Evaluation of renewable energy technologies and their potential for technical integration and cost-effective use within the U.S. energy sector

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Volumn 80, Issue , 2017, Pages 1372-1388

  Tran, Thomas T D ^a   Smith, Amanda D ^a  

^a Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering   (United States)

Author keywords

Electrical grid; Emerging energy systems; Power generation; Renewable energy; System integration

Indexed keywords

COST EFFECTIVENESS; ENERGY CONVERSION; ENERGY POLICY; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; FOSSIL FUELS; INVESTMENTS;

COST EFFECTIVE; ELECTRICAL GRIDS; EMERGING ENERGY SYSTEM; ENERGY SYSTEMS; POWER- GENERATIONS; RENEWABLE ENERGIES; RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES; SYSTEM INTEGRATION; TECHNICAL COSTS; TECHNICAL INTEGRATION;

RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES;

EID: 85020431509     PISSN: 13640321     EISSN: 18790690     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.228     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. [1] Bilgili, M., Ozbek, A., Sahin, B., Kahraman, A., An overview of renewable electric power capacity and progress in new technologies in the world. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 49 (2015), 323–334, 10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.148 〈 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032115004189〉.
2. [2] Budischak, C., Sewell, D., Thomson, H., MacH, L., Veron, D.E., Kempton, W., Cost-minimized combinations of wind power, solar power and electrochemical storage, powering the grid up to 99.9% of the time. J Power Sources 225 (2013), 60–74, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.09.054 〈 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378775312014759〉.
3. [3] Jacobson, Mark Z., Delucchi, Mark A., Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I: technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials. Energy Policy 3 (2017), 1154–1169, 10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.040 〈 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.040〉.
4. [4] Jacobson, M.Z., Clean grids with current technology. Nat Clim Change 1 (2016), 1–2, 10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 [ arXiv:1011.1669v3].
5. [5] Becker, S., Frew, B.a., Andresen, G.B., Zeyer, T., Schramm, S., Greiner, M., et al. Optimized mixes of wind and solar PV and transmission grid extensions. Energy 72 (2014), 443–458 [ arXiv:1402.2833v1].
6. [6] Energy Information Administration. Internaltional energy statistics; 2015. 〈 http://www.eia.gov/beta/international/〉.
7. [7] Energy Information Administration. EIA projects world energy consumption will increase 56% by 2040; 2013. 〈 http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=12251〉.
8. [8] Energy Information Administration. Monthly energy overview. Tech. rep.; 2017. 〈 https://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/monthly/〉.
9. [9] Helfer, F., Lemckert, C., Anissimov, Y.G., Osmotic power with pressure retarded osmosis: theory, performance and trends – a review. J Membr Sci 453 (2014), 337–358, 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.10.053 〈 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S037673881300865X〉.
10. [10] Uihlein, A., Magagna, D., Wave and tidal current energy – a review of the current state of research beyond technology. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 58 (2016), 1070–1081, 10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.284 〈 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.284〉.
11. [11] Rehman, S., Al-Hadhrami, L.M., Alam, M.M., Pumped hydro energy storage system: a technological review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 44 (2015), 586–598, 10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.040 〈 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032115000106〉.
12. [12] Hussain, A., Arif, S.M., Aslam, M., Emerging renewable and sustainable energy technologies: state of the art. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 71:June 2015 (2017), 12–28, 10.1016/j.rser.2016.12.033 〈 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032116310863〉.
13. [13] Kannan, N., Vakeesan, D., Solar energy for future world: – a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 62 (2016), 1092–1105, 10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.022.
14. [14] Ozkop, E., Altas, I.H., Control, power and electrical components in wave energy conversion systems: a review of the technologies. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 67 (2017), 106–115, 10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.012 〈 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032116305044〉.
15. [15] Achilli, A., Cath, T.Y., Childress, A.E., Power generation with pressure retarded osmosis: an experimental and theoretical investigation. J Membr Sci 343:1–2 (2009), 42–52, 10.1016/j.memsci.2009.07.006 〈 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0376738809005134〉.
16. [16] Skilhagen, S.E., Dugstad, J.E., Aaberg, R.J., Osmotic power - power production based on the osmotic pressure difference between waters with varying salt gradients. Desalination 220:1–3 (2008), 476–482, 10.1016/j.desal.2007.02.045.
17. [17] Tran, T.T., Park, K., Smith, A.D., System scaling approach and thermoeconomic analysis of a pressure retarded osmosis system for power production with hypersaline draw solution: a Great Salt Lake case study. Energy 126 (2017), 97–111, 10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.002 〈 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.03.002〉.
18. [18] Yang, A.-S., Su, Y.-M., Wen, C.-Y., Juan, Y.-H., Wang, W.-S., Cheng, C.-H., Estimation of wind power generation in dense urban area. Appl Energy 171 (2016), 213–230, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.03.007 〈 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030626191630318X〉.
19. [19] Emejeamara, F.C., Tomlin, A.S., Millward-Hopkins, J.T., Urban wind: characterisation of useful gust and energy capture. Renew Energy 81 (2015), 162–172, 10.1016/j.renene.2015.03.028 〈 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.03.028〉.
20. [20] Silva Herran, D., Dai, H., Fujimori, S., Masui, T., Global assessment of onshore wind power resources considering the distance to urban areas. Energy Policy 91 (2016), 75–86, 10.1016/j.enpol.2015.12.024 〈 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2015.12.024〉.
21. [21] Agrawal, N., Zubair, M., Majumdar, A., Gahlot, R., Khare, N., Efficient up-scaling of organic solar cells. Sol Energy Mater Sol Cells 157 (2016), 960–965.
22. [22] Chong, K.-K., Khlyabich, P.P., Hong, K.-J., Reyes-Martinez, M., Rand, B.P., Loo, Y.-L., Comprehensive method for analyzing the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells under different spectral irradiances considering both photonic and electrical characteristics. Appl Energy 180 (2016), 516–523, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.08.002 〈 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306261916310893〉.
23. [23] Eftekharnejad, S., Vittal, V., Heydt, G.T., Keel, B., Loehr, J., Impact of increased penetration of photovoltaic generation on power systems. IEEE Trans Power Syst 28:2 (2013), 893–901, 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2216294.
24. [24] Sugihara, H., Yokoyama, K., Saeki, O., Tsuji, K., Funaki, T., Economic and efficient voltage management using customer-owned energy storage systems in a distribution network with high penetration of photovoltaic systems. IEEE Trans Power Syst 28:1 (2013), 102–111.
25. [25] Ghosh S, Rahman S. Global deployment of solar photovoltaics: its opportunities and challenges 2016. In: Proceedings of the IEEE PES innovative smart grid technologies conference Europe (ISGT-Europe); 2016. p. 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISGTEurope.2016.7856217. 〈 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7856217/〉.
26. [26] NERC. North American electric reliability corporation; 2017. 〈 http://www.nerc.com/AboutNERC/Pages/default.aspx〉.
27. [27] U.S. Department of Energy. Achieving 30% renewable electricity use by 2025; 2015. 〈 http://energy.gov/eere/femp/achieving-30-renewable-electricity-use-2025〉.
28. [28] Renewables portfolio standards in the United States: a status update. 〈 https://emp.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/rps_summit_nov_2013.pdf〉.
29. [29] State renewable portfolio standards and goals. 〈 http://www.ncsl.org/research/energy/renewable-portfolio-standards.aspx〉.
30. [30] Sierra Club. Cities are ready for 100% clean energy – 10 case studies. Tech. rep.; 2016. 〈 https://www.sierraclub.org/sites〉.
31. [31] Jawahar, C., Michael, P.A., A review on turbines for micro hydro power plant. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 72 (2017), 882–887, 10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.133 〈 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032117301454〉.
32. [32] Barbour, E., Wilson, I.G., Radcliffe, J., Ding, Y., Li, Y., A review of pumped hydro energy storage development in significant international electricity markets. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 61 (2016), 421–432, 10.1016/j.rser.2016.04.019 〈 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032116300363〉.
33. [33] IHA. Types of hydropower; 2014. 〈 https://www.hydropower.org/types-of-hydropower〉.
34. [34] National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Biomass energy basis; 2016. 〈 http://www.nrel.gov/workingwithus/re-biomass.html〉.
35. [35] Bai, Z., Liu, Q., Lei, J., Hong, H., Jin, H., New solar-biomass power generation system integrated a two-stage gasifier. Appl Energy 194 (2017), 310–319, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.06.081 〈 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030626191630856X〉.
36. [36] Bai, Z., Liu, Q., Lei, J., Wang, X., Sun, J., Jin, H., Thermodynamic evaluation of a novel solar-biomass hybrid power generation system. Energy Convers Manag 142 (2017), 296–306, 10.1016/j.enconman.2017.03.028 〈 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019689041730239X〉.
37. [37] Bai, Z., Liu, Q., Hong, H., Jin, H., Thermodynamics evaluation of a solar-biomass power generation system integrated a two-stage gasifier. Energy Procedia 88 (2016), 368–374, 10.1016/j.egypro.2016.06.134 〈 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1876610216302028〉.
38. [38] Liu, Q., Bai, Z., Wang, X., Lei, J., Jin, H., Investigation of thermodynamic performances for two solar-biomass hybrid combined cycle power generation systems. Energy Convers Manag 122 (2016), 252–262, 10.1016/j.enconman.2016.05.080 〈 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0196890416304654〉.
39. [39] Tran TT, Bianchi C, Park K, Smith AD. Design of housing and mesh spacer supports for salinity gradient hydroelectric power generation using pressure retarded osmosis. In: Proceedings of the technologies for sustainability (SusTech), 2015 IEEE conference; 2015. p. 141–7. 〈 http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/SusTech.2015.7314337〉.
40. [40] Tran TT, Park K, Smith AD. Performance analysis for pressure retarded osmosis: experimentation with high pressure difference and varying flow rate, considering exposed membrane area. In: Proceedings of ASME IMECE; 2016. 〈 http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/IMECE2016-67290〉.
41. [41] Hong, J.G., Zhang, B., Glabman, S., Uzal, N., Dou, X., Zhang, H., et al. Potential ion exchange membranes and system performance in reverse electrodialysis for power generation: a review. J Membr Sci 486 (2015), 71–88, 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.02.039 〈 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2015.02.039〉.
42. [42] Vaselbehagh, M., Karkhanechi, H., Takagi, R., Matsuyama, H., Biofouling phenomena on anion exchange membranes under the reverse electrodialysis process. J Membr Sci 530 (2017), 232–239, 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.02.036 〈 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376738816323456〉.
43. [43] Pawlowski, S., Rijnaarts, T., Saakes, M., Nijmeijer, K., Crespo, J.G., Velizarov, S., Improved fluid mixing and power density in reverse electrodialysis stacks with chevron-profiled membranes. J Membr Sci 531 (2017), 111–121, 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.03.003 〈 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376738816322918〉.
44. [44] Tufa, R.A., Rugiero, E., Chanda, D., Hnàt, J., van Baak, W., Veerman, J., et al. Salinity gradient power-reverse electrodialysis and alkaline polymer electrolyte water electrolysis for hydrogen production. J Membr Sci 514 (2016), 155–164, 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.04.067.
45. [45] SaltPower; 2017. 〈 http://www.saltpower.net/〉.
46. [46] Modi, A., Bühler, F., Andreasen, J.G., Haglind, F., A review of solar energy based heat and power generation systems. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 67 (2017), 1047–1064, 10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.075 〈 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.075〉.
47. [47] Chen, J.-T., Hsu, C.-S., Conjugated polymer nanostructures for organic solar cell applications. Polym Chem, 2(12), 2011, 2707, 10.1039/c1py00275a.
48. [48] Liang, E., Chin, C., Asri, M., Teridi, M., Hoong, C., A review of recent plasmonic nanoparticles incorporated P3HT PCBM organic thin film solar cells. Org Electron 36 (2016), 12–28, 10.1016/j.orgel.2016.05.029.
49. [49] Joorgensen, M., Norrman, K., Gevorgyan, S.A., Tromholt, T., Andreasen, B., Krebs, F.C., Stability of polymer solar cells. Adv Mater 24:5 (2012), 580–612, 10.1002/adma.201104187.
50. [50] Ismail, Y.A., Kishi, N., Soga, T., Improvement of organic solar cells using aluminium microstructures prepared in PEDOT:PSS buffer layer by using ultrasonic ablation technique. Thin Solid Films 616 (2016), 73–79, 10.1016/j.tsf.2016.08.001 〈 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040609016304230〉.
51. [51] Simões, T., Estanqueiro, A., A new methodology for urban wind resource assessment. Renew Energy 89 (2016), 598–605, 10.1016/j.renene.2015.12.008 〈 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148115305152〉.
52. [52] Emejeamara, F., Tomlin, A., Millward-Hopkins, J., Urban wind: of useful gust and energy capture. Renew Energy 81 (2015), 162–172, 10.1016/j.renene.2015.03.028 〈 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148115002104〉.
53. [53] Grieser, B., Sunak, Y., Madlener, R., Economics of small wind turbines in urban settings: an empirical investigation for Germany. Renew Energy 78 (2015), 334–350, 10.1016/j.renene.2015.01.008 〈 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148115000154〉.
54. [54] Simões, T., Estanqueiro, A., A new methodology for urban wind resource assessment. Renew Energy 89 (2016), 598–605, 10.1016/j.renene.2015.12.008.
55. [55] U.S. Department of Energy. Types of hydropower plants; 2016. 〈 http://energy.gov/eere/water/types-hydropower-plants〉.
56. [56] ESA. Pumped hydroelectric storage. 〈 http://energystorage.org/energy-storage/technologies/pumped-hydroelectric-storage〉.
57. [57] Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The national hydropower map; 2014. 〈 http://nhaap.ornl.gov/content/national-hydropower-map〉.
58. [58] BiomassMagazine. Biomass plants; 2016. 〈 http://biomassmagazine.com/plants/listplants/biomass/US/〉.
59. [59] Expert Panel on Energy Use and Climate Change. Technology and policy options for a low-emission energy system in Canada: expert panel on energy use and climate change. Council of Canadian Academies; 2015. 〈 https://books.google.de/books?id=YAzlCgAAQBAJ〉.
60. [60] Dispatchable source of electricity. 〈 http://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Dispatchable_source_of_electricity〉.
61. [61] Non-dispatchable source of electricity. 〈 http://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Non-dispatchable_source_of_electricity〉.
62. [62] Losi, A., Mancarella, P., Vicino, A., Integration of demand response into the electricity chain: challenges, opportunities and smart grid solutions. 2015, Wiley 〈 https://books.google.com/books?id=P2ThCgAAQBAJ〉.
63. [63] National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Solar maps; 2016. 〈 http://www.nrel.gov/gis/solar.html〉.
64. [64] National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Wind maps; 2016. 〈 http://www.nrel.gov/gis/wind.html〉.
65. [65] National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Geothermal maps; 2016. 〈 http://www.nrel.gov/gis/geothermal.html〉.
66. [66] Electric Power Research Institute. Mapping and assessment of the United States ocean wave energy resource. Technical report; 2011. p. 176.
67. [67] GTRC. Assessment of energy production potential from tidal streams in the United States final project. Tech. rep.; 2011.
68. [68] Energy Information Administration. Energy consumption overview: estimates by energy source and end-use sector, 2014 (Trillion Btu); 2017. 〈 https://www.eia.gov/state/seds〉.
69. [69] Energy Information Administration. Renewable energy sources - energy explained, your guide to understanding energy - energy information administration. 〈 http://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/index.cfm?page=renewable__home〉.
70. [70] Stein JS, Hansen C, Reno MJ. The variability index: a new and novel metric for quantifying irradiance and PV output variability; 2012.
71. [71] Carrara S, Marangoni G. Including system integration of variable renewable energies in a constant elasticity of substitution framework: The case of the WITCH model. Energy Econ http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.08.017.
72. [72] Stoutenburg, E.D., Jenkins, N., Jacobson, M.Z., Variability and uncertainty of wind power in the California electric power system. Wind Energy, 17(9), 2013, 10.1002/we.1640 [n/a–n/a] 〈 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/we.1640〉.
73. [73] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Catalog of CHP technologies. Tech. rep.; Mar 2015. 〈 https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-07/documents/〉.
74. [74] California Clean Energy Tour - Alta wind farm powers homes; 2016. 〈 http://www.energy.ca.gov/tour/alta/〉.
75. [75] Loeb, S., van Hessen, F., Shahaf, D., Production of energy from concentrated brines by pressure-retarded osmosis. J Membr Sci 1 (1976), 249–269, 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)82271-1.
76. [76] Loeb, S., One hundred and thirty benign and renewable megawatts from Great Salt Lake? The possibilities of hydroelectric power by pressure-retarded osmosis. Desalination 141:1 (2001), 85–91, 10.1016/S0011-9164(01)00392-7.
77. [77] Achilli, A., Childress, A.E., Pressure retarded osmosis: from the vision of Sidney Loeb to the first prototype installation - Review. Desalination 261:3 (2010), 205–211, 10.1016/j.desal.2010.06.017 〈 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0011916410004091〉.
78. [78] O'Toole, G., Jones, L., Coutinho, C., Hayes, C., Napoles, M., Achilli, A., River-to-sea pressure retarded osmosis: resource utilization in a full-scale facility. Desalination 389 (2016), 39–51, 10.1016/j.desal.2016.01.012 〈 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.01.012〉.
79. [79] Achilli, A., Prante, J.L., Hancock, N.T., Maxwell, E.B., Childress, A.E., Experimental results from RO-PRO: a next generation system for low-energy desalination. Environ Sci Technol 48:11 (2014), 6437–6443, 10.1021/es405556s 〈 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es405556s〉.
80. [80] Klaysom, C., Cath, T.Y., Depuydt, T., Vankelecom, I.F.J., Forward and pressure retarded osmosis: potential solutions for global challenges in energy and water supply. Chem Soc Rev 42:16 (2013), 6959–6989, 10.1039/c3cs60051c 〈 http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2013/cs/c3cs60051c〉.
81. [81] Prante, J.L., Ruskowitz, J.a., Childress, A.E., Achilli, A., RO-PRO desalination: an integrated low-energy approach to seawater desalination. Appl Energy 120 (2014), 104–114, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.01.013.
82. [82] Logan, B.E., Elimelech, M., Membrane-based processes for sustainable power generation using water. Nature 488:7411 (2012), 313–319, 10.1038/nature11477 〈 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22895336〉.
83. [83] Lin, S., Yip, N.Y., Cath, T.Y., Osuji, C.O., Elimelech, M., Hybrid pressure retarded osmosis-membrane distillation system for power generation from low-grade heat: thermodynamic analysis and energy efficiency. Environ Sci Technol 48:9 (2014), 5306–5313, 10.1021/es405173b 〈 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es405173b〉.
84. [84] Bush, S.F., Smart grid: communication-enabled Intelligence for the electric power grid. 2014, Wiley - IEEE, Wiley 〈 https://books.google.com/books?id=C0ecAgAAQBAJ〉.
85. [85] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Centralized generation; 2016. 〈 https://www.epa.gov/energy/centralized-generation〉.
86. [86] Massey GW, NFP Association, NEC. (Body). Essentials of distributed generation systems, essentials of electricity series. Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2010. 〈 https://books.google.com/books?id=Un-LBc8T0GYC〉.
87. [87] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Distributed generation; 2016. 〈 https://www.epa.gov/energy/distributed-generation〉.
88. [88] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. About the U.S. electricity system and its impact on the environment; 2016. 〈 https://www.epa.gov/energy/about-us-electricity-system-and-its-impact-environment〉.
89. [89] U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Grand coulee dam; 2016. 〈 http://www.usbr.gov/pn/grandcoulee/〉.
90. [90] SunPower. The solar star projects; 2016. 〈 https://us.sunpower.com/utility-scale-solar-power-plants/solar-energy-projects/〉.
91. [91] FirstSolar. Topaz solar farm; 2016. 〈 http://www.firstsolar.com/en/About-Us/Projects/Topaz-Solar-Farm〉.
92. [92] FirstSolar. Desert sunlight solar farm; 2016. 〈 http://www.firstsolar.com/en/About-Us/Projects/Desert-Sunlight-Solar-Farm〉.
93. [93] IvanpahSolar. Ivanpah solar electric generating system; 2016. 〈 http://www.ivanpahsolar.com〉.
94. [94] Energy Information Administration. Twelve states produced 80% of U.S. wind power in 2013; 2013. 〈 http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=15851〉.
95. [95] CA.GOV. Alta wind energy center is the nation's largest wind facility; 2016. 〈 http://www.energy.ca.gov/tour/alta/〉.
96. [96] U.S. Department of Energy. Offshore wind research and development 2016. 〈 http://energy.gov/eere/wind/offshore-wind-research-and-development〉.
97. [97] Energy Information Administration. Net generation from renewable sources; 2016. 〈 http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.cfm?t=epmt_1_1_a〉.
98. [98] 2015 Annual U.S. & global geothermal power production report. Geothermal energy association; 2015. p. 21.
99. [99] CalPine. The geysers; 2016. 〈 http://www.geysers.com/default.aspx〉.
100. [100] Energy Information Administration. U.S. has large geothermal resources, but recent growth is slower than wind or solar; 2016. 〈 http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?Id=3970〉.
101. [101] FloridaCrystals. Florida crystals – New Hope Power Co.; 2016. 〈 https://www.floridacrystals.com/sustaining-the-environment/renewable-energy-112〉.
102. [102] Sappi. Sappi fine paper North America somerset plant; 2016. 〈 https://www.sappi.com/〉.
103. [103] Energy Information Administration. Capacity factors for utility scale generators not primarily using fossil fuels. 〈 https://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.cfm?T=epmt_6_07_b〉.
104. [104] Alami, A.H., Aokal, K., Abed, J., Alhemyari, M., Low pressure, modular compressed air energy storage (CAES) system for wind energy storage applications. Renew Energy 106 (2017), 201–211, 10.1016/j.renene.2017.01.002 〈 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960148117300022〉.
105. [105] Ji, W., Zhou, Y., Sun, Y., Zhang, W., An, B., Wang, J., Thermodynamic analysis of a novel hybrid wind-solar-compressed air energy storage system. Energy Convers Manag 142 (2017), 176–187, 10.1016/j.enconman.2017.02.053 〈 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S019689041730153X〉.
106. [106] Mahani, K., Farzan, F., Jafari, M.A., Network-aware approach for energy storage planning and control in the network with high penetration of renewables. Appl Energy 195 (2017), 974–990, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.03.118 [〈 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261917303653〉].
107. [107] Deng, Z., Xu, Y., Gu, W., Fei, Z., Finite-time convergence robust control of battery energy storage system to mitigate wind power fluctuations. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 91 (2017), 144–154, 10.1016/j.ijepes.2017.03.012 〈 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014206151632525X〉.
108. [108] Denholm P, Ela E, Kirby B, Milligan M. The role of energy storage with renewable electricity generation NREL/; January 2010. p. 1–53. doi:69. 〈 http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/47187.pdf〉.
109. [109] Denholm P, Jorgenson J, Jenkin T, Palchak D, Kirby B, Malley MO. The value of energy storage for grid applications. 37; May 2013. http://dx.doi.org/NREL/TP-6A20-58465, 〈 http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy13osti/58465.pdf〉.
110. [110] Energy Information Administration. Capital cost estimates for utility scale electricity generating plants; 2013. 〈 http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/capitalcost/pdf/updated_capcost.pdf〉.
111. [111] National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Distributed generation renewable energy estimate of costs. Tech. Rep.; 2016. 〈 http://www.nrel.gov/analysis/tech_lcoe_re_cost_est.html〉.
112. [112] International Energy Agency. Renewable energy essentials: hydropower, renewable energy. 50; March 2010. p. 1–4. 〈 http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/name,3930,en.html〉.
113. [113] Energy Information Administration. Levelized cost and levelized avoided cost of new generation resources in the annual energy outlook 2016. Tech. Rep; August 2016. 〈 https://www.eia.gov/outlooks/aeo/pdf/electricity_generation.pdf〉.
114. [114] National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Levelized cost of energy calculator; 2016. 〈 http://www.nrel.gov/analysis/tech_lcoe.html〉.