Human rights and the poor in the world religions

Horizons

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 31-53

  Soko, Keith ^a  

^a MARQUETTE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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EID: 85022451543     PISSN: 03609669     EISSN: 20508557     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0360966900031510     Document Type: Article

References (173)

1. Paul F. Knitter, “Toward a Liberation Theology of Religions” in John Hick and Paul F. Knitter, eds., The Myth of Christian Uniqueness: Toward a Pluralistic Theology of Religions (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis, 1987), 178.
2. John Kelsay and Sumner B. Twiss, eds., Religion and Human Rights (New York: Project on Religion and Human Rights, 1994), iii.
3. See The International Bill of Human Rights (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1993).
4. Stewart Sutherland argues that because the intent is different, there is no common moral ground (see Peter Donovan, “Do Different Religions Share Moral Common Ground?” Religious Studies 22 (September-December 1986]: 368–69).
5. Religious Studies, 367.
6. Religious Studies, 368.
7. E.g., see Raimundo Panikkar, “Is the Notion of Human Rights a Western Concept?” Diogenes 120 (Winter 1982): 75–102.
8. Harvey Cox and Arvind Sharma, “Positive Resources of Religion for Human Rights” in Kelsay and Twiss, eds., Religion and Human Rights, 66.
9. Religion and Human Rights, 74.
10. Religion and Human Rights.
11. W. Theodore DeBary, “Neo-Confucianism and Human Rights” in Leroy S. Rouner, ed., Human Rights and the World's Religions (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1988), 184.
12. Human Rights and the World's Religions.
13. Kana Mitra, “Human Rights in Hinduism” in Arlene Swidler, ed., Human Rights in Religious Traditions (New York: Pilgrim, 1982), 78.
14. Human Rights and the World's Religions.
15. Cox and Sharma, “Positive Resources,” 71.
16. Daniel C. Maguire, The Moral Core of Judaism and Christianity (Minneapolis: Fortress, 1993), 227.
17. John B. Carman, “Duties and Rights in Hindu Society” in Rouner, ed., Human Rights and the World's Religions, 118.
18. Human Rights and the World's Religions, 121.
19. Human Rights and the World's Religions, 126.
20. Human Rights and the World's Religions, 127.
21. Human Rights and the World's Religions.
22. See “Manu's Laws of” in Jonathan Z. Smith, ed., The Harper Collins Dictionary of Religion (San Francisco: Harper Collins, 1995), 682.
23. Mitra, “Human Rights in Hinduism,” 77.
24. “Human Rights in Hinduism,”.
25. “Human Rights in Hinduism,”, 81.
26. Carman, “Duties and Rights,” 122.
27. Mitra, “Human Rights in Hinduism,” 80.
28. “Human Rights in Hinduism,”, 81.
29. Gandhi quoted in “Human Rights in Hinduism,”, 82.
30. “Human Rights in Hinduism,”.
31. Margaret Chatterjee, Gandhi's Religious Thought (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1983), 44.
32. Gandhi's Religious Thought, 18.
33. Gandhi's Religious Thought, 19.
34. Gandhi's Religious Thought, 20.
35. In Sanskrit, literally sva: “own” and dharma: “law.” See Stephan Schuhmacher and Gert Woerner, eds. The Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion (Boston: Shambhala, 1994), 344.
36. Mitra, “Human Rights in Hinduism,” 83.
37. “Human Rights in Hinduism,” 82.
38. Robert Traer, Faith in Human Rights: Support in Religious Traditions for a Global Struggle (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1991), 134.
39. End quote from B. R. Ambedkar in Faith in Human Rights: Support in Religious Traditions for a Global Struggle.
40. Abe quoted in Faith in Human Rights: Support in Religious Traditions for a Global Struggle, 134.
41. Winston L. King, In the Hope of Nibbana: An Essay on Theravada Buddhist Ethics (LaSalle, IL: Open Court, 1964), 176.
42. Joanna Rogers Macy, “Dependent Co-Arising: The Distinctiveness of Buddhist Ethics,” Journal of Religious Ethics 7 (1979): 38.
43. Phra Rajavaramuni, “Foundations of Buddhist Social Ethics” in Russel F. Size-more and Donald K. Swearer, eds., Ethics, Wealth and Salvation: A Study in Buddhist Social Ethics (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1990), 31.
44. Abe in Traer, Faith in Human Rights, 134.
45. Taitetsu Unno, “Personal Rights and Contemporary Buddhism” in Rouner, ed., Human Rights and the World's Religions, 129.
46. Traer, Faith in Human Rights, 136.
47. Faith in Human Rights, 137.
48. Faith in Human Rights, 138.
49. Macy, “Dependent Co-Arising,” 47.
50. Unno, “Personal Rights,” 140.
51. “Personal Rights,” 144.
52. “Personal Rights,” 145.
53. Peter K. Y. Woo, “A Metaphysical Approach to Human Rights from a Chinese Point of View” in Alan S. Rosenbaum, ed., The Philosophy of Human Rights: International Perspectives (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1980), 115.
54. The Philosophy of Human Rights: International Perspectives.
55. The Philosophy of Human Rights: International Perspectives, 116.
56. DeBary, “Neo-Confucianism and Human Rights,” 185.
57. Woo, “A Metaphysical Approach,” 116.
58. DeBary, “Neo-Confucianism and Human Rights,” 188.
59. “Neo-Confucianism and Human Rights,”. Mencius (372–289 B.C.E.) was an orthodox Confucian philosopher who systematized Confucius' teachings [Harper Collins Dictionary of Religion, 699).
60. Cited in John Hick, “The Universality of the Golden Rule” in Joseph Runzo, ed., Ethics, Religion, and the Good Society (Louisville, KY: Westminster/John Knox, 1992), 158.
61. Ethics, Religion, and the Good Society, 159.
62. R. J. Henle, “A Catholic View of Human Rights: A Thomistic Reflection” in Rosen-baum, ed., The Philosophy of Human Rights, 87.
63. The Philosophy of Human Rights.
64. The Philosophy of Human Rights, 89.
65. Roger Garaudy, “Human Rights and Islam: Foundation, Tradition, Violation” in Hans Küng and Jürgen Moltmann, eds., The Ethics of World Religions and Human Rights (London: SCM, 1990), 46.
66. The Ethics of World Religions and Human Rights.
67. Riffat Hassan, “On Human Rights and the Qur’ anic Perspective” in Swidler, ed., Human Rights in Religious Traditions, 52.
68. The Ethics of World Religions and Human Rights, 55.
69. The Ethics of World Religions and Human Rights, 56. Italics mine.
70. The Ethics of World Religions and Human Rights, 57.
71. The Ethics of World Religions and Human Rights, 62.
72. Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na'im, “Qur'an, Shari'a and Human Rights: Foundations, Deficiencies and Prospects” in Küng and Moltmann, eds., The Ethics of World Religions and Human Rights, 62.
73. The Ethics of World Religions and Human Rights.
74. The Ethics of World Religions and Human Rights.
75. The Ethics of World Religions and Human Rights, 63.
76. The Ethics of World Religions and Human Rights, 68.
77. Henle, “A Catholic View of Human Rights,” 87.
78. Maguire, “The Moral Core of Judaism,” 126.
79. “The Moral Core of Judaism,”, 131.
80. Snaith quoted in “The Moral Core of Judaism,”, 131.
81. Friedrich Hauck, “Poor (in the Greek World)” in Gerhard Kittel and Gerhard Friedrich, eds., Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, Vol. 6 (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1968), 887 (hereafter TDNT).
82. Ernst Bammel, “Poor (in the Old Testament)” in Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, 6:890.
83. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, 889.
84. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, 893.
85. R. N. Whybray, “Poverty, Wealth, and Point of View in Proverbs,” Expository Times 100 (June 1989): 333.
86. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, 332.
87. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, 334.
88. Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, 335.
89. Cited in Theological Dictionary of the New Testament.
90. Bammel, “Poor [in the New Testament]” in TDNT, 6:902.
91. Walter Pilgrim, Good News to the Poor: Wealth and Poverty in Luke-Acts (Minneapolis: Augsburg, 1981), 73.
92. Good News to the Poor: Wealth and Poverty in Luke-Acts, 161.
93. Good News to the Poor: Wealth and Poverty in Luke-Acts, 163.
94. David L. Mealand, Poverty and Expectation in the Gospels (London: SPCK, 1980), 45. The original translation in Mealand has been modified (“you” for “ye”) by Editor.
95. Poverty and Expectation in the Gospels, 98.
96. Poverty and Expectation in the Gospels.
97. Poverty and Expectation in the Gospels.
98. Hans Kvalbein, “Jesus and the Poor: Two Texts and a Tentative Conclusion,” The-melios 12 (April 1987): 85.
99. The-melios, 86.
100. Halvor Moxnes, The Economy of the Kingdom: Social Conflict and Economic Relations in Luke's Gospel (Philadelphia: Fortress, 1988), 167.
101. Harper Collins Dictionary of Religion, 1148.
102. Garaudy, “Human Rights in Islam,” 48.
103. Hassan, “On Human Rights and the Qu'ranic Perspective,” 57.
104. “On Human Rights and the Qu'ranic Perspective,”.
105. Cited in Andrew Wilson, ed., World Scripture: A Comparative Anthology of Sacred Texts (New York: Paragon House, 1995), 664.
106. Cited in World Scripture: A Comparative Anthology of Sacred Texts, 697.
107. Cited in World Scripture: A Comparative Anthology of Sacred Texts, 686.
108. Cited in World Scripture: A Comparative Anthology of Sacred Texts, 699.
109. Juergensmeyer quoted in Traer, Faith in Human Rights, 129.
110. Tattvarthasutra 7:11
111. cited in Wilson, World Scripture, 684.
112. Bhagavad Gita 3:10–26
113. cited in Bhagavad Gita, 689.
114. Rig Veda 1:125.5
115. cited in Rig Veda, 694.
116. Mahatma Gandhi, All Men Are Brothers: Autobiographical Reflections, ed. Krishna Kripalani (New York: Continuum, 1995), 53.
117. Gandhi quoted in Chatterjee, Gandhi's Religious Thought, 31.
118. Quoted in Gandhi's Religious Thought, 17.
119. Gandhi's Religious Thought, 24.
120. Gandhi's Religious Thought, 27.
121. Gandhi's Religious Thought.
122. Gandhi's Religious Thought.
123. Gandhi's Religious Thought, 38.
124. Gandhi's Religious Thought, 39.
125. Gandhi's Religious Thought, 34.
126. A. Pushparajan, “Harijans and the Prospects of Their Human Rights,” Journal of Dharma 8 (October-December 1983): 395.
127. Journal of Dharma, 394.
128. Journal of Dharma.
129. Gandhi, All Men Are Brothers, 122.
130. Neville Gunaratne, “An Evaluation by a Buddhist of Mother Teresa's Boundless Compassion and Voluntary Poverty,” Dialogue (Colombo, Sri Lanka) 8 (1981): 101.
131. Unno, “Personal Rights,” 131.
132. K. Anuruddha Thera, “The Buddhist Attitude to Poverty,” Dialogue (Colombo, Sri Lanka) 7 (1980): 100. The term “Kamma” is from the Pali language text of the Theravada tradition. The more popular “karma” is from the Sanskrit.
133. Dialogue, 101.
134. Dialogue.
135. Sutta Nipata 706
136. cited in Wilson, World Scripture, 667.
137. Shantideva, Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life, 8:125
138. cited in Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life, 696.
139. Shantideva was a representative of the Madhyamika school of Mahayana Buddhism (seventh-eighth centuries, C.E.). See The Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion, 315.
140. Sutra of Forty-Two Sections 10
141. cited in Wilson, World Scripture, 695.
142. Itivuttaka 18
143. cited in Itivuttaka, 695.
144. Garland Sutra 21
145. cited in Garland Sutra, 696.
146. Dhammapada 224
147. cited in Garland Sutra, 699.
148. Thera, “The Buddhist Attitude to Poverty,” 101.
149. “The Buddhist Attitude to Poverty,”, 102.
150. “The Buddhist Attitude to Poverty,”.
151. Macy, “Dependent Co-Arising,” 46.
152. Cited in Wilson, World Scripture, 667.
153. Tao Te Ching 81
154. cited in Tao Te Ching, 690.
155. Cited in Tao Te Ching, 697.
156. Analects 6:28.2
157. cited in Analects, 688.
158. Great Learning 10:9
159. cited in Great Learning, 695.
160. Economic Justice for All: Pastoral Letter on Catholic Social Teaching and the U.S. Economy (Washington, DC: United States Catholic Conference, 1986).
161. Hans Küng and Karl-Josef Kuschel, eds., A Global Ethic: The Declaration of the Parliament of the World's Religions (London: SCM, 1993), 8. The draft of this document was written by Hans Küng after previous consultation with over one hundred scholars and representatives of all the world's religions.
162. A Global Ethic: The Declaration of the Parliament of the World's Religions, 13.
163. A Global Ethic: The Declaration of the Parliament of the World's Religions, 14.
164. A Global Ethic: The Declaration of the Parliament of the World's Religions, 15. Italics mine.
165. A Global Ethic: The Declaration of the Parliament of the World's Religions.
166. A Global Ethic: The Declaration of the Parliament of the World's Religions, 23.
167. While some would argue that the Parliament represents an agreement of primarily liberal constituents of the world's religions, the fact remains that radically different worldviews have come to agreement on practical matters that involve a global ethic. See Mark Juergensmeyer, “Perspectives on a Global Ethic and Common Values” in Nancy Hodes and Michael Hays, eds., The United Nations and the World's Religions: Prospects for a Global Ethic (Cambridge, MA: Boston Research Center for the 21st Century, 1995), 48.
168. Knitter, “Toward a Liberation Theology of Religions,” 180.
169. Sölle quoted in “Toward a Liberation Theology of Religions,”, 180.
170. “Toward a Liberation Theology of Religions,”, 181.
171. “Toward a Liberation Theology of Religions,”, 185.
172. Jay McDaniel, “The God of the Oppressed and the God Who Is Empty,” Journal of Ecumenical Studies 22 (Fall 1985): 694.
173. Gandhi, All Men Are Brothers, 54.