Why No National Health Insurance in the U.S.? The Limits of Social Provision in War and Peace, 1941–1948

Journal of Policy History

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 277-310

  Gordon, Colin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IOWA   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 85022424190     PISSN: 08980306     EISSN: 15284190     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0898030600006035     Document Type: Article

References (224)

1. Ira Katznelson, “Rethinking the Silences of Social and Economic Policy,” Political Science Quarterly 101:2 (1986): 307–325.
2. See Colin Gordon, New Deals: Business, Labor, and Politics in American 1920–1935 (New York, 1994), ch. 7
3. Alan Derickson, “Health Security For All? Social Unionism and Universal Health Insurance, 1935–1958,” Journal of American History (March 1994).
4. David Moss, Socializing Security: Progressive-Era Economists and the Origins of American Social Policy (Cambridge, Mass., 1996), 132–157
5. Ronald Numbers, Almost Persuaded: American Physicians and Compulsory Health Insurance, 1912–1920 (Baltimore, 1978)
6. Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York, 1982), 235–289
7. David Rothman, “A Century of Failure: Health Care Reform in America,” Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law 18:2(1993): 271–285
8. I.S. Falk, “Proposals for National Health Insurance in the USA: Origins and Evolution and Some Perceptions for the Future,” Milbank Quarterly 55:2 (1977): 161–171
9. Odin Anderson, “Compulsory Medical Insurance, 1910– 1950,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political andSocial Science 273 (1951): 110–111
10. Daniel Hirshfeld, The Lost Reform: The Campaign for Compulsory Health Insurance in the United States from 1932 to 1943 (Cambridge, Mass., 1970).
11. Jennifer Klein, “Mass Marketing Industrial Security: Metropolitan Life and the Growth of a Private Welfare System” (Social Science History Association, Chicago, 1995)
12. Lawrence Root, “Employee Benefits and Social Welfare: Complement and Conflict,” Annals of the American Academy of Politics and Social Sciences 479 (May 1985): 103–105
13. Leo Price, “Health Program of the International Ladies Garment Workers,” Monthly Labor Review 49:4 (1939): 811–829
14. Adolph Held, “Health and Welfare Funds in the Needle Trades,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 1:2 (1948): 247–263
15. Alan Derickson, Workers Health, Workers Democracy: The Western Miners' Struggle (Ithica, 1988)
16. Raymond Munts, Bargaining For Health: Labor Unions, Health Insurance and Medical Care (Madison, 1967), 3–80
17. David Himmelstein and Steffie Woolhander, “The Corporate Compromise: A Marxist View of Health Policy,” Monthly Review (May 1990): 14–29.
18. William Forbath, Law and the Shaping of the American Labor Movement (Cambridge, 1991), 25–29
19. Nancy Fraser and Linda Gordon, “Contract Vs. Charity: Why is there no Social Citizenship in the United States? Socialist Review (1992): 45–46, 47, 52–3
20. Gwendolyn Mink, “The Lady and the Tramp: Gender, Race and the Origins of the American Welfare State, in Women, the State, and Welfare, ed. Linda Gordon (Madison, 1990), 92–3, 99
21. Carol Pateman, “The Patriarchal Welfare State,” in Democracy and the Welfare State, ed. Amy Gutmann (Princeton, 1988), 238–250
22. Olive Wheeler to HST (19 Nov. 1945), President's Personal File 200, Box 257, Harry S Truman Papers, Harry S Truman Library, Independence, MO.
23. Quote from full-page newspaper ad (April 1949), Box 212, Edwin Witte Papers, State Historical Society of Wisconsin [SHSW], Madison, WI
24. AMA, “The Voluntary Way is the American Way” (1948), Box 206, Witte Papers
25. Forest Harness, “Forcing Socialized Medicine on America By Use of Federal Employees and Government Money” (Sept. 1947), Reel 6, Michael Davis Papers, Truman Library
26. Poen, Truman Versus the Medical Lobby, 105
27. Misc. documents Re FBI Investigation, Box 49:331–342, Series 11, Isidore Falk Papers, Sterling Library, Yale University, New Haven CT
28. “Statement of the Executive Council,” AFL Committee on Social Security (1950), Box 16, Nelson Cruikshank Papers, SHSW
29. see also Healing Arts Committee Spot Announcements (1950), OF 103, Box 575, HST Papers
30. American Medicine and the Political Scene (1947–1949), Box 212, Witte Papers.
31. George Addes, Secretary-Treasurer UAW, “The Plot Against the W-M-D Bill” (17 Feb. 1944), Box 60:519, Series II, Falk Papers
32. Ohio Chamber of Commerce, “A Death Thrust…” (1943), President's Official File 4351:2, Franklin D. Roosevelt Papers, Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Library, Hyde Park, NY
33. Memo: “Doctors Threaten to Quit” (Oct. 1943), Box 50:368, Series II, Falk Papers
34. Wilson, Compulsory Health Insurance, 93
35. Oklahoma State Medical Assoc. to HST (7 July 1947), Official File 286A, Box 930, HST Papers
36. Robert Westbrook, “Fighting for The American Family: Private Interests and Political Obligation in World War II, in Power as Culture, ed. T. J. Jackson Lears and Richard Wightman Fox (New York, 1993), 135–160
37. Gary Gerstle, “The Protean Character of American Liberalism,” American Historical Review 99:4 (1994): 1045–1047
38. Sven Steinmo and Jon Watts, “It's the Institutions Stupid! Why Comprehensive National Health Insurance Always Fails in America,” Journal of Health Politics, Policy, and Law 20:2 (1995): 331–332.
39. Inthelate 1940s, an AMA-sponsored comicbook lampooned socialized medicine in these terms: “When do we get free ice cream and marbles?” asked one character, “I wanna free doll carriage and roller skates!” demanded another. In the early 1950s, the Chamber of Commerce echoed this logic, arguing that “apparently, many people want other things far more than they want medical care. For example, we spend in total more for TV sets, cosmetics, recreation, [and] tobacco.” And even some workers, when faced with the establishment of a company-initiated health insurance plan, objected “on the theory that a purchaser has a right to know the price he is expected to pay on an article before accepting it” and reasoned that “after all, you or anyone working with your company wouldn't buy a pair of shoes without seeing them or trying them on to see if you like them of if they fit.” See “The Sad Case of Waiting Room Willie” (1949), OF 286A, Box 931, HST Papers
40. Chamber of Commerce, “Free Health Care for Everyone?” (1955), Box 206, Witte Papers
41. Raymond Cannon to Travelers Insurance (25 Feb. 1955), Box 849:9, Pennsylvania Railroad Papers, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, DE.
42. Handwritten Comments (27 Sep 1946); “National Health Bill–Coverage” (6 Nov 1946), both in Box 63:579, Series II, Falk Papers.
43. “Principles of a Nation-Wide Health Program” (1945), Box 4, National Association of Manufacturers (NAM), Industrial Relations Department (IRD) Papers, Hagley Museum
44. Frank Dickinson, “An Analysis of the Ewing Report” AMA Bulletin #69 (1949), 12
45. Altmeyer, “Draft Notes Re: amendments to insurance title” (30 Oct 1947), Box 4
46. Alanson Willcox to Watson Miller (13 Nov. 1945), Box 3, Arthur Altmeyer Papers, SHSW
47. “Legislative Strategy on National Health Insurance” (1948), Reel 1, Davis Papers
48. Alanson Willcox to Harry Rosenfeld (25 Nov. 1946), Box 63:579
49. “National Health Bill–Coverage” (6 Nov 1946), Box 63:579
50. Rosenfeld Memo (10 Mar 1946), Box 64:601, Series II, Falk Papers.
51. Draft of President's Message (May 1939), Box 45:281, Series II, Falk Papers
52. Labor's Monthly Survey (Oct 1943) in President's Official File 142:1, FDR Papers
53. FSA recommendations for 1950 State of the Union Address (2 Nov 1949), Official File 419F, Box 1264, HST Papers
54. NPC Pamphlet, Reel 11, Davis Papers
55. Mahoning Valley Industrial Council, “Clinic on Health in Industry” (1940), Box 21, NAM IRD Papers, Hagley Museum
56. Jerome Miller, Selling Accident and Health Insurance (New York, 1940), 4–5.
57. Minutes of the 14th Annual Meeting of the Board of Trustees [Bethlehem Relief Plan] (February 1940), in imprints collection, Hagley Museum; Helen Baker, “Women in War Industries,” Princeton Industrial Relations Series 86 (1942), p. 56
58. William Smith to Branch Secretaries (26 July 1947), Series 3, Box 11, American Federation of Hosiery Workers [AFHW} Papers, SHSW
59. International Harvester, “Group Hospital and Surgical Benefit Plan” (1946) in imprints collection, Hagley Museum
60. Anne Murkovich to Branch Secretaries (21 May 1951), Series 14, Box 1, AFHW Papers
61. Alice Kessler-Harris, “Designing Women and Old Fools: The Construction of the Social Security Amendments of 1939,” in U.S. History as Women's History, ed. Linda Kerber, Alice Kessler-Harris, and KathrynKish Sklar (Chapel Hill, 1995),.95–100
62. Jennifer Klein, “The Business of Welfare: The Growth of Commercial Health Insurance, 1940–1955” (Paper Delivered at the Hagley Museum and Library, October 1995), 1–20.
63. Virginia Sapiro, “The Gender Basis of American Social Policy,” in Gordon, Women, the State, and Welfare, 44–45
64. Mink, “The Lady and the Tramp,” 105–107
65. Interdepartmental Committee on Health and Welfare, “Draft Report and Recommendations on National Health” (January 1939), Box 5, Oscar Chapman Papers, HST Library
66. Barbara Nelson, “The Origins of the Two Channel Welfare State: Workmen's Compensation and Mothers' Aid,” in Gordon, Women, the State, and Welfare, 133, 134–135
67. Sonya Michel and Robyn Rosen, “The Paradox of Maternalism: Elizabeth Lowell Putnam and the American Welfare State,” Gender and History 4:3 (1992): 364–383
68. “Dan Gilbert's Washington Letter” (December 1948), Reel 7, Davis Papers.
69. See Jill Quadagno, The Color of Welfare: How Racism Undermined the War on Poverry (New York, 1994), 19–25.
70. Medical Advisory Board [CES], Minutes of Meetings (29 Jan. 1935), 149–150
71. “Abstract of a Program for Social Insurance Against Illness: Preliminary Draft” (1935), 88, both in Box 67, Witte Papers
72. George Bachman and Lewis Merriam, The Issue of Compulsory Health Insurance (Washington D.C., 1948), 20, 16–17
73. Chamber of Commerce Proceedings 37 (May 1949), 190–191, Hagley Museum
74. see also American Medicine and the Political Scene (2 July 1947), Box 210, Witte Papers
75. Falk to Davis (22 May 1944), Reel 8, Davis Papers.
76. Warren Whatley, “Labor For the Picking: The New Deal in the South,” Journal of Economic History 63:4 (1983): 905–908
77. Ira Katznelson, Kim Geiger, and Daniel Kryder, “Limiting Liberalism: The Southern Veto in Congress, 1933–1950,” Political Science Quarterly 108 (1993): 284–286
78. Theda Skocpol and Edwin Amenta, “Redefining the New Deal: World War II and the Development of Social Provision in the United States,” in The Politics of Social Policy in the United States, ed. Theda Skocpol, Margaret Weir, and Ann Orloff (Princeton, 1988), 102–103
79. Falk to Davis (27 January 1949), Reel 8, Davis Papers.
80. J. K. Williams to Marvin Mclntyre (9 June 1933), President's Official File 95d:8, FDR Papers
81. Theo. Bilbo to Omar Bradley (19 Nov 1945), Official File 8B, Box 91, HST Papers
82. see also I.C. Rayner to John Rankin (22 June 1945)
83. John Rankin to I.C. Rayner (27 June 1945), H 79A-38.2, RG 233, Records of the House Committee on World War Veterans, National Archives. My thanks to Roger Horowitz for pointing out the importance of this debate.
84. For variations on the institutionalist view, see Steinmo and Watts, “It's the Institutions Stupid!” 330–368 (quote 330)
85. Ann Orloff “The Political Origins of America's Belated Welfare State,” in The Politics of Social Policy in the U.S., 37–80
86. Theda Skocpol and Edwin Amenta, “Taking Exception: Explaining the Distinctiveness of American Public Policies in the Last Half-Century,” in The Comparative History of Public Policy, ed. Francis Castles (New York, 1989)
87. Theda Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United Stales (Cambridge, Mass., 1992), 41–62.
88. “Progress of the Campaign” (unsigned, 1948), Box 23, Clark Clifford Papers, HST Library
89. CNH Executive Committee Notes (25 Nov. 1947), Reel 1, Davis Papers, HST Library
90. Cruikshank to Green (14 May 1948), Box 16, Cruikshank Papers
91. Clifford “Memorandum for the President” (1947), Box 23, Clifford Papers
92. CNH, “Considerations for 1948,” Reel 1, Davis Papers
93. Republican National Committee, “The Truth About Socialized Medicine” (1949), SHSW Pamphlet Collection.
94. CNH Executive Committee Notes (25 Nov. 1947), Reel 1
95. Donald Kingsley to Senator Murray (25 March 1949), Reel 8, Davis Papers
96. on the morass of legislative-administrative relations, see Monte Poen, Harry Truman Versus the Medical Lobby (Columbia, Missouri, 1979).
97. On the Democrats, see Frances Fox Piven, “Structural Constraints and Political Development: The Case of the American Democratic Party,” in Labor Parties in Postindustrial Societies, ed. Frances Fox Piven (New York, 1992), 251–254
98. Katznelson, Geiger, and Kryder, “Limiting Liberalism,” 285–288
99. Joel Rogers and Thomas Ferguson, Right Turn: The Decline of the Democrats and the Future of American Politics (New York, 1986), 40–61.
100. Senator quoted in William Pemberton, Bureaucratic Politics: Executive Reorganization During the Truman Administration (Columbia, Missouri, 1979), 118
101. Poen, Truman Versus the Medical Lobby, 122
102. Davis to the CNH Executive Committee (13 May 1948), Reel 1, Davis Papers
103. Transcript of Robins Statement (24 Aug. 1949); Welfare Legislation Luncheon (15 May 1950), Box 4, Democratic National Committee Files, HST Library.
104. See Nelson Lichtenstein, “From Corporatism to Collective Bargaining: Organized Labor and the Eclipse of Social Democracy in the Postwar Era,” in The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930–1980, ed. Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle (Princeton, 1989), 138–139
105. Mike Davis, Prisoners of the American Dream (New York, 1986), 52–101
106. Ruether quoted in Derickson, “Health Security For All?” 1344.
107. Charles Lindblom, “The Market as a Prison,” journal of Politics 44 (1982): 324–336
108. Gordon, New Deals, 11–14.
109. Chamber of Commerce, “Business Support of Private Enterprise” (1950), Box, 11:18, Chamber of Commerce Papers
110. Elmer Henderson, Report on National Education Campaign (8 September 1950), Box 60, Caroline Ware Papers, FDR Library
111. James Foristel in AMA Law Department, “Conference of Legal Counsels for Medical Societies” (Chicago, April 1956), p. 269, Box 53
112. Confidential memo (1952?), Senate Committee to Investigate Lobbying file, Box 57, Frank Kuehl Papers, SHSW.
113. Fred Stein to Davis (28 Sept. 1945) and Misc. Clippings Re
114. NPC, Reel 7, Davis Papers
115. Richard Polenberg, Reorganizing Roosevelt's Government: The Controversy Over Executive Reorganization, 1936–1939 (Cambridge MA, 1966), 55–78.
116. Confidential RNC study of Pennsylvania District 26 and New York Senate Races in Official File 103, Box 575
117. Summary of RNC document in Official File 103G, Box 177, HST Papers; NPC Statement of Income and Expenditures (9 January 1948)
118. Margaret Stein Memo (27 Oct. 1948), Box 45:288, Series II, Falk Papers
119. NPC Statement of Income and Expenditures (January 1949), Reel 8
120. “Contributions by Large Drug Companies to the NPC” (1948), Reel 7, Davis Papers. Support from drug companies, as Paul Starr notes, reflected “the strategic location [doctors] held in the marketing of drugs; their gatekeeper function allowed them to collect a toll for use in political agitation.”
121. Starr, Social Transformation, 288.
122. Whitaker quoted in CNH Release (28 August 1950); Elmer Henderson, Report on National Education Campaign (8 September 1950)
123. CNH Release (25 Sept 1950); “To Newspaper Advertising Directors …” all in Box 60, Ware Papers
124. Editor and Publisher (Sept. 1950) clippings, Box 209, Witle Papers
125. George Addes, Secretary-Treasurer UAW, “The Plot Against the W-M-D Bill” (17 Feb. 1944), Box 60:519, Series II, Falk Papers.
126. John Peters to Allan Butler (22 June 1939), Box 1:24
127. Financial Report (1952), Box 2:43, Series I, John Peters Papers, Sterling Library
128. Robert Goor to Esselstyn (7 Dec 1960), Box 55:53, Series III, Caldwell Esselstyn Papers, Sterling Library.
129. Poen, Truman Versus the Medical Lobby, 42–3, 83.
130. Davis to Marion Hedges (19 June 1944), and “Report of January 14, 1944 Meeting at the Hotel Barclay,” both in Reel 11, Davis Papers
131. “Report of Meeting of Informal Health Insurance Conference Group” (Sept. 1945), Box A:15, Research Files, American Federation of Labor Papers, SHSW
132. “Report to the Executive Committee” (15 Nov. 1946)
133. “Financial Report” (June 1947)
134. Davis Memo (23 Dec 1947), “Confidential Progress Report” (31 March 1948), Reel 1
135. Davis Memo (15 Oct. 1948), Reel 8
136. Davis Memo (27 Jan. 1950) and “CNH Activities in 1950” (January 1951), Reel 2, Davis Papers
137. Rep. Biemiller (WI) to William Green (30 November 1949), AFL Committee on Social Security Meeting (16 January 1950)
138. AFL Committee on Social Security Meeting (12 November 1953), Box 16, Cmikshank Papers
139. Robin to Executive Committee (2 July 1952), Reel 4, Davis Papers
140. Poen, Truman Versus the Medical Lobby, 177, 207
141. CNH memo to Directors (25 January 1956), Box 156:2254, Series III, Falk Papers.
142. Derickson, “HealthSecurity For All?,” 1343–1344
143. Oscar Ewing OH, p.193–4, HST Library
144. Robins quoted in Poen, Truman Versus the Medical Lobby, 182
145. Gordon, New Deals, 240–279
146. Elizabeth Wilson, Compulsory Health Insurance (NICB: Studies in Individual and Collective Security, 1947), 3–24
147. Franz Goldmann, “Public Policy in Organizing Medical Care,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 273 (1951): 68
148. Linda Gordon, Pitied But Not Entitled: Single Mothers and the History of Welfare (New York, 1994), 15–33, 148–167
149. Alanson Willcox to Watson Miller (13 Nov. 1945), Box 3, Altmeyer Papers
150. David Stowe, “Administration's Health Program” (12 Oct 1951), SMOF (Stowe) 2
151. Springarn to Elsey (24 Aug 1950), HST Papers
152. Pemberton, Bureaucratic Politics, 54–55
153. Luncheon Meeting on The Return of the Veteran to Civilian Life, Chamber Proceedings, 34th Annual Meeting (April 1946), 172, Box 1:9, Chamber of Commerce Papers.
154. Beth Stevens, “Complementing the Welfare State: The Development of Private Pension, Health Insurance and Other Employee Benefits in the United States” International Labour Office, Labour-Management Relation Series No. 65 (Geneva, 1986), 23
155. Testimony of Harry Becker (24 June 1946), Box 96, Papers of the Cooperative League of the United States of America, HST Library: Statements of E. Murnane (WI-UAW), David Burgess (GA-CIO), Anthony Remuglia (CA-CIO), Box 55, Records of the President's Commission on the Health Needs of the Nation, HST Library.
156. On the wartime developments, see misc. correspondence in OF 981–2, FDR Papers
157. Clifford Staples, “The Politics of Employment Based Insurance in the United States,” International Journal of Health Services 19:3 (1989): 419–420
158. Helen Baker and Dorothy Dahl, Group Health Insurance and Sickness Benefit Plans in Collective bargaining (Princeton (Industrial Relations Section#72], 1945), 17–19 (employerquoted, 25)
159. Stevens, “Complementing the Welfare State,” 17–20
160. Alan Siegel, Caring for New Jersey: A History of Blue Shield of New Jersey, 1942–1986 (Montclair, N.J., 1986), 45–47
161. Frank Dobbin, “The Origins of Private Social Insurance: Public Policy and Fringe Benefits in America, 1920–1950,” American Journal of Sociology 97:5 (1992): 1428–1431
162. Harry Becker, “Organized Labor and the Problem of Medical Care,” The Anruiis of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 273 (1951): 125.
163. On tax expenditures, see Christopher Howard, “The Hidden Side of the American Welfare State,” Political Science Quarterly 108 (1993): 406–7, 414.
164. NICB Proceedings, “The Insurance Drive: What's Ahead at the Bargaining Table” (May 1950), p. 35, Box 1:33, National Industrial Conference Board Papers, Hagley Museum
165. Davis, “Subjects for Meeting” (15 Apr. 1948), Reel 1, Davis Papers
166. Baker and Dahl, Group Health Insurance and Sicfcness Benefit Plans, 21
167. Lichtenstein, “From Corporatism to Collective Bargaining,” 143
168. Ruether in Proceedings of 8th CIO Convention (Nov. 1946), 185
169. Derickson, “Health Security For All?” 1350–51, 1355–56.
170. Byrl Salsman Oral History in Earl Warren and Health Insurance, 1943–1949 (University of California, Berkeley, Regional Oral History Project, 1971), p. 12
171. Stevens, “Complementing the Welfare State,” 19–20
172. Cruikshank Memorandum (16 April 1945); Bittner Memorandum (12 April 1945), both in Box 60:533, Series II, Falk Papers
173. “Notes for Use by Mr. Watt … September Radio Forum” (1944), Files of the Director of Research, Box 3, Series 8E, AFL Papers
174. Derickson, “Health Security For All?” 1351–1352
175. Lichtenstein, “From Corporatism to Collective Bargaining,” 152, n63.
176. Lichtenstein, “From Corporatism to Collective Bargaining,” 143
177. Derickson, “Health Security For All?” 1345–1347
178. Green to Wagner (20 Dec 1944)
179. Murray to Wagner (19 Dec. 1944)
180. A.F. Whitney to Wagner (20 Dec. 1944), all in Box 60:528, Series II, Falk Papers.
181. Derickson, “Health Security for All?,” 1349
182. Derickson, Workers' Health, Workers' Democracy, 189–219
183. Munts, Bargaining for Health, 8–9, 48–50
184. Health and Income” (1941), Files of the Director of Research, Box 2, Series 8E, AFL Papers.
185. “Notes for Use by Mr. Watt… September Radio Forum” (1944), Files of the Director of Research, Box 3, Series 8E, AFL Papers
186. The Travelers to Guy Wright [PRR] (2 March 1956), Box 850:1
187. Draft Memo (n.d. 1956) and Dulaney (Travelers] to Oram [PRR] (25 May 1956), Box 850:2, Pennsylvania Railroad Papers
188. New Jersey Medical Society official quoted in Siegel, Caring for New Jersey, 43
189. Brief Submitted by the United Steel Workers In Re: United Steel Workers of America and United States Steel Corporation et al, NWLB 111–6230-D, Box 124, Alexander Sachs Papers, FDR Library
190. Preliminary Draft of Proceedings, Association of Labor Health Administrators (March 28, 1957)
191. “History of Local 119 Health Fund of the Male Apparel Industry of Allentown” (1957), both in Box 37:212, Series II, Lorin Kerr Papers, Sterling Library
192. Robin Memo (2 July 1952), Reel 4, Davis Papers.
193. Forbath, Law and the Shaping of the American Labor Movement, 25–29
194. Joel Rogers, “Divide and Conquer: Further “Reflections on the Character of American Labor Laws'” Wisconsin Law Review 1 (1990): 29–59
195. Gordon, New Deals, 88–92
196. Mink, “The Lady and the Tramp,” 99.
197. In Mahoning Valley Industrial Council, “Clinic on Health in Industry” (1940), Box 21, NAM IRD Papers, Hagley Museum
198. “American Beveridge Plan and American Business” (1943), OF 1710:3, FDR Papers.
199. Control of Employee Benefit Plans During World War II, Box IV:109, NAM Papers
200. Resolutions, Chamber Proceedings, 35th Annual Meeting (April 1947), p. 132–135, Box 1:10, Chamber of Commerce Papers
201. NICB Proceedings, “The Insurance Drive: What's Ahead at the Bargaining Table” (May 1950), p. 81, Box 1:33, NICB Papers
202. Mahoning Valley Industrial Council, “Clinic on Health in Industry” (1940), Box 21, NAM IRD Papers
203. Sachs, “Notes on the Coal Agreement,” (7 June 1946), Box 123, Sachs Papers. Sachs went on to note that union welfare funds, “under the absence of legislative democratic regulations, becomes a pocket borough so far as the power of the funds, as distinguished from diversion to personal use, is concerned.” This reasoning set the stage for the Landrum-Griffith campaign against union corruption, in many respects a backhanded attack on union-controlled welfare funds.
204. E. S. Willis (GE) in NICB Proceedings, “Getting the Most for Your Insurance Dollar” (January 1953), 130, Box 1:43, NICB Papers
205. NAM Employee Health and Benefits Committee, “Industry Looks at the Welfare and Pension Plans Disclosure Act” (Feb. 1959), imprints collection, Hagley Museum
206. “To Members of Health and Benefits Committee” (2 March 1962), Box 1:23, NAM Papers.
207. “Discussion on Developments, Trends, and Outlook in Collective-Bargaining Welfare Plans” (Nov. 1949), Box 77:839, Series II, Falk Papers
208. Davis, “Subjects for Meeting” (15 Apr. 1948), Reel 1, Davis Papers
209. John Brumm [CNH], “Some issues Raised by Union Health and Welfare Plans” (Oct. 1954), Box 67:655, Series II, Falk Papers
210. Clem Whitaker, “Medicine's Campaign Objectives for 1951” (Dec. 1950), Reel 6, Davis Papers
211. files on Steel and Coal in Boxes 79 and 80, Series II, Falk Papers
212. correspondence re “Bear Mountain Conference” (July 1955), Box 156:2255, Series III, Falk Papers
213. Derickson, “Health Security For All?” 1334
214. Root, “Employee Benefits and Social Welfare,” 105
215. Stevens, “Complementing the Welfare State,” 3.
216. E. R. Brown, “Consumers' Cooperatives and Labor Unions” (1940), Box 103, Papers of the Cooperative League
217. Robert Goor to Esselstyn (7 Dec 1960), Box 55:53, Series III, Esselstyn Papers
218. (quote) John Brumm, “Relating Cooperative and Community Prepaid Group Practice Health Plans to Labor Health Programs” (July 1955), Reel 5, Davis Papers
219. “Preliminary Proposals for a Labor-Federal Government Partnership for Improving Health Care” (1966), Box 38:229, Series II, Kerr Papers
220. CNH Bulletin (Sept. 1954), Box 67:655, Series II, Falk Papers
221. Derickson, “Health Security For All?” 1336–7, 1351–52.
222. For these reasons, the UAW, which had originally been a strong supporter of community care, dug in against efforts to turn the Detroit Community Health Association into a full-fledged community-based program. See Address of Frederick Mott to the Economic Club of Detroit (10 Feb 1958), Box 4 (Mss 400), Altmeyer Papers
223. Lane Kirkland Memo (6 July 1967), Box 10:250, Series I, Esselstyn Papers.
224. The USWA, for example, proposed using pension funds to improve facilities in steel communities. See background materials and clippings in Box 110, Series II, Falk Papers.