Association between Thyroid Function and Body Mass Index: A 10-Year Follow-Up

Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism

Volumn 70, Issue 4, 2017, Pages 338-345

  Abdi, Hengameh ^a   Kazemian, Elham ^a   Gharibzadeh, Safoora ^c,d   Amouzegar, Atieh ^a   Mehran, Ladan ^a   Tohidi, Maryam ^b   Rashvandi, Zahra ^a   Azizi, Fereidoun ^a  

^a Endocrine Research Center   (Iran)

^b SHAHID BEHESHTI UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^c Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Disease   (Iran)

^d PASTEUR INSTITUTE OF IRAN   (Iran)

Author keywords

Body mass index; Free thyroxine; Thyroid; Thyrotropin

Indexed keywords

THYROID PEROXIDASE ANTIBODY; THYROTROPIN; AUTOANTIBODY; THYROID MICROSOMAL ANTIBODIES; THYROXINE;

ADULT; AGE; ARTICLE; BODY MASS; BODY WEIGHT; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; FREE THYROXINE INDEX; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NORMAL HUMAN; OBESITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEX DIFFERENCE; SMOKING; THYROID FUNCTION; THYROID FUNCTION TEST; THYROTROPIN BLOOD LEVEL; WEIGHT CHANGE; BLOOD; IRAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; PHYSIOLOGY; THYROID GLAND; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; AUTOANTIBODIES; BODY MASS INDEX; COHORT STUDIES; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; IRAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OBESITY; OVERWEIGHT; THYROID GLAND; THYROTROPIN; THYROXINE; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 85021153060     PISSN: 02506807     EISSN: 14219697     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000477497     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Golden SH, Robinson KA, Saldanha I, Anton B, Ladenson PW: Clinical review: prevalence and incidence of endocrine and metabolic disorders in the United States: a comprehensive review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94: 1853-1878.
2. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, et al: Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2014;384: 766-781.
3. Reinehr T: Obesity and thyroid function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010;316: 165-171.
4. Senese R, Lasala P, Leanza C, de Lange P: New avenues for regulation of lipid metabolism by thyroid hormones and analogs. Front Physiol 2014;5: 475.
5. de Moura Souza A, Sichieri R: Association between serum TSH concentration within the normal range and adiposity. Eur J Endocrinol 2011;165: 11-15.
6. Sakurai M, Nakamura K, Miura K, Yoshita K, Takamura T, et al: Association between a serum thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration within the normal range and indices of obesity in Japanese men and women. Intern Med 2014;53: 669-674.
7. Kitahara CM, Platz EA, Ladenson PW, Mondul AM, Menke A, et al: Body fatness and markers of thyroid function among U.S. men and women. PLoS One 2012;7: e34979.
8. Proces S, Delgrange E, Vander Borght TV, Jamart J, Donckier JE: Minor alterations in thyroid-function tests associated with diabetes mellitus and obesity in outpatients without known thyroid illness. Acta Clin Belg 2001;56: 86-90.
9. Ortega E, Pannacciulli N, Bogardus C, Krakoff J: Plasma concentrations of free triiodothyronine predict weight change in euthyroid persons. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85: 440- 445.
10. Ambrosi B, Masserini B, Iorio L, Delnevo A, Malavazos AE, et al: Relationship of thyroid function with body mass index and insulinresistance in euthyroid obese subjects. J Endocrinol Invest 2010;33: 640-643.
11. Knudsen N, Laurberg P, Rasmussen LB, Bülow I, Perrild H, et al: Small differences in thyroid function may be important for body mass index and the occurrence of obesity in the population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90: 4019-4024.
12. Nyrnes A, Jorde R, Sundsfjord J: Serum TSH is positively associated with BMI. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006;30: 100-105.
13. Fox CS, Pencina MJ, D'Agostino RB, Murabito JM, Seely EW, et al: Relations of thyroid function to body weight: cross-sectional and longitudinal observations in a communitybased sample. Arch Intern Med 2008;168: 587-592.
14. Gopinath B, Liew G, Flood VM, Wang JJ, Kifley A, et al: The association between weight gain and thyroid function in an older population. Arch Intern Med 2008;168: 2283- 2284.
15. Soriguer F, Valdes S, Morcillo S, Esteva I, Almaraz MC, et al: Thyroid hormone levels predict the change in body weight: a prospective study. Eur J Clin Invest 2011;41: 1202-1209.
16. Svare A, Nilsen TI, Bjoro T, Asvold BO, Langhammer A: Serum TSH related to measures of body mass: longitudinal data from the HUNT Study, Norway. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2011;74: 769-775.
17. Bjergved L, Jorgensen T, Perrild H, Laurberg P, Krejbjerg A, et al: Thyroid function and body weight: a community-based longitudinal study. PLoS One 2014;9:e93515.
18. Azizi F, Amouzegar A, Delshad H, Tohidi M, Mehran L, Mehrabi Y: Natural course of thyroid disease profile in a population in nutrition transition: Tehran Thyroid Study. Arch Iran Med 2013;16: 418-423.
19. Azizi F, Ghanbarian A, Momenan AA, Hadaegh F, Mirmiran P, et al: Prevention of non-communicable disease in a population in nutrition transition: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study phase II. Trials 2009;10: 5.
20. Amouzegar A, Delshad H, Mehran L, Tohidi M, Khafaji F, et al: Reference limit of thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) in thyroperoxidase positive and negative subjects: a population based study. J Endocrinol Invest 2013;36: 950-954.
21. McNutt LA, Wu C, Xue X, Hafner JP: Estimating the relative risk in cohort studies and clinical trials of common outcomes. Am J Epidemiol 2003;157: 940-943.
22. Zou G: A modified Poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. Am J Epidemiol 2004;159: 702-706.
23. Greenland S: Model-based estimation of relative risks and other epidemiologic measures in studies of common outcomes and in casecontrol studies. Am J Epidemiol 2004;160: 301-305.
24. Bastemir M, Akin F, Alkis E, Kaptanoglu B: Obesity is associated with increased serum TSH level, independent of thyroid function. Swiss Med Wkly 2007;137: 431-434.
25. De Pergola G, Ciampolillo A, Paolotti S, Trerotoli P, Giorgino R: Free triiodothyronine and thyroid stimulating hormone are directly associated with waist circumference, independently of insulin resistance, metabolic parameters and blood pressure in overweight and obese women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007;67: 265-269.
26. Diez JJ, Iglesias P: Relationship between thyrotropin and body mass index in euthyroid subjects. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2011;119: 144-150.
27. Iacobellis G, Ribaudo MC, Zappaterreno A, Iannucci CV, Leonetti F: Relationship of thyroid function with body mass index, leptin, insulin sensitivity and adiponectin in euthyroid obese women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005;62: 487-491.
28. Galofre JC, Pujante P, Abreu C, Santos S, Guillen-Grima F, et al: Relationship between thyroid-stimulating hormone and insulin in euthyroid obese men. Ann Nutr Metab 2008;53: 188-194.
29. Solanki A, Bansal S, Jindal S, Saxena V, Shukla US: Relationship of serum thyroid stimulating hormone with body mass index in healthy adults. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2013;17(suppl 1):S167-S169.
30. Shon HS, Jung ED, Kim SH, Lee JH: Free T4 is negatively correlated with body mass index in euthyroid women. Korean J Intern Med 2008;23: 53-57.
31. Rotondi M, Leporati P, La Manna A, Pirali B, Mondello T, et al: Raised serum TSH levels in patients with morbid obesity: is it enough to diagnose subclinical hypothyroidism? Eur J Endocrinol 2009;160: 403-408.
32. Shin JA, Mo EY, Kim ES, Moon SD, Han JH: Association between lower normal free thyroxine concentrations and obesity phenotype in healthy euthyroid subjects. Int J Endocrinol 2014;2014: 104318.
33. Aggarwal N, Razvi S: Thyroid and aging or the aging thyroid? An evidence-based analysis of the literature. J Thyroid Res 2013;2013: 481287.
34. De Pergola G, Ciampolillo A, Paolotti S, Trerotoli P, Giorgino R: Free triiodothyronine and thyroid stimulating hormone are directly associated with waist circum ference, independently of insulin resistance, metabolic parameters and blood pressure in overweight and obese women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007;67: 265- 269.
35. Astrup A, Buemann B, Christensen NJ, Madsen J, Gluud C, et al: The contribution of body composition, substrates, and hormones to the variability in energy expenditure and substrate utilization in premenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992;74: 279-286.
36. Boivin M, Camirand A, Carli F, Hoffer LJ, Silva JE: Uncoupling protein-2 and -3 messenger ribonucleic acids in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle of healthy males: variability, factors affecting expression, and relation to measures of metabolic rate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85: 1975-1983.
37. Roos A, Bakker SJ, Links TP, Gans RO, Wolffenbuttel BH: Thyroid function is associated with components of the metabolic syndrome in euthyroid subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92: 491-496.
38. Brent GA: Mechanisms of thyroid hormone action. J Clin Invest 2012;122: 3035-3043.
39. Flamant F, Samarut J: Thyroid hormone receptors: lessons from knockout and knock-in mutant mice. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2003;14: 85-90.
40. Zhang J, Lazar MA: The mechanism of action of thyroid hormones. Annu Rev Physiol 2000;62: 439-466.
41. Jansen J, Friesema EC, Milici C, Visser TJ: Thyroid hormone transporters in health and disease. Thyroid 2005;15: 757-768.
42. Peeters RP, van Toor H, Klootwijk W, de Rijke YB, Kuiper GG, et al: Polymorphisms in thyroid hormone pathway genes are associated with plasma TSH and iodothyronine levels in healthy subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88: 2880-2888.
43. Hoermann R, Eckl W, Hoermann C, Larisch R: Complex relationship between free thyroxine and TSH in the regulation of thyroid function. Eur J Endocrinol 2010;162: 1123- 1129.
44. Jonklaas J, Kahric-Janicic N, Soldin OP, Soldin SJ: Correlations of free thyroid hormones measured by tandem mass spectrometry and immunoassay with thyroid-stimulating hormone across 4 patient populations. Clin Chem 2009;55: 1380-1388.
45. Makepeace AE, Bremner AP, O'Leary P, Leedman PJ, Feddema P, et al: Significant inverse relationship between serum free T4 concentration and body mass index in euthyroid subjects: differences between smokers and nonsmokers. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008;69: 648-652.
46. Johner SA, Thamm M, Stehle P, Nöthlings U, Kriener E, et al: Interrelations between thyrotropin levels and iodine status in thyroidhealthy children. Thyroid 2014;24: 1071- 1079.
47. Delshad H, Amouzegar A, Mirmiran P, Mehran L, Azizi F: Eighteen years of continuously sustained elimination of iodine deficiency in the Islamic Republic of Iran: the vitality of periodic monitoring. Thyroid 2012;22: 415-421.