessed 28/01/2013
134. https://www.osac.gov/Pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx? cid=12083accessed 28/01/2013
135. Effa tambe Ncham (2012) A man's head receives bullet in Baffia http://allafrica.com/stories/201211010852.html accessed 02/11/2012
136. http://allafrica.com/stories/201211020024.htm accessed 02/11/2012
137. See letter of Fo Angwafo addressed to the Administration of Mezam http://cameroonlatest.blogspot.nl/2012/09/bamenda-ontime- bomb-fon-angwafo-iii.html accessed 28/01/2013
138. Biya's appointments of new Senior Divisional Officers of 25/10/ 2012 www.crtv.cm accessed 27/10/2012
139. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral accessed 28/01/2013
140. Ngome, S. (1985), 'change in Cameroon, ARC publications, Alexandria, Virginia www.cameroon-tour.com
141. Watch Presidents for life http://mycontinent.co/Ditactors.php accessed 17/01/2013
142. Watch www.youtube.com interview with the 'Man Fru Ndi accessed 16/01/2013
143. Presidents for life http://mycontinent.co/Ditactors.php accessed 17/01/2013
144. Tedonkeng, E Country pasture/Forage resources profile Cameroon www.fao.org accessed 1/10/2o12
145. Cameroon: migration profile (2009) http://www.iomdakar.org/profiles/content/migrationprofiles- cameroon accessed 30th /01/2013
146. http://www.cameroon-info.net/stories/0,40774,@,inertiegouvernementale- ces-laquo-vieillards-raquo-qui-gerent-lessocietes. html
147. Wache, F On Mount Mary Anglophones stand 20 years after the AAC http://www.franciswache.com/2013/04/onmount-mary-anglophones-stand.html#sthash.2LC4jAWA.dpuf accessed 18/03/2014
148. http://capam-cam-ltd.imexbb.com/ accessed 3/7/2014.
149. 'United States Presidential elections 2012' http://en.wikipedia.org/org/wiki/United_States_predidents_e lection accessed 3/7/2014
150. 'Who are the past 10 US Presidents? From J.F Kennedy in 1961 to Barack Obama in 2009, America has been governed by eleven Presidents. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Who_are_the_past_10_us_presid ents accessed 3/7/2014
151. There are two sides to every story. "Why did our federation not invest some of the considerable amount of money in football? http://sports.yahoo.com/news/date-set-neymarsfirst- clasico-131800529--sow.html accessed 3/7/2014
152. Alexander Song was sent out with a red card during the Cameroon- Croatia match and the Lions were defeated by 4-0. Worse still, indiscipline was very visible when Assou Ekotto and Benjamine Moukanjo fought in the field during this match. www.camfoot.com accessed 9/6/2014
153. Ujamaa was the concept that formed the basis of Julius Nyerere's social and economic development policies in Tanzania after it gained independence from Britain in 1961. The Term has the meaning of 'unity', 'Oneness','-uniting with your countrymen as one extended family. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujamaa accessed 3/7/2014
154. 'Nigeria 419 Scams' the number "419" refers to the article of the Nigerian Criminal Code dealing with fraud. The scam has been used with fax and traditional mail and is now used with the internet http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/419_scams accessed 8/7/2014
155. El Dorado is used here metaphorically to mean any place where wealth can be rapidly acquired. It also represents an ultimate prize that one might spend one's life seeking. It could represent love, heaven, happiness or success. It simply refers tosomething much sought after that may not even exist, or, at least, may not ever be found. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado. accessed 3/7/2014
156. 'Crime rates in Cameroon' http://www.numbeo.com/crime/country_result.jsp?country= Cameroon Accessed 3/7/2014
157. Report of National Anti-Corruption Commission (CONAC) http://www.conac-cameroun.net/en/index_en.php accessed 25/6/2014
158. 'Cameroon Police and Gendarmes, Crooks in government: in the case of the Bamenda Ring Road, they operate like toll gates' http://www.cameroonjournal.com/Cameroon%20Police%20a nd%20Gendarmes.html accessed 14/7/2014