Association between ambient air pollution and hospitalization for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in China: A multicity case-crossover study

Environmental Pollution

Volumn 230, Issue , 2017, Pages 234-241

  Liu, Hui ^a,b   Tian, Yaohua ^a   Xu, Yan ^c   Huang, Zhe ^a   Huang, Chao ^a   Hu, Yonghua ^a   Zhang, Jun ^c  

^a PEKING UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (China)

^b PEKING UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c PEKING UNIVERSITY PEOPLE S HOSPITAL   (China)

Author keywords

Air pollution; China; Hospitalization; Stroke

Indexed keywords

CARBON; CARBON MONOXIDE; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; HOSPITALS; NITROGEN; NITROGEN OXIDES; POLLUTION; SULFUR DIOXIDE;

AERODYNAMIC DIAMETERS; AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION; CHINA; CONDITIONAL LOGISTIC REGRESSIONS; HOSPITALIZATION; INTER QUARTILE RANGES; SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE; STROKE;

AIR POLLUTION;

CARBON MONOXIDE; NITROGEN DIOXIDE; OZONE; SULFUR DIOXIDE;

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; DEVELOPING WORLD; HOSPITAL SECTOR; STROKE;

AGED; AIR POLLUTANT; AIR POLLUTION; ARTICLE; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CHINA; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; FEMALE; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA; PARTICULATE MATTER; ANALYSIS; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CITY; CROSSOVER PROCEDURE; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; PUBLIC HEALTH; STATISTICAL MODEL; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

CHINA;

AIR POLLUTANTS; AIR POLLUTION; CARBON MONOXIDE; CHINA; CITIES; CROSS-OVER STUDIES; DEVELOPING COUNTRIES; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMANS; LOGISTIC MODELS; NITROGEN DIOXIDE; OZONE; PARTICULATE MATTER; PUBLIC HEALTH; STROKE; SULFUR DIOXIDE;

EID: 85021126497     PISSN: 02697491     EISSN: 18736424     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.06.057     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Altman, D.G., Bland, J.M., Interaction revisited: the difference between two estimates. Bmj, 326, 2003, 219.
2. Andersen, Z.J., Olsen, T.S., Andersen, K.K., Loft, S., Ketzel, M., Raaschou-Nielsen, O., Association between short-term exposure to ultrafine particles and hospital admissions for stroke in Copenhagen, Denmark. Eur. Heart J. 31 (2010), 2034–2040.
3. Babiarz, K.S., Miller, G., Yi, H., Zhang, L., Rozelle, S., New evidence on the impact of China's new rural cooperative medical scheme and its implications for rural primary healthcare: multivariate difference-in-difference analysis. Bmj, 21, 2010.
4. Carracedo-Martinez, E., Taracido, M., Tobias, A., Saez, M., Figueiras, A., Case-crossover analysis of air pollution health effects: a systematic review of methodology and application. Environ. Health Perspect. 118 (2010), 1173–1182.
5. Chen, R., Zhang, Y., Yang, C., Zhao, Z., Xu, X., Kan, H., Acute effect of ambient air pollution on stroke mortality in the China air pollution and health effects study. Stroke 44 (2013), 954–960.
6. Data, M.C., Secondary Analysis of Electronic Health Records. 2016.
7. Dockery, D.W., Luttmann-Gibson, H., Rich, D.Q., Link, M.S., Mittleman, M.A., Gold, D.R., Koutrakis, P., Schwartz, J.D., Verrier, R.L., Association of air pollution with increased incidence of ventricular tachyarrhythmias recorded by implanted cardioverter defibrillators. Environ. Health Perspect. 113 (2005), 670–674.
8. Dong, K., Medical insurance system evolution in China. China Econ. Rev. 20 (2009), 591–597.
9. Feigin, V.L., Forouzanfar, M.H., Krishnamurthi, R., Mensah, G.A., Connor, M., Bennett, D.A., Moran, A.E., Sacco, R.L., Anderson, L., Truelsen, T., O'Donnell, M., Venketasubramanian, N., Barker-Collo, S., Lawes, C.M., Wang, W., Shinohara, Y., Witt, E., Ezzati, M., Naghavi, M., Murray, C., Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 383 (2014), 245–254.
10. Feigin, V.L., Krishnamurthi, R.V., Parmar, P., Norrving, B., Mensah, G.A., Bennett, D.A., Barker-Collo, S., Moran, A.E., Sacco, R.L., Truelsen, T., Davis, S., Pandian, J.D., Naghavi, M., Forouzanfar, M.H., Nguyen, G., Johnson, C.O., Vos, T., Meretoja, A., Murray, C.J., Roth, G.A., Update on the global burden of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in 1990-2013: the GBD 2013 study. Neuroepidemiology 45 (2015), 161–176.
11. Franchini, M., Mannucci, P.M., Thrombogenicity and cardiovascular effects of ambient air pollution. Blood 118 (2011), 2405–2412.
12. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 385 (2015), 117–171.
13. Goldberg, M.S., Gasparrini, A., Armstrong, B., Valois, M.F., The short-term influence of temperature on daily mortality in the temperate climate of Montreal, Canada. Environ. Res. 111 (2011), 853–860.
14. Goldman, G.T., Mulholland, J.A., Russell, A.G., Strickland, M.J., Klein, M., Waller, L.A., Tolbert, P.E., Impact of exposure measurement error in air pollution epidemiology: effect of error type in time-series studies. Environ. Health 10 (2011), 10–61.
15. Hong, Y.C., Lee, J.T., Kim, H., Ha, E.H., Schwartz, J., Christiani, D.C., Effects of air pollutants on acute stroke mortality. Environ. Health Perspect. 110 (2002), 187–191.
16. Huang, F., Luo, Y., Guo, Y., Tao, L., Xu, Q., Wang, C., Wang, A., Li, X., Guo, J., Yan, A., Guo, X., Particulate matter and hospital admissions for stroke in Beijing, China: modification effects by ambient temperature. J. Am. Heart Assoc., 5, 2016, 003437.
17. Kan, H., Jia, J., Chen, B., Acute stroke mortality and air pollution: new evidence from Shanghai, China. J. Occup. Health 45 (2003), 321–323.
18. Kan, H., Chen, R., Tong, S., Ambient air pollution, climate change, and population health in China. Environ. Int. 42 (2012), 10–19.
19. Kaufman, J.D., Adar, S.D., Barr, R.G., Budoff, M., Burke, G.L., Curl, C.L., Daviglus, M.L., Diez Roux, A.V., Gassett, A.J., Jacobs, D.R. Jr., Kronmal, R., Larson, T.V., Navas-Acien, A., Olives, C., Sampson, P.D., Sheppard, L., Siscovick, D.S., Stein, J.H., Szpiro, A.A., Watson, K.E., Association between air pollution and coronary artery calcification within six metropolitan areas in the USA (the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis and Air Pollution): a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet 388 (2016), 696–704.
20. Kernan, W.N., Ovbiagele, B., Black, H.R., Bravata, D.M., Chimowitz, M.I., Ezekowitz, M.D., Fang, M.C., Fisher, M., Furie, K.L., Heck, D.V., Johnston, S.C., Kasner, S.E., Kittner, S.J., Mitchell, P.H., Rich, M.W., Richardson, D., Schwamm, L.H., Wilson, J.A., Guidelines for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 45 (2014), 2160–2236.
21. Ko, F.W., Tam, W., Wong, T.W., Chan, D.P., Tung, A.H., Lai, C.K., Hui, D.S., Temporal relationship between air pollutants and hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Hong Kong. Thorax 62 (2007), 780–785.
22. Ko, F.W., Tam, W., Wong, T.W., Lai, C.K., Wong, G.W., Leung, T.F., Ng, S.S., Hui, D.S., Effects of air pollution on asthma hospitalization rates in different age groups in Hong Kong. Clin. Exp. Allergy 37 (2007), 1312–1319.
23. Lim, S.S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A.D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., Amann, M., Anderson, H.R., Andrews, K.G., Aryee, M., Atkinson, C., Bacchus, L.J., Bahalim, A.N., Balakrishnan, K., Balmes, J., Barker-Collo, S., Baxter, A., Bell, M.L., Blore, J.D., Blyth, F., Bonner, C., Borges, G., Bourne, R., Boussinesq, M., Brauer, M., Brooks, P., Bruce, N.G., Brunekreef, B., Bryan-Hancock, C., Bucello, C., Buchbinder, R., Bull, F., Burnett, R.T., Byers, T.E., Calabria, B., Carapetis, J., Carnahan, E., Chafe, Z., Charlson, F., Chen, H., Chen, J.S., Cheng, A.T., Child, J.C., Cohen, A., Colson, K.E., Cowie, B.C., Darby, S., Darling, S., Davis, A., Degenhardt, L., Dentener, F., Des Jarlais, D.C., Devries, K., Dherani, M., Ding, E.L., Dorsey, E.R., Driscoll, T., Edmond, K., Ali, S.E., Engell, R.E., Erwin, P.J., Fahimi, S., Falder, G., Farzadfar, F., Ferrari, A., Finucane, M.M., Flaxman, S., Fowkes, F.G., Freedman, G., Freeman, M.K., Gakidou, E., Ghosh, S., Giovannucci, E., Gmel, G., Graham, K., Grainger, R., Grant, B., Gunnell, D., Gutierrez, H.R., Hall, W., Hoek, H.W., Hogan, A., Hosgood, H.D. 3rd, Hoy, D., Hu, H., Hubbell, B.J., Hutchings, S.J., Ibeanusi, S.E., Jacklyn, G.L., Jasrasaria, R., Jonas, J.B., Kan, H., Kanis, J.A., Kassebaum, N., Kawakami, N., Khang, Y.H., Khatibzadeh, S., Khoo, J.P., Kok, C., Laden, F., Lalloo, R., Lan, Q., Lathlean, T., Leasher, J.L., Leigh, J., Li, Y., Lin, J.K., Lipshultz, S.E., London, S., Lozano, R., Lu, Y., Mak, J., Malekzadeh, R., Mallinger, L., Marcenes, W., March, L., Marks, R., Martin, R., McGale, P., McGrath, J., Mehta, S., Mensah, G.A., Merriman, T.R., Micha, R., Michaud, C., Mishra, V., Mohd Hanafiah, K., Mokdad, A.A., Morawska, L., Mozaffarian, D., Murphy, T., Naghavi, M., Neal, B., Nelson, P.K., Nolla, J.M., Norman, R., Olives, C., Omer, S.B., Orchard, J., Osborne, R., Ostro, B., Page, A., Pandey, K.D., Parry, C.D., Passmore, E., Patra, J., Pearce, N., Pelizzari, P.M., Petzold, M., Phillips, M.R., Pope, D., Pope, C.A. 3rd, Powles, J., Rao, M., Razavi, H., Rehfuess, E.A., Rehm, J.T., Ritz, B., Rivara, F.P., Roberts, T., Robinson, C., Rodriguez-Portales, J.A., Romieu, I., Room, R., Rosenfeld, L.C., Roy, A., Rushton, L., Salomon, J.A., Sampson, U., Sanchez-Riera, L., Sanman, E., Sapkota, A., Seedat, S., Shi, P., Shield, K., Shivakoti, R., Singh, G.M., Sleet, D.A., Smith, E., Smith, K.R., Stapelberg, N.J., Steenland, K., Stockl, H., Stovner, L.J., Straif, K., Straney, L., Thurston, G.D., Tran, J.H., Van Dingenen, R., van Donkelaar, A., Veerman, J.L., Vijayakumar, L., Weintraub, R., Weissman, M.M., White, R.A., Whiteford, H., Wiersma, S.T., Wilkinson, J.D., Williams, H.C., Williams, W., Wilson, N., Woolf, A.D., Yip, P., Zielinski, J.M., Lopez, A.D., Murray, C.J., Ezzati, M., AlMazroa, M.A., Memish, Z.A., A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380 (2012), 2224–2260.
24. Liu, L., Wang, D., Wong, K.S., Wang, Y., Stroke and stroke care in China: huge burden, significant workload, and a national priority. Stroke 42 (2011), 3651–3654.
25. Lokken, R.P., Wellenius, G.A., Coull, B.A., Burger, M.R., Schlaug, G., Suh, H.H., Mittleman, M.A., Air pollution and risk of stroke: underestimation of effect due to misclassification of time of event onset. Epidemiology 20 (2009), 137–142.
26. Lucking, A.J., Lundback, M., Mills, N.L., Faratian, D., Barath, S.L., Pourazar, J., Cassee, F.R., Donaldson, K., Boon, N.A., Badimon, J.J., Sandstrom, T., Blomberg, A., Newby, D.E., Diesel exhaust inhalation increases thrombus formation in man. Eur. Heart J. 29 (2008), 3043–3051.
27. Mateen, F.J., Brook, R.D., Air pollution as an emerging global risk factor for stroke. Jama 305 (2011), 1240–1241.
28. Murray, C.J., Barber, R.M., Foreman, K.J., Abbasoglu Ozgoren, A., Abd-Allah, F., Abera, S.F., Aboyans, V., Abraham, J.P., Abubakar, I., Abu-Raddad, L.J., Abu-Rmeileh, N.M., Achoki, T., Ackerman, I.N., Ademi, Z., Adou, A.K., Adsuar, J.C., Afshin, A., Agardh, E.E., Alam, S.S., Alasfoor, D., Albittar, M.I., Alegretti, M.A., Alemu, Z.A., Alfonso-Cristancho, R., Alhabib, S., Ali, R., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Almazroa, M.A., Alsharif, U., Alvarez, E., Alvis-Guzman, N., Amare, A.T., Ameh, E.A., Amini, H., Ammar, W., Anderson, H.R., Anderson, B.O., Antonio, C.A., Anwari, P., Arnlov, J., Arsic Arsenijevic, V.S., Artaman, A., Asghar, R.J., Assadi, R., Atkins, L.S., Avila, M.A., Awuah, B., Bachman, V.F., Badawi, A., Bahit, M.C., Balakrishnan, K., Banerjee, A., Barker-Collo, S.L., Barquera, S., Barregard, L., Barrero, L.H., Basu, A., Basu, S., Basulaiman, M.O., Beardsley, J., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Bekele, T., Bell, M.L., Benjet, C., Bennett, D.A., Bensenor, I.M., Benzian, H., Bernabe, E., Bertozzi-Villa, A., Beyene, T.J., Bhala, N., Bhalla, A., Bhutta, Z.A., Bienhoff, K., Bikbov, B., Biryukov, S., Blore, J.D., Blosser, C.D., Blyth, F.M., Bohensky, M.A., Bolliger, I.W., Bora Basara, B., Bornstein, N.M., Bose, D., Boufous, S., Bourne, R.R., Boyers, L.N., Brainin, M., Brayne, C.E., Brazinova, A., Breitborde, N.J., Brenner, H., Briggs, A.D., Brooks, P.M., Brown, J.C., Brugha, T.S., Buchbinder, R., Buckle, G.C., Budke, C.M., Bulchis, A., Bulloch, A.G., Campos-Nonato, I.R., Carabin, H., Carapetis, J.R., Cardenas, R., Carpenter, D.O., Caso, V., Castaneda-Orjuela, C.A., Castro, R.E., Catala-Lopez, F., Cavalleri, F., Cavlin, A., Chadha, V.K., Chang, J.C., Charlson, F.J., Chen, H., Chen, W., Chiang, P.P., Chimed-Ochir, O., Chowdhury, R., Christensen, H., Christophi, C.A., Cirillo, M., Coates, M.M., Coffeng, L.E., Coggeshall, M.S., Colistro, V., Colquhoun, S.M., Cooke, G.S., Cooper, C., Cooper, L.T., Coppola, L.M., Cortinovis, M., Criqui, M.H., Crump, J.A., Cuevas-Nasu, L., Danawi, H., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dansereau, E., Dargan, P.I., Davey, G., Davis, A., Davitoiu, D.V., Dayama, A., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Del Pozo-Cruz, B., Dellavalle, R.P., Deribe, K., Derrett, S., Des Jarlais, D.C., Dessalegn, M., Dharmaratne, S.D., Dherani, M.K., Diaz-Torne, C., Dicker, D., Ding, E.L., Dokova, K., Dorsey, E.R., Driscoll, T.R., Duan, L., Duber, H.C., Ebel, B.E., Edmond, K.M., Elshrek, Y.M., Endres, M., Ermakov, S.P., Erskine, H.E., Eshrati, B., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Faraon, E.J., Farzadfar, F., Fay, D.F., Feigin, V.L., Felson, D.T., Fereshtehnejad, S.M., Fernandes, J.G., Ferrari, A.J., Fitzmaurice, C., Flaxman, A.D., Fleming, T.D., Foigt, N., Forouzanfar, M.H., Fowkes, F.G., Paleo, U.F., Franklin, R.C., Furst, T., Gabbe, B., Gaffikin, L., Gankpe, F.G., Geleijnse, J.M., Gessner, B.D., Gething, P., Gibney, K.B., Giroud, M., Giussani, G., Gomez Dantes, H., Gona, P., Gonzalez-Medina, D., Gosselin, R.A., Gotay, C.C., Goto, A., Gouda, H.N., Graetz, N., Gugnani, H.C., Gupta, R., Gutierrez, R.A., Haagsma, J., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hagan, H., Halasa, Y.A., Hamadeh, R.R., Hamavid, H., Hammami, M., Hancock, J., Hankey, G.J., Hansen, G.M., Hao, Y., Harb, H.L., Haro, J.M., Havmoeller, R., Hay, S.I., Hay, R.J., Heredia-Pi, I.B., Heuton, K.R., Heydarpour, P., Higashi, H., Hijar, M., Hoek, H.W., Hoffman, H.J., Hosgood, H.D., Hossain, M., Hotez, P.J., Hoy, D.G., Hsairi, M., Hu, G., Huang, C., Huang, J.J., Husseini, A., Huynh, C., Iannarone, M.L., Iburg, K.M., Innos, K., Inoue, M., Islami, F., Jacobsen, K.H., Jarvis, D.L., Jassal, S.K., Jee, S.H., Jeemon, P., Jensen, P.N., Jha, V., Jiang, G., Jiang, Y., Jonas, J.B., Juel, K., Kan, H., Karch, A., Karema, C.K., Karimkhani, C., Karthikeyan, G., Kassebaum, N.J., Kaul, A., Kawakami, N., Kazanjan, K., Kemp, A.H., Kengne, A.P., Keren, A., Khader, Y.S., Khalifa, S.E., Khan, E.A., Khan, G., Khang, Y.H., Kieling, C., Kim, D., Kim, S., Kim, Y., Kinfu, Y., Kinge, J.M., Kivipelto, M., Knibbs, L.D., Knudsen, A.K., Kokubo, Y., Kosen, S., Krishnaswami, S., Kuate Defo, B., Kucuk Bicer, B., Kuipers, E.J., Kulkarni, C., Kulkarni, V.S., Kumar, G.A., Kyu, H.H., Lai, T., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Lam, H., Lan, Q., Lansingh, V.C., Larsson, A., Lawrynowicz, A.E., Leasher, J.L., Leigh, J., Leung, R., Levitz, C.E., Li, B., Li, Y., Lim, S.S., Lind, M., Lipshultz, S.E., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Lloyd, B.K., Lofgren, K.T., Logroscino, G., Looker, K.J., Lortet-Tieulent, J., Lotufo, P.A., Lozano, R., Lucas, R.M., Lunevicius, R., Lyons, R.A., Ma, S., Macintyre, M.F., Mackay, M.T., Majdan, M., Malekzadeh, R., Marcenes, W., Margolis, D.J., Margono, C., Marzan, M.B., Masci, J.R., Mashal, M.T., Matzopoulos, R., Mayosi, B.M., Mazorodze, T.T., McGill, N.W., McGrath, J.J., McKee, M., McLain, A., Meaney, P.A., Medina, C., Mehndiratta, M.M., Mekonnen, W., Melaku, Y.A., Meltzer, M., Memish, Z.A., Mensah, G.A., Meretoja, A., Mhimbira, F.A., Micha, R., Miller, T.R., Mills, E.J., Mitchell, P.B., Mock, C.N., Mohamed Ibrahim, N., Mohammad, K.A., Mokdad, A.H., Mola, G.L., Monasta, L., Montanez Hernandez, J.C., Montico, M., Montine, T.J., Mooney, M.D., Moore, A.R., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moran, A.E., Mori, R., Moschandreas, J., Moturi, W.N., Moyer, M.L., Mozaffarian, D., Msemburi, W.T., Mueller, U.O., Mukaigawara, M., Mullany, E.C., Murdoch, M.E., Murray, J., Murthy, K.S., Naghavi, M., Naheed, A., Naidoo, K.S., Naldi, L., Nand, D., Nangia, V., Narayan, K.M., Nejjari, C., Neupane, S.P., Newton, C.R., Ng, M., Ngalesoni, F.N., Nguyen, G., Nisar, M.I., Nolte, S., Norheim, O.F., Norman, R.E., Norrving, B., Nyakarahuka, L., Oh, I.H., Ohkubo, T., Ohno, S.L., Olusanya, B.O., Opio, J.N., Ortblad, K., Ortiz, A., Pain, A.W., Pandian, J.D., Panelo, C.I., Papachristou, C., Park, E.K., Park, J.H., Patten, S.B., Patton, G.C., Paul, V.K., Pavlin, B.I., Pearce, N., Pereira, D.M., Perez-Padilla, R., Perez-Ruiz, F., Perico, N., Pervaiz, A., Pesudovs, K., Peterson, C.B., Petzold, M., Phillips, M.R., Phillips, B.K., Phillips, D.E., Piel, F.B., Plass, D., Poenaru, D., Polinder, S., Pope, D., Popova, S., Poulton, R.G., Pourmalek, F., Prabhakaran, D., Prasad, N.M., Pullan, R.L., Qato, D.M., Quistberg, D.A., Rafay, A., Rahimi, K., Rahman, S.U., Raju, M., Rana, S.M., Razavi, H., Reddy, K.S., Refaat, A., Remuzzi, G., Resnikoff, S., Ribeiro, A.L., Richardson, L., Richardus, J.H., Roberts, D.A., Rojas-Rueda, D., Ronfani, L., Roth, G.A., Rothenbacher, D., Rothstein, D.H., Rowley, J.T., Roy, N., Ruhago, G.M., Saeedi, M.Y., Saha, S., Sahraian, M.A., Sampson, U.K., Sanabria, J.R., Sandar, L., Santos, I.S., Satpathy, M., Sawhney, M., Scarborough, P., Schneider, I.J., Schottker, B., Schumacher, A.E., Schwebel, D.C., Scott, J.G., Seedat, S., Sepanlou, S.G., Serina, P.T., Servan-Mori, E.E., Shackelford, K.A., Shaheen, A., Shahraz, S., Shamah Levy, T., Shangguan, S., She, J., Sheikhbahaei, S., Shi, P., Shibuya, K., Shinohara, Y., Shiri, R., Shishani, K., Shiue, I., Shrime, M.G., Sigfusdottir, I.D., Silberberg, D.H., Simard, E.P., Sindi, S., Singh, A., Singh, J.A., Singh, L., Skirbekk, V., Slepak, E.L., Sliwa, K., Soneji, S., Soreide, K., Soshnikov, S., Sposato, L.A., Sreeramareddy, C.T., Stanaway, J.D., Stathopoulou, V., Stein, D.J., Stein, M.B., Steiner, C., Steiner, T.J., Stevens, A., Stewart, A., Stovner, L.J., Stroumpoulis, K., Sunguya, B.F., Swaminathan, S., Swaroop, M., Sykes, B.L., Tabb, K.M., Takahashi, K., Tandon, N., Tanne, D., Tanner, M., Tavakkoli, M., Taylor, H.R., Te Ao, B.J., Tediosi, F., Temesgen, A.M., Templin, T., Ten Have, M., Tenkorang, E.Y., Terkawi, A.S., Thomson, B., Thorne-Lyman, A.L., Thrift, A.G., Thurston, G.D., Tillmann, T., Tonelli, M., Topouzis, F., Toyoshima, H., Traebert, J., Tran, B.X., Trillini, M., Truelsen, T., Tsilimbaris, M., Tuzcu, E.M., Uchendu, U.S., Ukwaja, K.N., Undurraga, E.A., Uzun, S.B., Van Brakel, W.H., Van De Vijver, S., van Gool, C.H., Van Os, J., Vasankari, T.J., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F.S., Vlassov, V.V., Vollset, S.E., Wagner, G.R., Wagner, J., Waller, S.G., Wan, X., Wang, H., Wang, J., Wang, L., Warouw, T.S., Weichenthal, S., Weiderpass, E., Weintraub, R.G., Wenzhi, W., Werdecker, A., Westerman, R., Whiteford, H.A., Wilkinson, J.D., Williams, T.N., Wolfe, C.D., Wolock, T.M., Woolf, A.D., Wulf, S., Wurtz, B., Xu, G., Yan, L.L., Yano, Y., Ye, P., Yentur, G.K., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S.J., Younis, M.Z., Yu, C., Zaki, M.E., Zhao, Y., Zheng, Y., Zonies, D., Zou, X., Salomon, J.A., Lopez, A.D., Vos, T., Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition. Lancet 386 (2015), 2145–2191.
29. Nadkarni, P.M., Ohno-Machado, L., Chapman, W.W., Natural language processing: an introduction. J. Am. Med. Inf. Assoc. 18 (2011), 544–551.
30. O'Donnell, M.J., Xavier, D., Liu, L., Zhang, H., Chin, S.L., Rao-Melacini, P., Rangarajan, S., Islam, S., Pais, P., McQueen, M.J., Mondo, C., Damasceno, A., Lopez-Jaramillo, P., Hankey, G.J., Dans, A.L., Yusoff, K., Truelsen, T., Diener, H.C., Sacco, R.L., Ryglewicz, D., Czlonkowska, A., Weimar, C., Wang, X., Yusuf, S., Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control study. Lancet 376 (2010), 112–123.
31. Seaton, A., Dennekamp, M., Hypothesis: ill health associated with low concentrations of nitrogen dioxide–an effect of ultrafine particles?. Thorax 58:12 (2003 Dec), 1012–1015.
32. Shah, A.S., Lee, K.K., McAllister, D.A., Hunter, A., Nair, H., Whiteley, W., Langrish, J.P., Newby, D.E., Mills, N.L., Short term exposure to air pollution and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. Bmj, 24, 2015.
33. Sun, Q., Wang, A., Jin, X., Natanzon, A., Duquaine, D., Brook, R.D., Aguinaldo, J.G., Fayad, Z.A., Fuster, V., Lippmann, M., Chen, L.C., Rajagopalan, S., Long-term air pollution exposure and acceleration of atherosclerosis and vascular inflammation in an animal model. Jama 294 (2005), 3003–3010.
34. Tong, X., George, M.G., Gillespie, C., Merritt, R., Trends in hospitalizations and cost associated with stroke by age, United States 2003-2012. Int. J. Stroke, 16, 2016 1747493016654490.
35. Tornqvist, H., Mills, N.L., Gonzalez, M., Miller, M.R., Robinson, S.D., Megson, I.L., Macnee, W., Donaldson, K., Soderberg, S., Newby, D.E., Sandstrom, T., Blomberg, A., Persistent endothelial dysfunction in humans after diesel exhaust inhalation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 176 (2007), 395–400.
36. van Eeden, S.F., Tan, W.C., Suwa, T., Mukae, H., Terashima, T., Fujii, T., Qui, D., Vincent, R., Hogg, J.C., Cytokines involved in the systemic inflammatory response induced by exposure to particulate matter air pollutants (PM(10)). Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 164 (2001), 826–830.
37. Villeneuve, P.J., Chen, L., Stieb, D., Rowe, B.H., Associations between outdoor air pollution and emergency department visits for stroke in Edmonton, Canada. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 21 (2006), 689–700.
38. Wang, X., Qin, X., Demirtas, H., Li, J., Mao, G., Huo, Y., Sun, N., Liu, L., Xu, X., Efficacy of folic acid supplementation in stroke prevention: a meta-analysis. Lancet 369 (2007), 1876–1882.
39. Wang, W., Jiang, B., Sun, H., Ru, X., Sun, D., Wang, L., Jiang, Y., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Chen, Z., Wu, S., Zhang, Y., Wang, D., Feigin, V.L., Prevalence, incidence and mortality of stroke in China: results from a nationwide population-based survey of 480,687 adults. Circulation, 4, 2017, 025250.
40. Wellenius, G.A., Schwartz, J., Mittleman, M.A., Air pollution and hospital admissions for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke among medicare beneficiaries. Stroke 36 (2005), 2549–2553.
41. Wellenius, G.A., Burger, M.R., Coull, B.A., Schwartz, J., Suh, H.H., Koutrakis, P., Schlaug, G., Gold, D.R., Mittleman, M.A., Ambient air pollution and the risk of acute ischemic stroke. Arch. Intern Med. 172 (2012), 229–234.
42. Wong, C.M., Vichit-Vadakan, N., Kan, H., Qian, Z., Public Health and Air Pollution in Asia (PAPA): a multicity study of short-term effects of air pollution on mortality. Environ. Health Perspect. 116 (2008), 1195–1202.
43. Xiang, H., Mertz, K.J., Arena, V.C., Brink, L.L., Xu, X., Bi, Y., Talbott, E.O., Estimation of short-term effects of air pollution on stroke hospital admissions in Wuhan, China. PLoS One, 8, 2013.
44. Xie, W., Li, G., Zhao, D., Xie, X., Wei, Z., Wang, W., Wang, M., Liu, W., Sun, J., Jia, Z., Zhang, Q., Liu, J., Relationship between fine particulate air pollution and ischaemic heart disease morbidity and mortality. Heart 101 (2015), 257–263.
45. Xu, X., Li, B., Huang, H., Air pollution and unscheduled hospital outpatient and emergency room visits. Environ. Health Perspect. 103 (1995), 286–289.
46. Zeger, S.L., Thomas, D., Dominici, F., Samet, J.M., Schwartz, J., Dockery, D., Cohen, A., Exposure measurement error in time-series studies of air pollution: concepts and consequences. Environ. Health Perspect. 108 (2000), 419–426.
47. Zhao, L.P., Yu, G.P., Liu, H., Ma, X.M., Wang, J., Kong, G.L., Li, Y., Ma, W., Cui, Y., Xu, B., Yu, N., Bao, X.Y., Guo, Y., Wang, F., Zhang, J., Xie, X.Q., Jiang, B.G., Ke, Y., Control costs, enhance quality, and increase revenue in three top general public hospitals in Beijing, China. PLoS One, 8, 2013.