Use of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ashes in alkali-activated materials, ceramics and granular applications: A review

Waste Management

Volumn 68, Issue , 2017, Pages 207-220

  Silva, R V ^a   de Brito, J ^a   Lynn, C J ^b   Dhir, R K ^b,c  

^a INSTITUTO SUPERIOR TÉCNICO   (Portugal)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^c Applying Concrete Knowledge   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Agriculture; Biogas; Ceramics; Geopolymer; Landfill; Municipal solid waste incinerated bottom ash

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURE; ASH HANDLING; ASHES; BIOGAS; BIOHAZARDS; CERAMIC MATERIALS; CERAMIC PRODUCTS; GAS ADSORPTION; INCINERATION; LAND FILL; MANUFACTURE; MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE; SOLID WASTES;

ADSORBENT MATERIALS; AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES; BOTTOM ASH; CERAMICS; EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS; GEOPOLYMER; GEOTECHNICAL APPLICATION; HAZARDOUS ELEMENTS;

WASTE INCINERATION;

ADSORBENT; ALKALI; ALKALI ACTIVATED MATERIAL; BIOGAS; GLASS; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AGRICULTURE; BIOGAS; BOTTOM ASH; CERAMICS; EXPERIMENTAL STUDY; GRANULAR MEDIUM; INCINERATION; LANDFILL; MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE; POLYMER; WASTE MANAGEMENT;

AGRICULTURE; BOTTOM ASH; CERAMICS; GAS; INCINERATION; LANDFILL; MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOIL; WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT; FLY ASH; SOLID WASTE;

ALKALIES; CERAMICS; COAL ASH; INCINERATION; SOLID WASTE;

EID: 85021399715     PISSN: 0956053X     EISSN: 18792456     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.06.043     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Aloisi, M., Karamanov, A., Taglieri, G., Ferrante, F., Pelino, M., Sintered glass ceramic composites from vitrified municipal solid waste bottom ashes. J. Hazard. Mater. 137 (2006), 138–143.
2. Andreola, F., Barbieri, L., Corradi, A., Lancellotti, I., Manfredini, T., The possibility to recycle solid residues of the municipal waste incineration into a ceramic tile body. J. Mater. Sci. 36 (2001), 4869–4873.
3. Andreola, F., Barbieri, L., Hreglich, S., Lancellotti, I., Morselli, L., Passarini, F., Vassura, I., Reuse of incinerator bottom and fly ashes to obtain glassy materials. J. Hazard. Mater. 153 (2008), 1270–1274.
4. Andreola, F., Barbieri, L., Lancelloti, I., Pozzi, P., Recycling industrial waste in brick manufacture. Part 1. Materiales de Construcción 55 (2005), 5–16.
5. Aouad, G., Stille, P., Crovisier, J.L., Geoffroy, V.A., Meyer, J.M., Lahd-Geagea, M., Influence of bacteria on lanthanide and actinide transfer from specific soil components (humus, soil minerals and vitrified municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash) to corn plants: Sr-Nd isotope evidence. Sci. Total Environ. 370 (2006), 545–551.
6. Appendino, P., Ferraris, M., Matekovits, I., Salvo, M., Production of glass–ceramic bodies from the bottom ashes of municipal solid waste incinerators. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 24 (2004), 803–810.
7. Arickx, S., De Borger, V., Van Gerven, T., Vandecasteele, C., Effect of carbonation on the leaching of organic carbon and of copper from MSWI bottom ash. Waste Manage. 30 (2010), 1296–1302.
8. Arickx, S., Van Gerven, T., Vandecasteele, C., Accelerated carbonation for treatment of MSWI bottom ash. J. Hazard. Mater. 137 (2006), 235–243.
9. Arm, M., Mechanical Properties of Residues as Unbound Road Materials, Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering. 2003, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 148.
10. Arm, M., Larsson, L., Tiberg, C., Lind, B., Arvidslund, O., Monitoring of Test Roads With MSWI Bottom Ash in the Sub-Base. 2009, Värmeforsk, Stockholm, Sweden, 82.
11. Baciocchi, R., Costa, G., Lategano, E., Marini, C., Polettini, A., Pomi, R., Postorino, P., Rocca, S., Accelerated carbonation of different size fractions of bottom ash from RDF incineration. Waste Manage 30 (2010), 1310–1317.
12. Barberio, G., Buttol, P., Masoni, P., Scalbi, S., Andreola, F., Barbieri, L., Lancellotti, I., Use of incinerator bottom ash for frit production. J. Ind. Ecol. 14 (2010), 200–216.
13. Barbieri, L., Corradi, A., Lancellotti, I., Bulk and sintered glass-ceramics by recycling municipal incinerator bottom ash. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 20 (2000), 1637–1643.
14. Barbieri, L., Corradi, A., Lancellotti, I., Manfredini, T., Use of municipal incinerator bottom ash as sintering promoter in industrial ceramics. Waste Manage. 22 (2002), 859–863.
15. Barbieri, L., Corradi Bonamartini, A., Lancellotti, I., Alkaline and alkaline-earth silicate glasses and glass-ceramics from municipal and industrial wastes. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 20 (2000), 2477–2483.
16. Barbieri, L., Lancellotti, I., Incinerator waste as secondary raw material: examples of applications in glasses, glass-ceramics and ceramics. Geol. Soc., Lon., Spec. Publ. 236 (2004), 423–433.
17. Baruzzo, D., Minichelli, D., Bruckner, S., Fedrizzi, L., Bachiorrini, A., Maschio, S., Possible production of ceramic tiles from marine dredging spoils alone and mixed with other waste materials. J. Hazard. Mater. 134 (2006), 202–210.
18. Bates, A.J., Sadler, J.P., Greswell, R.B., Mackay, R., Effects of recycled aggregate growth substrate on green roof vegetation development: a six year experiment. Landscape Urban Plan. 135 (2015), 22–31.
19. Beaumont, L.E., Meyer, S., 2003. Technical ceramics made from combined municipal waste combustor ash. In: Organization, W.I.P. (Ed.), C01F 7/04 ed, USA, 19 p.
20. Bethanis, S., Cheeseman, C.R., Sollars, C.J., Properties and microstructure of sintered incinerator bottom ash. Ceram. Int. 28 (2002), 881–886.
21. Biganzoli, L., Ilyas, A., Praagh, M., Persson, K.M., Grosso, M., Aluminium recovery vs. hydrogen production as resource recovery options for fine MSWI bottom ash fraction. Waste Manage. 33 (2013), 1174–1181.
22. Brereton, C., Municipal solid waste – incineration, air pollution control and ash management. Resour. Conserv. Recy. 16 (1996), 227–264.
23. Brunner, P.H., Rechberger, H., Waste to energy – key element for sustainable waste management. Waste Manage. 37 (2015), 3–12.
24. Burnley, S.J., The use of chemical composition data in waste management planning – a case study. Waste Manage. 27 (2007), 327–336.
25. CEU, Council Decision of 19 December 2002 establishing criteria and procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills pursuant to Article 16 of and Annex II to Directive 1999/31/EC. Off. J. Eur. Communities 11 (2003), 27–49.
26. Chandler, A.J., Eighrny, T.T., Hartldn, J., Hjelmar, O., Kosson, D.S., Sawell, S.E., Sloot, H., Vehlow, J., Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Residues. 1997, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
27. Cheeseman, C.R., Monteiro da Rocha, S., Sollars, C., Bethanis, S., Boccaccini, A.R., Ceramic processing of incinerator bottom ash. Waste Manage. 23 (2003), 907–916.
28. Chen, Z., Liu, Y., Zhu, W., Yang, E.-H., Incinerator bottom ash (IBA) aerated geopolymer. Constr. Build. Mater. 112 (2016), 1025–1031.
29. Cheng, T.W., Huang, M.Z., Tzeng, C.C., Cheng, K.B., Ueng, T.H., Production of coloured glass-ceramics from incinerator ash using thermal plasma technology. Chemosphere 68 (2007), 1937–1945.
30. Chiang, Y.W., Ghyselbrecht, K., Santos, R.M., Meesschaert, B., Martens, J.A., Synthesis of zeolitic-type adsorbent material from municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash and its application in heavy metal adsorption. Catal. Today 190 (2012), 23–30.
31. Chiang, Y.W., Santos, R.M., Ghyselbrecht, K., Gerven, T.V., Cappuyns, V., Martens, J.A., Meesschaert, B., Waste derived sorbents and their potential roles in heavy metal remediation applications. E3S Web of Conferences 1 (2013), 1–4.
32. del Valle-Zermeño, R., Romero-Gueiza, M.S., Chimenos, J.M., Formosa, J., Mata-Alvarez, J., Astals, S., Biogas upgrading using MSWI bottom ash: an integrated municipal solid waste management. Renewable Energy 80 (2015), 184–189.
33. Dhir, R.K., Dyer, T.D., Halliday, J.E., Paine, K., Value Added Recycling of Incinerator Ashes. 2002, Concrete Technology Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK, 267.
34. Dijkstra, J.J., Van Zomeren, A., Meeussen, J.C.L., Comans, R.N.J., Effect of accelerated aging of MSWI bottom ash on the leaching mechanisms of copper and molybdenum. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40 (2006), 4481–4487.
35. Ducom, G., Radu-Tirnoveanu, D., Pascual, C., Benadda, B., Germain, P., Biogas – municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash interactions: sulphur compounds removal. J. Hazard. Mater. 166 (2009), 1102–1108.
36. Ecke, H., Sakanakura, H., Matsuto, T., Tanaka, N., Lagerkvist, A., State-of-the-art treatment processes for municipal solid waste incineration residues in Japan. Waste Manage. Res. 18 (2000), 41–51.
37. EN-12457-2, 2002. Characterisation of waste. Leaching. Compliance test for leaching of granular waste materials and sludges. One stage batch test at a liquid to solid ratio of 10 l/kg for materials with particle size below 4 mm (without or with size reduction). Comité Européen de Normalisation (CEN), Brussels, Belgium, 30 p.
38. Ferraris, M., Salvo, M., Smeacetto, F., Augier, L., Barbieri, L., Corradi, A., Lancellotti, I., Glass matrix composites from solid waste materials. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 21 (2001), 453–460.
39. Fuchs, B., Track, C., Lang, S., Gimmler, H., Salt effects of processed municipal solid-waste incinerator bottom ash on vegetation and underground water. J. Appl. Bot. 71 (1997), 154–163.
40. Giordano, P.M., Behel, A.D., Lawrence, J.E., Soileau, J.M., Bradford, B.N., Mobility in soil and plant availability of metals derived from incinerated municipal refuse. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17 (1983), 193–198.
41. Gupta, V.K., Ali, I., Saini, V.K., Van Gerven, T., Van der Bruggen, B., Vandecasteele, C., Removal of dyes from wastewater using bottom ash. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 44 (2005), 3655–3664.
42. Haiying, Z., Youcai, Z., Jingyu, Q., Utilization of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash in ceramic brick: product characterization and environmental toxicity. Waste Manage. 31 (2011), 331–341.
43. Hoornweg, D., Bhada-Tata, P., What a waste: a global review of solid waste management. Urban Development Series Knowledge Papers 15 (2012), 1–98.
44. Huang, C.M., Yang, W.F., Ma, H.W., Song, Y.R., The potential of recycling and reusing municipal solid waste incinerator ash in Taiwan. Waste Manage. 26 (2006), 979–987.
45. Ilyas, A., Lovat, E., Persson, K.M., Effects of substrate induced respiration on the stability of bottom ash in landfill cover environment. Waste Manage. Res. 32 (2014), 1241–1246.
46. Jing, Z., Jin, F., Yamasaki, N., Ishida, E.H., Hydrothermal synthesis of a novel tobermorite-based porous material from municipal incineration bottom ash. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 46 (2007), 2657–2660.
47. Jo, B.W., Kim, K.I., Park, J.C., Park, S.K., Properties of chemically activated MSWI (Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator) mortar. J. Korea Concr. Inst. 18 (2006), 589–594.
48. Johnson, P.W., Barclay, J.A., Economic Studies of the Glass Fractions From Municipal-Incinerator Residues. 1973, Bureau of Mines, College Park, USA, 44.
49. Jones, C.M., Hahn, J.L., Magee, B.H., Yuen, N.Q.S., Sandefur, K., Tom, J.N., Yap, C., Utilization of Ash From Municipal Solid Waste Combustion – Final Report: Phase II. 1999, Report by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Colorado, USA 247p.
50. Karamanov, A., Schabbach, L.M., Karamanova, E., Andreola, F., Barbieri, L., Ranguelov, B., Avdeev, G., Lancellotti, I., Sinter-crystallization in air and inert atmospheres of a glass from pre-treated municipal solid waste bottom ashes. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 389 (2014), 50–59.
51. Katou, K., Asou, T., Kurauchi, Y., Sameshima, R., Melting municipal solid waste incineration residue by plasma melting furnace with a graphite electrode. Thin Solid Films 386 (2001), 183–188.
52. Kim, Y., Kang, S., Characterization of geopolymer made of municipal solid waste incineration ash slag. J. Korean Cryst. Growth Cryst. Technol. 24 (2014), 15–20.
53. Kong, Q., Yao, J., Zhu, H., Zhang, Z., Long, Y., Shen, D., Adsorption of ammonia on municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash under the landfill circumstance. Korean Chem. Eng. Res. 53 (2015), 503–508.
54. Krausova, K., Cheng, T.W., Gautron, L., Dai, Y.S., Borenstajn, S., Heat treatment on fly and bottom ash based geopolymers: effect on the immobilization of lead and cadmium. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Dev. 3 (2012), 350–353.
55. Lam, C.H.K., Ip, A.W.M., Barford, J.P., McKay, G., Use of incineration MSW ash: a review. Sustainability 2 (2010), 1943–1968.
56. Lancellotti, I., Ponzoni, C., Barbieri, L., Leonelli, C., Alkali activation processes for incinerator residues management. Waste Manage. 33 (2013), 1740–1749.
57. Lapa, N., Barbosa, R., Camacho, S., Monteiro, R.C.C., Fernandes, M.H.V., Oliveira, J.F.S., Leaching behaviour of a glass produced from a MSWI bottom ash. Mater. Sci. Forum 514–516 (2006), 1736–1741.
58. Lee, W.K., Son, Y.G., Effect on the compressive strength of pastes made from MSWI bottom ash with mixing ratio of sodium silicate and potassium silicate. J. Korea Soc. Waste Manage. 29 (2012), 93–97.
59. Li, C.T., Huang, Y.J., Huang, K.L., Lee, W.J., Characterization of slags and ingots from the vitrification of municipal solid waste incineration ashes. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 42 (2003), 2306–2313.
60. Li, W.B., Yao, J., Malik, Z., Zhou, G.D., Dong, M., Shen, D.S., Impact of MSWI bottom ash codisposed with MSW on landfill stabilization with different operational modes. Biomed. Res. Int. 2014 (2014), 1–10.
61. Lin, C.F., Wu, C.H., Ho, H.M., Recovery of municipal waste incineration bottom ash and water treatment sludge to water permeable pavement materials. Waste Manage. 26 (2006), 970–978.
62. Liu, Z.S., Li, W.-K., Huang, C.Y., Synthesis of mesoporous silica materials from municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash. Waste Manage. 34 (2014), 893–900.
63. Liu, Z., Liu, Z., Li, X., Status and prospect of the application of municipal solid waste incineration in China. Appl. Therm. Eng. 26 (2006), 1193–1197.
64. Lo, H.M., Liao, Y.L., The metal-leaching and acid-neutralizing capacity of MSW incinerator ash co-disposed with MSW in landfill sites. J. Hazard. Mater. 142 (2007), 512–519.
65. Lo, H.M., Chiu, H.Y., Lo, S.W., Lo, F.C., Effects of micro-nano and non micro-nano MSWI ashes addition on MSW anaerobic digestion. Biores. Technol. 114 (2012), 90–94.
66. Magnusson, Y., Environmental Systems Analysis for Utilisation of Bottom Ash in Ground Constructions. 2005, KTH, Stockolm, Sweden, 59.
67. Monteiro, R.C.C., Alendouro, S.J.G., Figueiredo, F.M.L., Ferro, M.C., Fernandes, M.H.V., Development and properties of a glass made from MSWI bottom ash. J. Non-Cryst. Solids 352 (2006), 130–135.
68. Mostbauer, P., Criteria selection for landfills: do we need a limitation on inorganic total content?. Waste Manage. 23 (2003), 547–554.
69. Mostbauer, P., Lombardi, L., Olivieri, T., Lenz, S., Pilot scale evaluation of the BABIU process – upgrading of landfill gas or biogas with the use of MSWI bottom ash. Waste Manage. 34 (2014), 125–133.
70. Mouchet, F., Gauthier, L., Mailhes, C., Jourdain, M.J., Ferrier, V., Triffault, G., Devaux, A., Biomonitoring of the genotoxic potential of aqueous extracts of soils and bottom ash resulting from municipal solid waste incineration, using the comet and micronucleus tests on amphibian (Xenopus laevis) larvae and bacterial assays (Mutatox and Ames tests). Sci. Total Environ. 355 (2006), 232–246.
71. Murayama, N., Yamamoto, H., Shibata, J., Mechanism of zeolite synthesis from coal fly ash by alkali hydrothermal reaction. Int. J. Miner. Process. 64 (2002), 1–17.
72. Pasquini, M.W., The use of town refuse ash in urban agriculture around Jos, Nigeria: health and environmental risks. Sci. Total Environ. 354 (2006), 43–59.
73. Pena, R., Guerrero, A., Goni, S., Hydrothermal treatment of bottom ash from the incineration of municipal solid waste: retention of Cs(I), Cd(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III). J. Hazard. Mater. 129 (2006), 151–157.
74. Penilla, R.P., Bustos, A.G., Elizalde, S.G., Zeolite synthesized by alkaline hydrothermal treatment of bottom ash from combustion of municipal solid wastes. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 86 (2003), 1527–1533.
75. Phoungthong, K., Zhang, H., Shao, L.-M., He, P.J., Variation of the phytotoxicity of municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed germination with leaching conditions. Chemosphere 146 (2016), 547–554.
76. Provis, J.L., Bernal, S.A., Geopolymers and Related Alkali-Activated Materials. Clarke, D.R., (eds.) Annual Review of Materials Research, vol. 44, 2014, 299–327.
77. Qian, G., Song, Y., Zhang, C., Xia, Y., Zhang, H., Chui, P., Diopside-based glass-ceramics from MSW fly ash and bottom ash. Waste Manage. 26 (2006), 1462–1467.
78. Rambaldi, E., Esposito, L., Andreola, F., Barbieri, L., Lancellotti, I., Vassura, I., The recycling of MSWI bottom ash in silicate based ceramic. Ceram. Int. 36 (2010), 2469–2476.
79. Reijnders, L., Cleaner phosphogypsum, coal combustion ashes and waste incineration ashes for application in building materials: a review. Build. Environ. 42 (2007), 1036–1042.
80. Roethel, F.J., Breslin, V.T., 1995. Municipal solid waste (MSW) combustor ash demonstration program “the boathouse”. EPA/600/SR-95/129, US Environmental Protection Agency, Ohio, USA, 8 p.
81. Rosen, C.J., Olson, D., Bierman, P.M., Swiss chard and alfalfa responses to soils amended with municipal solid waste incinerator ash: growth and elemental composition. J. Agric. Food Chem. 42 (1994), 1361–1368.
82. Saffarzadeh, A., Arumugam, N., Shimaoka, T., Aluminum and aluminum alloys in municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash: a potential source for the production of hydrogen gas. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 41 (2016), 820–831.
83. Scarinci, G., Brusatin, G., Barbieri, L., Corradi, A., Lancellotti, I., Colombo, P., Hreglich, S., Dall'Igna, R., Vitrification of industrial and natural wastes with production of glass fibres. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 20 (2000), 2485–2490.
84. Schabbach, L.M., Andreola, F., Barbieri, L., Lancellotti, I., Karamanova, E., Ranguelov, B., Karamanov, A., Post-treated incinerator bottom ash as alternative raw material for ceramic manufacturing. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 32 (2012), 2843–2852.
85. Schabbach, L.M., Andreola, F., Lancellotti, I., Barbieri, L., Minimization of Pb content in a ceramic glaze by reformulation the composition with secondary raw materials. Ceram. Int. 37 (2011), 1367–1375.
86. Schabbach, L.M., Bolelli, G., Andreola, F., Lancellotti, I., Barbieri, L., Valorization of MSWI bottom ash through ceramic glazing process: a new technology. J. Cleaner Prod. 23 (2012), 147–157.
87. Schneider, S.J., 1991. Engineered Materials Handbook, Volume 4: Ceramics and Glasses. ASM International.
88. Shakir, A.A., Naganathan, S., Mustapha, K.N.B., Development of bricks from waste material: a review paper. Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 7 (2013), 812–818.
89. Shim, Y.S., Kim, Y.K., Kong, S.H., Rhee, S.W., Lee, W.K., The adsorption characteristics of heavy metals by various particle sizes of MSWI bottom ash. Waste Manage. 23 (2003), 851–857.
90. Shimaoka, T., Zhang, R., Watanabe, K., Alterations of municipal solid waste incineration residues in a landfill. Waste Manage. 27 (2007), 1444–1451.
91. Siddique, R., Use of municipal solid waste ash in concrete. Resour. Conserv. Recy. 55 (2010), 83–91.
92. Son, Y.G., Lee, W.K., Effect of mixing ratio and ph on compressive strength of paste/mortar with fly ash and bottom ash at municipal solid waste incinerators. J. Korea Soc. Waste Manage. 27 (2010), 90–94.
93. 2 savings through biomethane generation from municipal waste biogas. Biomass Bioenerg. 62 (2014), 8–16.
94. Starr, K., Peiro, L.T., Lombardi, L., Gabarrell, X., Villalba, G., Optimization of environmental benefits of carbon mineralization technologies for biogas upgrading. J. Cleaner Prod. 76 (2014), 32–41.
95. Sun, W., Sun, M., Barlaz, M.A., Characterizing the biotransformation of sulfur-containing wastes in simulated landfill reactors. Waste Manage. (New York, N.Y.) 53 (2016), 82–91.
96. Tillman, D.A., Incineration of Municipal and Hazardous Solid Wastes. 1989, Academic Press Inc, San Diego, California, USA.
97. Tintner, J., Matiasch, L., Klug, B., Germination and juvenile development of plants on municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) slag. Ecol. Eng. 87 (2016), 162–167.
98. Vichaphund, S., Jiemsirilers, S., Thavorniti, P., Sintering of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash. J. Eng. Sci. 8 (2012), 51–59.
99. Vu, D.H., Wang, K.S., Chen, J.H., Nam, B.X., Bac, B.H., Glass-ceramic from mixtures of bottom ash and fly ash. Waste Manage. 32 (2012), 2306–2314.
100. Wang, Y., Huang, L., Lau, R., Conversion of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash to sorbent material for pollutants removal from water. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 60 (2016), 275–286.
101. Wiles, C.C., Shepherd, P.B., Beneficial Use and Recycling of Municipal Waste Combustion Residues: A Comprehensive Resource Document. 1999, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Colorado, USA, 143.
102. Wu, B., Wang, D., Chai, X., Takahashi, F., Shimaoka, T., Characterization of chlorine and heavy metals for the potential recycling of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incinerators as cement additives. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng., 10, 2016.
103. Xia, Y., He, P.J., Pu, H.X., Lu, F., Shao, L.M., Zhang, H., Inhibition effects of high calcium concentration on anaerobic biological treatment of MSW leachate. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 23 (2016), 7942–7948.
104. Yamaguchi, N., Nagaishi, M., Kisu, K., Nakamura, Y., Ikeda, K., Preparation of monolithic geopolymer materials from urban waste incineration slags. J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn. 121 (2013), 847–854.
105. Yao, J., Kong, Q., Li, W., Zhu, H., Shen, D., Effect of leachate recirculation on the migration of copper and zinc in municipal solid waste and municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash co-disposed landfill. J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manage. 16 (2014), 775–783.
106. Zhang, F.S., Yamasaki, S., Kimura, K., Rare earth element content in various waste ashes and the potential risk to Japanese soils. Environ. Int. 27 (2001), 393–398.
107. Zhang, F.S., Yamasaki, S., Kimura, K., Waste ashes for use in agricultural production: II. Contents of minor and trace metals. Sci. Total Environ. 286 (2002), 111–118.
108. Zhang, F.S., Yamasaki, S., Nanzyo, M., Waste ashes for use in agricultural production: I. Liming effect, contents of plant nutrients and chemical characteristics of some metals. Sci. Total Environ. 284 (2002), 215–225.
109. Zhang, F., Itoh, H., Adsorbents made from waste ashes and post-consumer PET and their potential utilization in wastewater treatment. J. Hazard. Mater. 101 (2003), 323–337.
110. Zhang, L., Production of bricks from waste materials – a review. Constr. Build. Mater. 47 (2013), 643–655.
111. 2O oxide system. Zeng, J., Li, J., Zhu, H., (eds.) Chemical, Material and Metallurgical Engineering III, Pts 1-3, 2014, 574–578.
112. Zhang, Z., Zhang, L., Li, A., Development of a sintering process for recycling oil shale fly ash and municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash into glass ceramic composite. Waste Manage. 38 (2015), 185–193.