Do we all really know what a fog node is? Current trends towards an open definition

Computer Communications

Volumn 109, Issue , 2017, Pages 117-130

  Marín Tordera, Eva ^a   Masip Bruin, Xavi ^a   García Almiñana, Jordi ^a   Jukan, Admela ^b   Ren, Guang Jie ^c   Zhu, Jiafeng ^d  

^a UNIVERSITAT POLITÈCNICA DE CATALUNYA   (Spain)

^b TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF BRAUNSCHWEIG   (Germany)

^c IBM ALMADEN RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^d Huawei   (United States)

Author keywords

Edge computing; Edge devices; Fog computing; Fog node; IoT

Indexed keywords

DISTRIBUTED COMPUTER SYSTEMS; INTERNET OF THINGS;

CLOUD APPLICATIONS; CLOUD INFRASTRUCTURES; COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES; COMPUTING SYSTEM; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS; CORE FUNCTIONALITY; EDGE COMPUTING; EDGE DEVICES;

FOG;

EID: 85021941968     PISSN: 01403664     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.comcom.2017.05.013     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Rahmani, A., Thanigaivelan, N., Gia, T., Granados, J., Negash, B., Liljeberg, P., Tenhunen, H., Smart e-health gateway: bringing intelligence to internet-of-things based ubiquitous healthcare systems. Proceedings of the 12th Annual IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC), Las Vegas USA, 2015.
2. Tang, B., Chen, Z., Hefferman, G., Wei, T., He, H., Yang, Q., A hierarchical distributed fog computing architecture for big data analysis in smart cities. Proceedings of the ASE BigData & Social Informatics, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, 2015.
3. F. Bonomi, The Smart and Connected Vehicle and the Internet of Things, 2013, http://tf.nist.gov/seminars/WSTS/PDFs/1-0_Cisco_FBonomi_ConnectedVehicles.pdf.
4. Gazis, V., Leonardi, A., Mathioudakis, K., Sasloglou, K., Kirikas, P., Sudhaakar, R., Components of fog computing in an industrial internet of things context. Proceedings of 12th Annual IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking (SECON Workshops), Seattle, USA, 2015.
5. Bonomi, F., Milito, R., Zhu, J., Addepalli, S., Fog computing and its role in the internet of things. Proceedings of the First Edition of the MCC Workshop on Mobile Cloud Computing, Helsinki, Finland, 2012.
6. Al-Fuqaha, A., Guizani, M., Mohammadi, M., Aledhari, M., Ayyash, M., Internet of things: a survey on enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 17:4 (2015), 2347–2376.
7. Yi, S., Li, C., Li, Q., A survey of fog computing: concepts, applications and issues. Proceedings of the 2015 Workshop on Mobile Big Data, 2015, ACM, 37–42.
8. Stojmenovic, I., Fog computing: a cloud to the ground support for smart things and machine-to-machine networks. Proceedings of Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ATNAC), Australasian, 2014, IEEE, 117–122.
9. Vaquero, L.M., Rodero-Merino, L., Finding your way in the fog: towards a comprehensive definition of fog computing. ACM SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev. Arch. 44:5 (2014), 27–32 Newsletter ACM 2014.
10. Yi, S., Hao, Z., Quin, Z., Li, Q., Fog computing: platform and applications. Proceedings of the 2015 Third IEEE Workshop on Hot Topics in Web Systems and Technologies (HotWeb), 2015, IEEE, 73–78.
11. Satyanarayanan, M., Bahl, P., Caceres, R., Davies, N., The case for VM-based cloudlets in mobile computing. IEEE Pervasive Comput., 8(4), 2009 1536-1268.
12. European Telecommunications Standards Institute, ETSI at http://www.etsi.org/technologies-clusters/technologies/mobile-edge-computing.
13. Bitam, S., Mellouk, A., ITS-cloud: cloud computing for intelligent transportation system. Proceedings of IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Anaheim, USA, 2012.
14. Bitam, S., Mellouk, A., Zeadally, S., VANET-CLOUD: a generic cloud computing model for vehicular ad hoc networks. IEEE Wirel. Commun. 22:1 (2015), 96–102.
15. Büsching, F., Schildt, S., Wolf, L., DroidCluster: towards smartphone cluster computing – the streets are paved with potential computer clusters. Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW), Macau, China, 2012.
16. Bichhawat, A., Joshi, R.C., A survey on issues in mobile grid computing. Int. J. Recent Trends Eng. Technol., 4(2), 2010.
17. Lee, J., Song, S., Gil, J., Chung, K., Suh, T., Yu, H., Balanced scheduling algorithm considering availability in mobile grid, Advances in Grid and Pervasive Computing Volume 5529 of the series Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2009, Springer, 211–222.
18. Fernando, N., Loke, S.W., Rahayu, W., Mobile Cloud Computing: A Survey, Future Generation Computer Systems, 29, 2013, Elsevier.
19. Jararweha, Y., Tawalbehb, L., Ababneha, F., Khreishah, A., Dosarib, F., Scalable cloudlet-based mobile computing model. Procedia Comput. Sci. 34 (2014), 434–441.
20. Nishio, T., Shinkuma, R., Takahashi, T., Mandayam, N.B., Service-oriented heterogeneous resource sharing for optimizing service latency in mobile cloud. Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Mobile Cloud Computing & Networking, MobileCloud ‘13, July–August, 2013.
21. Mtibaa, A., Fahim, A., Harras, K.A., Ammar, M.H., Towards resource sharing in mobile device clouds: power balancing across mobile devices. Proceedings of the Second ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Mobile Cloud Computing, MCC’13, Hong Kong, 2013.
22. Shi, C., Lakafosis, V., Ammar, M.H., Zegura, E.W., Serendipity: enabling remote computing among intermittently connected mobile devices. Proceedings of the Thirteenth ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing, MobiHoc ‘12, South California, USA, 2012.
23. G. Peng, CDN: Content Distribution Network, Technical Report TR-125 of Experimental Computer Systems Lab, Stony Brook University.
24. CISCO, “Cisco fog computing solutions: Unleash the power of the internet of things (whitepaper),” 2015. [Online] http://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en_us/solutions/trends/iot/docs/computing-solutions.pdf.
25. Roberto Mora. Cisco iox: Making fog real for iot, blogs@cisco-cisco blogs, June 2015. Online http://blogs.cisco.com/ioe/cisco-iox.
26. Masip-Bruin, X., Marín-Tordera, E., Jukan, A., Ren, G., Tashakor, G., Foggy clouds and cloudy fogs: a real need for coordinated management of fog-to-cloud (F2C) computing systems. IEEE Wirel. Commun. Mag. 23:5 (2016), 120–128.
27. Aazam, M., Huh, E.N., Fog computing and smart gateway based communication for cloud of things. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Future Internet of Things and Cloud (FiCloud), Barcelona, Spain, 2014.
28. Gia, T.N., Jiang, M., Rahmani, A.M., Westerlund, T., Liljeberg, P., Tenhunen, H., Fog computing in healthcare internet of things: a case study on ECG feature extraction, computer and information technology. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Ubiquitous Computing and Communications; Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing; Pervasive Intelligence and Computing (CIT/IUCC/DASC/PICOM), Liverpool, UK, 2015.
29. Aazam, M., Huh, E.N., Fog computing micro datacenter based dynamic resource estimation and pricing model for IoT. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 29th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA), Gwangiu, Korea, 2015.
30. Abdullahi, I., Arif, S., Hassan, S., Ubiquitous shift with information centric network caching using fog computing. Computational Intelligence in Information Systems, 331, 2014, Springer, 327–335 Series Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing.
31. Bonomi, F., Milito, R., Natarajan, P., Zhu, J., Fog Computing: A Platform for Internet of Things and Analytics, Big Data and Internet of Things: A Roadmap for Smart Environments, 546, 2014, Springer, 169–186 Series Studies in Computational Intelligence.
32. Skala, K., Davidovic, D., Afghan, E., Sojat, Z., Scalable distributed computing hierarchy: cloud, fog and dew computing. Open J. Cloud Comput. 2:1 (2015), 16–24.
33. Pu, Lingjun, Chen, Xu, Xu, Jingdong, Fu, Xiaoming, D2D fogging: an energy-efficient and incentive-aware task offloading framework via network-assisted D2D collaboration. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 34:12 (2016), 3887–3901.
34. Hong, K., Lillethun, D., Ramachandran, U., Ottenwälder, B., Koldehofe, B., Mobile fog: a programming model for large–scale applications on the internet of things. Proceedings of the Second ACM SIGCOMM Workshop on Mobile Cloud Computing, MCC’13, Hong Kong, 2013.
35. Mukherjee, A., Paul, H.S., Dey, S., Banerjee, A., ANGELS for distributed analytics in IoT. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), Seoul, Korea, 2014.
36. Yu, R., Zhang, Y., Gjessing, S., Xia, W., Yang, K., Toward cloud-based vehicular networks with efficient resource management. IEEE Netw. 27:5 (2013), 48–55.
37. Senthil, K., M. Tech, Performance Analysis of multi-cloud Deployment in Many task Applications. In International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 1(5), 2012 ESRSA Publications.
38. Silverstein, M., Building an online domain-specific computing service over non-dedicated grid and cloud resources: the superlink-online experience. Proceedings of the 11th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing (CCGrid), May 2011, Newport Beach, USA.
39. Seinstra, F.J., Maassen, J., van Nieuwpoort, R.V., Drost, N., van Kessel, T., van Werkhoven, B., Urbani, J., Jacobs, C., Kielmann, T., Bal, H.E., Jungle computing: Distributed, supercomputing beyond clusters, grids, and clouds. Cafaro, M., Aloisio, G., (eds.) Grids, Clouds and Virtualization, Computer Communications and Networks, 2011, Springer London, 167–197.
40. Cunsolo, V.D., Distefano, S., Puliafito, A., Scarpa, M., Volunteer computing and desktop cloud: the Cloud@Home paradigm. Proceedings of the Eighth IEEE International Symposium on Network Computing and Applications (NCA 2009), Cambridge, USA, 2009.
41. Anderson, D.P., BOINC: A System for Public-Resource Computing and Storage. 5th IEEE/ACM International Workshop on Grid Computing, 2004, Pittsburgh, PA, 365–372.
42. Distefano, S., Merlino, G., Puliafito, A., Vecchio, A., A hypervisor for infrastructure-enabled sensing clouds. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC), Budapest. Hungary, 2013.
43. VirtualBox Comercial product Online at https://www.virtualbox.org/.
44. VMWare ESX-Server Comercial product Online at https://www.vmware.com/products/vsphere-hypervisor.
45. Linux Containers Comercial product Online at https://linuxcontainers.org/.
46. Dockers Comercial product Online at https://www.docker.com/.
47. Willis, D., Dasgupta, A., Banerjee, S., ParaDrop: a multi-tenant platform to dynamically install third party services on wireless gateways. Proceedings of the 9th ACM Workshop on Mobility in the Evolving Internet Architecture, MobiArch ‘14, Maui, Hawai, 2014.
48. Ismail, B.I., Mostajeran Goortani, E., Ab Karim, M.B., Ming Tat, W., Setapa, S., Luke, J.Y., Hong Hoe, O., Evaluation of docker as edge computing platform. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Confernece on Open Systems (ICOS), Melaka, Malaysia, 2015.
49. A Blog of the ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, October 2015, Online at https://blog.zhaw.ch/icclab/making-fogcomputing-real- research-challenges-in-integrating-localized-computing-nodes-into-the-cloud/.
50. HTCondor research product Online at https://research.cs.wisc.edu/htcondor/.
51. Globus grid software Commercial product Online at http://toolkit.globus.org/grid_software/.
52. Plan 9 from Bell Labs Commercial product Online at http://doc.cat-v.org/plan_9/.
53. The Inferno Operating System/Virtual Machine Commercial product Online at http://doc.cat-v.org/inferno/.
54. OpenStack Commercial product Online at https://www.openstack.org/.
55. OpenNebula Commercial product Online at http://opennebula.org/.
56. Raspberry Pi 2 Commercial product Online at https://www.raspberrypi.org/products/raspberry-pi-2-model-b/.
57. Asadi, Arash, Wang, Qing, Mancuso, Vincenzo, A survey on device-to-device communication in cellular networks. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 16:4 (2014), 1801–1819.
58. Li, Bo, Liu, Zhi, Pei, Yijian, Wu, Hao, Mobility Prediction Based Opportunistic Computational Offloading for Mobile Device Cloud,. Proceedings. of 2014 IEEE 17th International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering (CSE), December 2014, Chengdu, China.
59. Li, Y., Wang, W., The unheralded power of cloudlet computing in the vicinity of mobile devices. Proceedings of Wireless Networking Symposium, Globecom, Atlanta, USA, 2013.
60. Mtibaa, A., Harras, K.A., Habak, K., Ammar, M., Zegura, E.W., Towards mobile opportunistic computing. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE 8th International Conference on Cloud Computing (CLOUD), New York, USA, 2015.
61. Hong, K., Lillethun, D., Ramachandran, U., Ottenwälder, B., Koldehofe, B., Opportunistic spatio-temporal event processing for mobile situation awareness. Proceedings of the 7th ACM International Conference on Distributed Event-based Systems, DEBS ‘13, Arlington, Texas, USA, 2013.
62. Zheng, K., Meng, H., Chatzimisios, P., Lei, L., Shen, X., An SMDP-based resource allocation in vehicular cloud computing systems. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 62:12 (2015), 7920–7928.
63. Commercial product LORA Online at https://www.lora-alliance.org/For-Developers/LoRaWANDevelopers.
64. Commercial product SigFox Online at http://www.sigfox.com/.
65. Chin, W.S., Kim, H., Heo, Y.J., Jang, J.W., A Context-based Future Network Infrastructure for IoT Services. >Procedia Computer Science 56:1 (December 2015), 266–270.
66. A view of fog computing from networking perspective. Procedia Comput. Sci. 56 (2015), 266–270 July 2015.
67. A. Manzalini, Softwarization: RD & Innovation status of activities and next steps, ITU-T Focus Group on IMT-2020 Pre-meeting workshop on network softwarization Turin, Italy, September, 2015, Online at http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/focusgroups/imt-2020/Documents/Workshop-Turin/manzalini-slides.pdf.
68. Liu, K., Ng, J.K.Y., Lee, V.C.S., Son, S.H., Stojmenovic, I., Cooperative data scheduling in hybrid vehicular ad hoc networks: VANET as a Software defined network. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking 24:3 (2016), 1759–1773.
69. Truong, N.B., Lee, G.M., Ghamri-Doudane, Y., Software defined networking-based vehicular adhoc network with fog computing. Proceedings of the 2015 IFIP/IEEE International Symposium on Integrated Network Management (IM), Ottawa, Canada, 2015.
70. Luo, T., Tan, H.P., Quek, T.Q.S., Sensor openflow: enabling software-defined wireless sensor networks. IEEE Commun. Lett. 16:11 (2012), 1896–1899.