Overtraining syndrome in horses

Comparative Exercise Physiology

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 57-65

  McGowan, C M ^a   Whitworth, D J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HELSINKI   (Finland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

exercise; overreaching; overtraining; racehorse; training

Indexed keywords

EID: 85022357102     PISSN: 17552540     EISSN: 17552559     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S1478061508979202     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Kuipers H and Keizer HA (1988). Overtraining in elite athletes: review and directions for the future. Sports Medicine 6: 79–92.
2. Persson SGB (1967). On blood volume and working capacity of horses. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica Supplement 19: 1–189.
3. Persson SGB (1968). Blood volume, state of training and working capacity of race horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 1: 52–62.
4. Persson SGB, Larsson M and Lindholm A (1980). Effects of training on adrenal-cortical function and red-cell volume in trotters. A Zentralblatt fur Veterinarmedizin Reihe A 27: 261–268.
5. Persson SGB (1983). Analysis of fitness and state of training: evaluation of exercise tolerance and fitness in the performance horse. In: Snow DH, Persson SGB and Rose RJ (eds) Equine Exercise Physiology. Cambridge: Granata editions, pp. 470–486.
6. Golland LC, Evans DL, Stone GM, Tyler-McGowan CM, Hodgson DR and Rose RJ (1999). Plasma cortisol and β-endorphin concentrations in trained and over-trained Standardbred racehorses. European Journal of Physiology 439: 11–17.
7. Hamlin MJ, Shearman JP and Hopkins WG (2002). Changes in physiological parameters in overtrained Standardbred racehorses. Equine Veterinary Journal 34: 383–388.
8. Tyler-McGowan CM, Golland LC, Evans DL, Hodgson DR and Rose RJ (1999). Haematological and biochemical responses to training and overtraining. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 30: 621–625.
9. Golland LC, Evans DL, Tyler-McGowan CM, Hodgson DR and Rose RJ (2003). The effects of overtraining on blood volumes in Standardbred racehorses. The Veterinary Journal 165: 228–233.
10. Tyler CM, Golland LC, Evans DL, Hodgson DR and Rose RJ (1996). Changes in maximum oxygen uptake during prolonged training, overtraining, and detraining in horses. Journal of Applied Physiology 81(5): 2244–2249.
11. Kindermann W (1986). Das uebertraining – ausdruck einer vegetativen fehlsteuerung. Deutsche Zentralblatt Sportmedizin 8: 238–245.
12. Morgan WP, Brown DR, Raglin JS, O'Connor PJ and Ellickson KA (1987). Psychological monitoring of overtraining and staleness. British Journal of Sports Medicine 21(3): 107–114.
13. Budgett R (1990). Overtraining syndrome. British Journal of Sports Medicine 24: 231–236.
14. Fry RW, Morton AR and Keast D (1991). Overtraining in athletes: an update. Sports Medicine 12: 32–65.
15. Lehmann M, Dickhuth HH, Gendrisch G, Lazar W, Thum M, Kaminski R, Aramendi JF, Peterke E, Wiel W and Keul J (1991). Training-overtraining. A prospective, experimental study with experienced middle- and long-distance runners. International Journal of Sports Medicine 12(5): 444–452.
16. Stone MH, Keith RE, Kearney JT, Fleck SJ, Wilson GD and Triplett NT (1991). Overtraining: a review of the signs, symptoms and possible causes. Journal of Applied Sports Science and Research 5: 35–50.
17. Lehmann M, Baumgartl P, Wiesenack C, Seidel A, Baumann H, Fischer S, Spöri U, Gendrisch G, Kaminski R and Keul J (1992). Training-overtraining: influence of a defined increase in training volume vs. training intensity on performance, catecholamines and some metabolic parameters in experienced middle- and long-distance runners. European Journal of Applied Physiology 64(2): 169–177.
18. Hooper SL, MacKinnon LT, Howard A, Gordon RD and Bachmann AW (1995). Markers for monitoring overtraining and recovery. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 27: 106–112.
19. Halson SL, Lancaster GI, Jeukendrup AE and Gleeson M (2003). Immunological responses to overreaching in cyclists. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 35: 854–861.
20. Robson P (2003). Elucidating the unexplained underperformance syndrome in endurance athletes: the interleukin-6 hypothesis. Sports Medicine 33: 771–781.
21. Halson SL and Jeukendrup AE (2004). Does overtraining exist? An analysis of overreaching and overtraining research. Sports Medicine 34: 967–981.
22. Meeusen R, Piacentini MF, Busschaert B, Buyse L, De Schutter G and Stray-Gundersen J (2004). Hormonal responses in athletes: the use of a two bout exercise protocol to detect subtle differences in (over)training status. European Journal of Applied Physiology 91(2–3): 140–146.
23. Smith LL (2004). Tissue trauma: the underlying cause of overtraining syndrome? Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 18: 185–193.
24. Fry AC, Schilling BK, Weiss LW and Chiu LZ (2006). β-2 Adrenergic receptor down-regulation and performance decrements during high intensity resistance exercise overtraining. Journal of Applied Physiology 101(6): 1664–1672.
25. Mujika I and Padilla S (2003). Scientific bases for precompetition tapering strategies. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 35(7): 1182–1187.
26. Coutts A, Reaburn P, Piva TJ and Murphy A (2007). Changes in selected biochemical, muscular strength, power, and endurance measures during deliberate overreaching and tapering in rugby league players. International Journal of Sports Medicine 28(2): 116–124.
27. Coutts AJ, Wallace LK and Slattery KM (2007). Monitoring changes in performance, physiology, biochemistry, and psychology during overreaching and recovery in triathletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine 28(2): 125–134.
28. Costill DL (1986). Peaking for performance. In: Inside Running. Indiananapolis: Benchmark Press, pp. 123–134.
29. MacKinnon LT (2000). Special feature for the Olympics: effects of exercise on the immune system: overtraining effects on immunity and performance in athletes. Immunology and Cell Biology 78(5): 502–509.
30. Kibler WB, Chandler TJ and Stracener ES (1992). Musculoskeletal adaptations and injuries due to overtraining. In: Holloszy JD (ed.) American College of Sports Medicine Series: Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, volume 20. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, pp. 99–126.
31. Fry RW, Morton AR, Garcia-Webb P, Crawford GPM and Keast D (1992). Biological responses to overload training in endurance sports. European Journal of Applied Physiology 64: 335–344.
32. Fry AC, Kraemer WJ, van Borselen F, Lynch JM, Marsit JL, Roy EP, Triplett NT and Knuttgen HG (1994). Performance decrements with high-intensity resistance exercise overtraining. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 26: 1165–1173.
33. Nederhof E, Zwerver J, Brink M, Meeusen R and Lemmink K (2007). Different diagnostic tools in nonfunctional overreaching. International Journal of Sports Medicine. Nov 30; [Epub ahead of print].
34. Mackinnon LT, Hooper SL, Jones S, Gordon RD and Bachmann AW (1997). Hormonal, immunological, and hematological responses to intensified training in elite swimmers. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 29(12): 1637–1645.
35. Shephard RJ (2001). Chronic fatigue syndrome: an update. Sports Medicine 31(3): 167–194.
36. Smith LL (2000). Cytokine hypothesis of overtraining: a physiological adaptation to excessive stress? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 32(2): 317–331.
37. Clancy RL, Gleeson M, Cox A, Callister R, Dorrington M, D'Este C, Pang G, Pyne D, Fricker P and Henriksson A (2006). Reversal in fatigued athletes of a defect in interferon gamma secretion after administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus. British Journal of Sports Medicine 40(4): 351–354.
38. McKeever KH (2003). Overtraining syndrome in Standardbred horses: new insights into the role of red blood cell hypervolaemia. The Veterinary Journal 165: 190–192.
39. Bruin G, Kuipers H, Keizer HA and Vander Vusse GJ (1994). Adaptation and overtraining in horses subjected to increasing training load. Journal of Applied Physiology 76: 1908–1913.
40. Persson SG and Osterberg I (1999). Racing performance in red blood cell hypervolaemic Standardbred trotters. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 30: 617–620.
41. Padalino B, Rubino G and Centoducati Pand Petazzi F (2007). Training versus overtraining: evaluation of two protocols. Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 27(1): 28–31.
42. McGowan CM, Golland LC, Evans DL, Hodgson DR and Rose RJ (2002). Effects of prolonged training, overtraining and detraining on skeletal muscle metabolites and enzymes. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 34: 257–263.
43. Bröjer J, Holm S, Jonasson R, Hedenström U and Essén-Gustavsson B (2006). Synthesis of proglycogen and macroglycogen in skeletal muscle of Standardbred trotters after intermittent exercise. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 36: 335–339.
44. Olsson KE and Saltin B (1970). Variation in total body water with muscle glycogen changes in man. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 80(1): 11–18.
45. Buchanan BR and Andrews FM (2003). Treatment and prevention of equine gastric ulcer syndrome. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practitioner 19: 575–597.
46. Carlson GP (1987). Haematology and body fluids in the equine athlete: a review. In: Gillespie JR and Robinson NE (eds) Equine Exercise Physiology 2. Davis, California: ICEEP Publications, pp. 393–425.
47. Rose RJ and Allen JR (1985). Hematologic responses to exercise and training. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 1(3): 461–476.
48. Rose RJ (1982). Haematological changes associated with endurance exercise. Veterinary Record 110(8): 175–177.
49. Raidal SL, Rose RJ and Love DN (2001). Effects of training on resting peripheral blood and BAL-derived leucocyte function in horses. Equine Veterinary Journal 33: 238–243.
50. McGowan CM, Fordham T and Christley RM (2002). Incidence and risk factors for exertional rhabdomyolysis in Thoroughbred racehorses in the United Kingdom. Veterinary Record 151(21): 623–626.
51. Upjohn MM, Archer RM, Christley RM and McGowan CM (2005). Incidence and risk factors associated with exertional rhabdomyolysis syndrome in National Hunt racehorses in Great Britain. Veterinary Record 156(24): 763–766.
52. Jeffcott LB, Rossdale PD, Freestone J, Frank CJ and Towers-Clark PF (1982). An assessment of wastage in Thoroughbred racing from conception to 4 years of age. Equine Veterinary Journal 14(3): 185–198.
53. Snow DH, Gash S and Rice D (1987). Field observations on selenium status, whole blood glutathione peroxidise and plasma gamma-glutamyl transferase activities in Thoroughbred racehorses. In: Gillespie JR and Robinson NE (eds) Equine Exercise Physiology 2. Davis, California: ICEPP Publications, pp. 494–505.
54. Snow DH and Harris P (1988). Enzymes as markers of physical fitness and training of racing horses. Advances in Clinical Enzymology 6: 251–258.
55. Tyler-McGowan CM (1997). Training, overtraining and detraining in Standardbred racehorses. PhD Thesis, The University of Sydney, Australia.
56. Golland LC, Evans DL, Stone GM, Tyler-McGowan CM, Hodgson DR and Rose RJ (1999). Maximal exercise transiently disrupts hormonal secretory patterns in Standardbred geldings. Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement 30: 581–585.
57. Henderson AJ (2007). Don't fence me in: managing psychological well being for elite performance horses. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 10(4): 309–329.