I. Free movement of persons, recognition of qualifications, and working conditions

International and Comparative Law Quarterly

Volumn 47, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 224-231

  Lonbay, Julian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85022821532     PISSN: 00205893     EISSN: 14716895     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0020589300061649     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Case C-344/95 Commission v. Belgium [1997] E.C.R. 1–1035.
2. Case C-292/89 R v. Immigration Appeal Tribunal, ex p. Antonissen [1991] E.C.R. 1–745
3. see Lonbay (1992) 41 I.C.L.Q. at 715.
4. Case C-96/95 Commission v. Germany [1977] E.C.R. 1–1653.
5. Case C-278/94 Commission v. Belgium [1996] E.C.R. 1–4307.
6. Case C-415/93 Union Royale Beige des Sociétés de Football Association v. Bosman [1995] E.C.R. 1–4921.
7. Case C-177/94 Lloyd's of London v. Gian franco Perfili [1996] E.C.R. 1–161.
8. Case C-323/95 Hayes v. Kronenberger GmbH [1997] E.C.R. 1–1711.
9. See Commission Communication 88/C 72/02 (1988) OJ. C72/2.
10. Case 66/85 Lawra v. Land Baden Wümemberg [1986] E.C.R. 2121.
11. Case C-173/94 Commission v. Belgium [1996] E.C.R. 1–3265
12. Case C-290/94 Com-mission v. Greece [1996] E.C.R. 1–3285
13. Case C-273/93 Commission v. Luxembourg [1996] E.C.R. 1–3207.
14. Case C-l 73/94. idem, para. 19
15. Case C-290/94. idem, para.36
16. Case C-473/93, idem. para.47.
17. C-473/94. idem, paras.44–46.
18. Idem, paras32–36.
19. Idem, para31
20. the “special relationship of allegiance to the State” was not invocable here. Para.2 of all three cases, Idem.
21. Case C-55/94 Reinhard Gebhard v. Consiglio dell'ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano [1995] E.C.R. 1–4165.
22. noted by Lonbay at (1996) 33 C.M.L.Rev. 1073.
23. Idem, para.37.
24. citing Case C-19/92 Kraus [1993] E.C.R. 1–1663.
25. See J. Lonbay. “Lawyers Bounding over the Borders” (1996) 21 E.LRev. 50 for a review of the proposal
26. Case C-101/94 Commission v. Italy [1996] E.C.R. 1–2691.
27. Case C-3/95 Reisebüro Broede v. Gerd Sandker [1996] E.C.R. 1–6511.
28. The ECJ did not follow (as urged by the Advocate General) its broader precedent regarding indirect discrimination set out in the O'Flynn case: C-237.94 [1996] E.C.R. 1–2617, esp. paras.18–21.
29. (1997) OJ. C76/2, Notice 97/06/02.
30. The Convention establishes a European Police Office (EUROPOL) and the Protocol allows for interpretation of the Convention by the ECJ via preliminary rulings: (1996) OJ. C299/1.
31. Joint Action under Art.K3 (1996) OJ. L342/1.
32. Each State is contributing the data (1996) OJ. L342.
33. The Europol Drugs Unit is also co-ordinating the profiling of the chemical compositions of drugs (1996) OJ. L322.
34. (1996) OJ. C313/ll.
35. Press release 7813/96 (June 1996). The recommendation was later adopted in two parts: harmonising means of combating illegal immigration and illegal employment and improving the means of control (1996) OJ. C5/1
36. and the recommendations on combating the illegal employment of third-country nationals (1996) OJ. C304/1.
37. (1996) OJ. C80/2.
38. For fuller treatment see S. Peers. “Undercutting Integration: Developments in Union Policy on Third-country Nationals” (1997) 22 E.L-Rev. 76.
39. Financial Times, 31 July 1997
40. Agence Europe 7027 (31 July 1997).
41. Council Reg. (EC) No.2317/95 of 25 Sept. 1995 determining the third countries whose nationals must be in possession of visas when crossing the external frontiers of the member States (1995) OJ. L234/1.
42. CaseC-392/95 European Parliamcnt v. Council of the European Union (10 June 1977) available on the ECJ's WWW. OJ.
43. See (1995) 44 I.C.L.Q. 705
44. and (1992) 41 I.C.L.Q. 718.
45. Directive 93/104/EEC on certain aspects of the organisation of working time (1993) OJ. L307/18.
46. Case C-84/94 UK v. Council [1996] E.C.R. 1–5755.
47. Lonbay(1990) 39 I.C.L.Q.704,706.
48. Directive 90/270/EEC on the minimum safety and health requirements for work with display screen equipment (1990) OJ. L156/14
49. described in Lonbay (1992) 41 I.C.L.Q. 212.
50. Cases C-74/95 and C-129/95 Criminal Proceedings v. X. [1996] E.C.R. 1–6609.
51. Case C-91/92 Paola Faccini Don v. Recreb Sri [1994] E.C.R. 1–3325.
52. The judgment cites its ruling in Case 80/86 Kolpinjhuis Nijmegen [1987] E.C.R. 3969, and further strengthened it by referring to Art.7 of the European Human Rights Convention.
53. Cf. Case C-68/95 Criminal proceedings against Luciano Arcaro [1996] E.C.R. 1–4705.
54. Directive 96/71/EC concerning the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services (1997) OJ. L18.
55. Case C-216/94 Commission v. Belgium [1995] E.C.R. 1–2155
56. C-365/93 Commission v. Greece [1995] E.C.R. 1–499. Greece and Belgium have had additional Art 169 actions launched against them for failing to comply with these judgments: IP/96/1230 (1996–12–20).
57. Directive 89/48 EEC (1989) OJ. L19/16.
58. COM(96)46 (15 Feb. 1996).
59. COM(96)92 (8 Feb.1996).
60. See Lonbay (1992) 41 I.C.L.Q. 212,215.
61. Case C-164/94 Georgios Amnios v. Land Berlin [1996] E.C.R. 1–135.
62. The following analysis follows that used in J. Lonbay, “The Mutual Recognition of Professional Qualifications in the EC”, in Hodgin et al., Professional Liability: Law and Insurance (1996) Chap.l.
63. As Advocate General Léger stated, the Directive should not be used to “turn truth upside down by allowing persons who do not possess a certain diploma to make use of a diploma which they do not have”: Professional Liability: Law and Insurance, at para.45.
64. Report of the bearing: Sitzungsbericht, pp.2–3. I am grateful to Alex Bosch for translating this for me.
65. Report of the bearing: Sitzungsbericht, at para.23.
66. Idem, paras.30–32.