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then it certainly dwarfs the networks studied here, having, it is estimated, about a billion vertices at the time of writing
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and more recently in physics [see S. Redner, Eur. Phys. J. B 4, 131 (1998)]. In these networks, the actors are papers and the (directed) ties between them are citations of one paper by another. However, while citation data are plentiful and many results are known, citation networks are not true social networks since the authors of two papers need not be acquainted for one of them to cite the other’s work. On the other hand, citation probably does imply a certain congruence in the subject matter of the two papers, which, although not a social relationship, may certainly be of interest for other reasons.
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