The increasing threat to stratospheric ozone from dichloromethane

Nature Communications

Volumn 8, Issue , 2017, Pages

  Hossaini, Ryan ^a   Chipperfield, Martyn P ^b   Montzka, Stephen A ^c   Leeson, Amber A ^a   Dhomse, Sandip S ^b   Pyle, John A ^d  

^a LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^c NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHLORINE; CHLOROFLUOROCARBON; DICHLOROMETHANE; HALOCARBON; OZONE;

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; ATMOSPHERIC MODELING; CFC; CHLORINE; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); METHANE; MONTREAL PROTOCOL; OZONE; OZONE DEPLETION; STRATOSPHERE;

ANTARCTICA; ARTICLE; ATMOSPHERE; OZONE DEPLETION; OZONE LAYER; SIMULATION; STRATOSPHERE;

ANTARCTICA;

EID: 85021643381     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20411723     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15962     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Molina, M. J. & Roland, F. S. Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes: chlorine atom-catalysed destruction of ozone. Nature 249, 810-812 (1974).
2. Wofsy, S. C., McElroy, M. B. & Yung, Y. L. The chemistry of atmospheric bromine. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2, 215-218 (1975).
3. Farman, J. C., Gardiner, B. G. & Shanklin, J. D. Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClOx/NOx interaction. Nature 315, 207-210 (1985).
4. McElroy, M. B., Salawitch, R. J., Wofsy, S. C. & Logan, J. A. Reductions of Antarctic ozone due to synergistic interactions of chlorine and bromine. Nature 321, 759-762 (1986).
5. Solomon, S. Stratospheric ozone depletion: a review of concepts and history. Rev. Geophys. 37, 275-316 (1999).
6. Yang, E.-S. et al. First stage of Antarctic ozone recovery. J. Geophys. Res. 113, D20308 (2008).
7. Bekki, S. et al. in Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 2010, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project-Report No. 52. Chapter 3, 2. 78-3. 60 (World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2011).
8. Kuttippurath, J. et al. Antarctic ozone loss in 1979-2010: first sign of ozone recovery. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13, 1625-1635 (2013).
9. Solomon, S. et al. Emergence of healing in the Antarctic ozone layer. Science 353, 269-274 (2016).
10. Cunnold, D. M. et al. GAGE/AGAGE measurements indicating reductions in global emissions of CCl3F and CCl2F2 in 1992-1994. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 1259-1269 (1997).
11. Montzka, S. A., Butler, J. H., Hall, B. D., Mondeel, D. J. & Elkins, J. W. A decline in tropospheric organic bromine. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 1826 (2003).
12. Eyring, V. et al. Multi-model assessment of stratospheric ozone return dates and ozone recovery in CCMVal-2 models. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 10, 9451-9472 (2010).
13. Simmonds, P. G. et al. Global trends, seasonal cycles, and European emissions of dichloromethane, trichloroethene, and tetrachloroethene from the AGAGE observations at Mace Head, Ireland, and Cape Grim, Tasmania. J. Geophys. Res. 111, D18304 (2006).
14. Campbell, N. et al. in Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System: Issues Related to Hydrofluorocarbons and Perfluorocarbons (eds Metz, B. et al.) Chapter 11, 403-436 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2005).
15. Carpenter, L. J. et al. in Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 2014, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project-Report No. 55. Chapter 1, 1. 1-1. 101 (World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2014).
16. Laube, J. C. et al. Contribution of very short-lived organic substances to stratospheric chlorine and bromine in the tropics-a case study. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 8, 7325-7334 (2008).
17. Sala, S. et al. Deriving an atmospheric budget of total organic bromine using airborne in situ measurements from the western Pacific area during SHIVA. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 6903-6923 (2014).
18. Navarro, M. A. et al. Airborne measurements of organic bromine compounds in the Pacific tropical tropopause layer. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 13789-13793 (2015).
19. Salawitch, R. J. et al. Sensitivity of ozone to bromine in the lower stratosphere. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L05811 (2005).
20. Sinnhuber, B.-M. & Meul, S. Simulating the impact of emissions of brominated very short-lived substances on past stratospheric ozone trends. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42, 2449-2456 (2015).
21. Hossaini, R. et al. Efficiency of short-lived halogen at influencing climate through depletion of stratospheric ozone. Nat. Geosci. 8, 186-190 (2015).
22. Hossaini, R. et al. Growth in stratospheric chlorine from short-lived chemicals not controlled by the Montreal Protocol. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42, 4573-4580 (2015).
23. Leedham Elvidge, E. C. et al. Increasing concentrations of dichloromethane, CH2Cl2, inferred from CARIBIC air samples collected 1998-2012. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 15, 1939-1958 (2015).
24. Harris, N. R. P. et al. in Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 2014, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project-Report No. 55. Chapter 5, 5. 1-5. 58 (World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2014).
25. Revell, L. E., Bodeker, G. E., Huck, P. E., Williamson, B. E. & Rozanov, E. The sensitivity of stratospheric ozone changes through the 21st century to N2O and CH4. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 12, 11309-11317 (2012).
26. Yang, X. et al. How sensitive is the recovery of stratospheric ozone to changes in concentrations of very short-lived bromocarbons? Atmos. Chem. Phys. 14, 10431-10438 (2014).
27. Riese, M. et al. Impact of uncertainties in atmospheric mixing of simulated UTLS composition and related radiative effects. J. Geophys. Res. 117, D16305 (2012).
28. Sinnhuber, B.-M., Weber, M., Amankwah, A. & Burrows, J. P. Total ozone during the unusual Antarctic winter of 2002. Geophys. Res. Lett. 30, 1580 (2003).
29. Sonkaew, T. et al. Chemical ozone losses in Arctic and Antarctic polar winter/ spring season derived from SCIAMACHY limb measurements 2002-2009. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 13, 1809-1835 (2013).
30. Chipperfield, M. P. et al. Quantifying the ozone and ultraviolet benefits already achieved by the Montreal Protocol. Nat. Commun. 6, 7233 (2015).
31. Dameris, M. et al. in Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 2014, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project-Report No. 55. Chapter 3, 3. 1-3. 63 (World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2014).
32. Oman, L. D. et al. The effect of representing bromine from VSLS on the simulation and evolution of Antarctic ozone. Geophys. Res. Lett. 43, 9869-9876 (2016).
33. Trudinger, C. M. et al. Atmospheric histories of halocarbons from analysis of Antarctic firn air: Methyl bromide, methyl chloride, chloroform, and dichloromethane. J. Geophys. Res. 109, D22310 (2004).
34. Morgenstern, O. et al. Review of the global models used within phase 1 of the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI). Geosci. Model Dev. 10, 639-671 (2017).
35. Arblaster, J. M. et al. in Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion 2014, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project-Report No. 55. Chapter 4, 4. 1-4. 57 (World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2014).
36. Montzka, S. A. et al. Small interannual variability of global atmospheric hydroxyl. Science 331, 67-69 (2011).
37. Chipperfield, M. P. New version of the TOMCAT/SLIMCAT off-line chemical transport model: intercomparison of stratospheric tracer experiments. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 132, 1179-1203 (2006).
38. Tian, W. & Chipperfield, M. P. A new coupled chemistry-climate model for the stratosphere: the importance of coupling for future O3-climate predictions. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 131, 281-303 (2005).