Surveillance of vaccination coverage among adult populations-United States, 2015

MMWR Surveillance Summaries

Volumn 66, Issue 11, 2017, Pages 1-28

  Williams, Walter W ^a   Lu, Peng Jun ^a   O'Halloran, Alissa ^a,b   Kim, David K ^a   Grohskopf, Lisa A ^a   Pilishvili, Tamara ^a   Skoff, Tami H ^a   Nelson, Noele P ^c   Harpaz, Rafael ^a   Markowitz, Lauri E ^a   Rodriguez Lainz, Alfonso ^d   Fiebelkorn, Amy Parker ^a  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR IMMUNIZATION AND RESPIRATORY DISEASES   (United States)

^b FREDERICK NATIONAL LABORATORY FOR CANCER RESEARCH   (United States)

^c CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^d NATIONAL CENTER FOR EMERGING AND ZOONOTIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

VACCINE;

ADULT; AGED; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; UNITED STATES; UTILIZATION; VACCINATION; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; AGED; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; UNITED STATES; VACCINATION; VACCINES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 85019171511     PISSN: 15460738     EISSN: 15458636     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.ss6611a1     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. CDC. Estimates of deaths associated with seasonal influenza-United States, 1976-2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2010;59:1057-62.
2. Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, et al. Influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States. JAMA 2004;292:1333-40. 10.1001/ jama.292.11.1333 http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.292.11.1333
3. Tomczyk S, Bennett NM, Stoecker C, et al. Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among adults aged =65 years: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63:822-5.
4. Yawn BP, Saddier P, Wollan PC, St Sauver JL, Kurland MJ, Sy LS. A population-based study of the incidence and complication rates of herpes zoster before zoster vaccine introduction. Mayo Clin Proc 2007;82:1341-9 10.4065/82.11.1341 http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/82.11.1341
5. Williams WW, Lu P-J, O'Halloran AO, et al. Surveillance of vaccination coverage among adult populations-United States, 2014. MMWR Surveill Summ 2016;65(No. SS-1).
6. CDC. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years and older-United States, 2017 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66:1-4.
7. CDC. Flu vaccination coverage, United States, 2015-16 influenza season. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2015 https://www.cdc.gov/flu/fluvaxview/coverage-1516estimates.htm.
8. Black CL, Yue X, Ball SW, et al. Influenza vaccination coverage among health care personnel-United States, 2014-15 influenza season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:993-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/ mmwr.mm6436a1
9. Ding H, Black CL, Ball S, et al. Flu vaccination among pregnant women-United States, 2015-16 flu season. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016.https://www. cdc.gov/flu/fluvaxview/pregnant-coverage_1516estimates.htm
10. CDC. Surveillance of influenza vaccination coverage-United States, 2007-08 through 2011-12 influenza seasons. MMWR Surveill Summ 2013;62(No. SS-4).
11. CDC) Estimated influenza illnesses and hospitalizations averted by influenza vaccination-United States, 2012-13 influenza season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62:997-1000.
12. Reed C, Kim IK, Singleton JA, et al. Estimated influenza illnesses and hospitalizations averted by vaccination-United States, 2013-14 influenza season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63:1151-4.
13. Community Preventive Services Task Force. The guide to community preventive services. Vaccination-Task Force findings. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2017. https://www. thecommunityguide.org
14. National Vaccine Advisory Committee. Recommendations from the National Vaccine Advisory Committee: standards for adult immunization practice. Public Health Rep 2014;129:115-23.
15. Black CL, Yue X, Ball SW, et al. Influenza vaccination coverage among health care personnel-United States, 2014-15 influenza season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:993-9. http://dx.doi. org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6436a1
16. Black CL, Yue X, Ball SW, et al. Influenza vaccination coverage among health care personnel-United States, 2013-14 influenza season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63:805-11.
17. Black CL, Yue X, Ball SW, et al. Influenza vaccination coverage among health care personnel-United States, 2015-16 influenza season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:1026-31. http://dx.doi. org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6538a2.
18. Tomczyk S, Bennett NM, Stoecker C, et al. Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among adults aged =65 years: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63:822-5.
19. CDC. Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for adults with immunocompromising conditions: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012;61:816-9.
20. Kobayashi M, Bennett NM, Gierke R, et al. Intervals between PCV13 and PPSV23 vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:944-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6434a4
21. CDC. Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine in adults aged 65 years and older-Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012;61:468-70.
22. Sheridan SL, Frith K, Snelling TL, Grimwood K, McIntyre PB, Lambert SB. Waning vaccine immunity in teenagers primed with whole cell and acellular pertussis vaccine: recent epidemiology. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014;13:1081-106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14760584.2014.944167
23. Koepke R, Eickhoff JC, Ayele RA, et al. Estimating the effectiveness of tetanus-diphtheria-acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) for preventing pertussis: evidence of rapidly waning immunity and difference in effectiveness by Tdap brand. J Infect Dis 2014;210:942-53. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiu322
24. Skoff TH, Martin SW. Impact of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccinations on reported pertussis cases among those 11 to 18 years of age in an era of waning pertussis immunity-a follow-up analysis. JAMA Pediatr 2016;170:453-8. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.4875
25. Suryadevara M, Domachowske JB. Prevention of pertussis through adult vaccination. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015;11:1744-7. http://dx.doi. org/10.1080/21645515.2015.1038442
26. Wendelboe AM, Van Rie A, Salmaso S, Englund JA. Duration of immunity against pertussis after natural infection or vaccination. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2005;24(Suppl):S58-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01. inf.0000160914.59160.41
27. Magpantay FMG, Domenech DE Cellès M, Rohani P, King AA. Pertussis immunity and epidemiology: mode and duration of vaccine-induced immunity. Parasitology 2016;143:835-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ S0031182015000979
28. CDC. Long-term effectiveness of whooping cough vaccines. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/pregnant/mom/vacc-effectiveness.html
29. Liko J, Robison SG, Cieslak PR. Priming with whole-cell versus acellular pertussis vaccine. N Engl J Med 2013;368:581-2. http://dx.doi. org/10.1056/NEJMc1212006
30. Klein NP, Bartlett J, Fireman B, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Baxter R. Comparative effectiveness of acellular versus whole-cell pertussis vaccines in teenagers. Pediatrics 2013;131:e1716-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/ peds.2012-3836
31. CDC. Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) in pregnant women-Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2012 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2013;62:131-5.
32. United States Government Accountability Office. Report to Congressional Committees. Medicare-many factors, including administrative challenges, affect access to Part D vaccinations. GAO-12-61. December 2011. http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-12-61
33. Hurley LP, Lindley MC, Harpaz R, et al. Barriers to the use of herpes zoster vaccine. Ann Intern Med 2010;152:555-60. 10.7326/0003-4819-152-9-201005040-00005 http://dx.doi. org/10.7326/0003-4819-152-9-201005040-00005
34. Joon Lee T, Hayes S, Cummings DM, et al. Herpes zoster knowledge, prevalence, and vaccination rate by race. J Am Board Fam Med 2013;26:45-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2013.01.120154
35. Harpaz R, Ortega-Sanchez IR, Seward JF; Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevention of herpes zoster: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2008;57(No. RR-5):1-30.
36. Berkowitz EM, Moyle G, Stellbrink HJ, et al.; Zoster-015 HZ/su Study Group. Safety and immunogenicity of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit candidate vaccine in HIV-infected adults: a phase 1/2a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Infect Dis 2015;211:1279-87.
37. Stadtmauer EA, Sullivan KM, Marty FM, et al. A phase 1/2 study of an adjuvanted varicella-zoster virus subunit vaccine in autologous hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. Blood 2014;124:2921-9. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2014-04-573048
38. Lal H, Zahaf T, Heineman TC. Safety and immunogenicity of an AS01-adjuvanted varicella zoster virus subunit candidate vaccine (HZ/su): a phase-I, open-label study in Japanese adults. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013;9:1425-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/hv.24269
39. Mullane KM, Winston DJ, Wertheim MS, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of heat-treated zoster vaccine (ZVHT) in immunocompromised adults. J Infect Dis 2013;208:1375-85. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit344
40. Chlibek R, Pauksens K, Rombo L, et al. Long-term immunogenicity and safety of an investigational herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. Vaccine 2016;34:863-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. vaccine.2015.09.073
41. Lal H, Cunningham AL, Godeaux O, et al.; ZOE-50 Study Group. Efficacy of an adjuvanted herpes zoster subunit vaccine in older adults. N Engl J Med 2015;372:2087-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/ NEJMoa1501184
42. Cunningham AL, Lal H, Kovac M, et al.; ZOE-70 Study Group. Efficacy of the herpes zoster subunit vaccine in adults 70 years of age or older. N Engl J Med 2016;375:1019-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1603800
43. Markowitz LE, Dunne EF, Saraiya M, et al. Human papillomavirus vaccination: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2014;63(No. RR-5).
44. Petrosky E, Bocchini JA Jr, Hariri S, et al. Use of 9-valent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine: updated HPV vaccination recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015;64:300-4.
45. Reagan-Steiner s, Yankey D, Jeyarajah J, et al. National, regional, state, and selected local area vaccination coverage among adolescents aged 13-17 years-United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:850-8. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/ mm6533a4.htm?s_cid=mm6533a4_w
46. Hariri S, Unger ER, Sternberg M, et al. Prevalence of genital human papillomavirus among females in the United States, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2006. J Infect Dis 2011;204:566-73 10.1093/infdis/jir341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ infdis/jir341
47. Liu G, Markowitz LE, Hariri S, Panicker G, Unger ER. Seroprevalence of 9 human papillomavirus types in the United States, 2005-2006. J Infect Dis 2016;213:191-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiv403
48. Burger EA, Sy S, Nygård M, Kristiansen IS, Kim JJ. Too late to vaccinate? The incremental benefits and cost-effectiveness of a delayed catch-up program using the 4-valent human papillomavirus vaccine in Norway. J Infect Dis 2015;211:206-15. 10.1093/infdis/jiu413 http://dx.doi. org/10.1093/infdis/jiu413
49. Chesson HW, Markowitz LE. The cost-effectiveness of human papillomavirus vaccine catch-up programs for women. J Infect Dis 2015;211:172-4 10.1093/infdis/jiu414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ infdis/jiu414
50. Elbasha EH, Dasbach EJ, Insinga RP. Model for assessing human papillomavirus vaccination strategies. Emerg Infect Dis 2007;13:28-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1301.060438
51. Jit M, Choi YH, Edmunds WJ. Economic evaluation of human papillomavirus vaccination in the United Kingdom. BMJ 2008;337:a769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a769
52. French KM, Barnabas RV, Lehtinen M, et al. Strategies for the introduction of human papillomavirus vaccination: modelling the optimum age-and sex-specific pattern of vaccination in Finland. Br J Cancer 2007;96:514-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6603575
53. Regan DG, Philp DJ, Hocking JS, Law MG. Modelling the populationlevel impact of vaccination on the transmission of human papillomavirus type 16 in Australia. Sex Health 2007;4:147-63. http://dx.doi. org/10.1071/SH07042
54. Dasbach EJ, Insinga RP, Yang YC, Pwu RF, Lac C, Elbasha EH. The cost-effectiveness of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in Taiwan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2008;9:459-66.
55. Liu Y-J, Zhang Q, Hu SY, Zhao FH. Effect of vaccination age on costeffectiveness of human papillomavirus vaccination against cervical cancer in China. BMC Cancer 2016;16:164. 10.1186/s12885-016-2207-3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12885-016-2207-3
56. Hariri S, Markowitz LE, Dunne EF, Unger ER. Population impact of HPV vaccines: summary of early evidence. J Adolesc Health 2013;53:679-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.09.018
57. Fairley CK, Hocking JS, Gurrin LC, Chen MY, Donovan B, Bradshaw CS. Rapid decline in presentations of genital warts after the implementation of a national quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccination programme for young women. Sex Transm Infect 2009;85:499-502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.2009.037788
58. Tabrizi SN, Brotherton JM, Kaldor JM, et al. Fall in human papillomavirus prevalence following a national vaccination program. J Infect Dis 2012;206:1645-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis590
59. Drolet M, Bénard é, Boily MC, et al. Population-level impact and herd effects following human papillomavirus vaccination programmes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2015;15:565-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(14)71073-4
60. Chesson HW, Ekwueme DU, Saraiya M, Dunne EF, Markowitz LE. The cost-effectiveness of male HPV vaccination in the United States. Vaccine 2011;29:8443-50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. vaccine.2011.07.096
61. Chesson H, Markowitz L. The cost effectiveness of quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccination of females over age 12 years in the United States. In: Alary M, ed. Proceedings of the 19th conference of the International Society for STD Research (Quebec City, Canada); July 10-13, 2011; Bologna, Italy: Medimond, 2011:19-22.
62. Elbasha EH, Dasbach EJ, Insinga RP. A multi-type HPV transmission model. Bull Math Biol 2008;70:2126-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/ s11538-008-9338-x
63. Usher C, Tilson L, Olsen J, Jepsen M, Walsh C, Barry M. Costeffectiveness of human papillomavirus vaccine in reducing the risk of cervical cancer in Ireland due to HPV types 16 and 18 using a transmission dynamic model. Vaccine 2008;26:5654-61. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.098
64. Kim JJ, Goldie SJ. Health and economic implications of HPV vaccination in the United States. N Engl J Med 2008;359:821-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa0707052
65. Dasbach EJ, Insinga RP, Elbasha EH. The epidemiological and economic impact of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine (6/11/16/18) in the UK. BJOG 2008;115:947-56. http://dx.doi. org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2008.01743.x
66. Kulasingam S, Connelly L, Conway E, et al. A cost-effectiveness analysis of adding a human papillomavirus vaccine to the Australian National Cervical Cancer Screening Program. Sex Health 2007;4:165-75. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1071/SH07043
67. Insinga RP, Dasbach EJ, Elbasha EH, Puig A, Reynales-Shigematsu LM. Cost-effectiveness of quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in Mexico: a transmission dynamic model-based evaluation. Vaccine 2007;26:128-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.10.056
68. Viens LJ, Henley SJ, Watson M, et al. Human papillomavirus-associated cancers-United States, 2008-2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:661-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6526a1
69. CDC. Human papillomavirus-associated cancers-United States, 2004-2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012;61:258-61.
70. Markowitz LE, Liu G, Hariri S, Steinau M, Dunne EF, Unger ER. Prevalence of HPV after introduction of the vaccination program in the United States. Pediatrics 2016;137:e20151968. Doi: 10. 1542/ peds.2015-1968 Epub 2016 Feb 22.
71. Flagg EW, Schwartz R, Weinstock H. Prevalence of anogenital warts among participants in private health plans in the United States, 2003-2010: potential impact of human papillomavirus vaccination. Am J Public Health 2013;103:1428-35. 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301182 http:// dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301182
72. Hariri S, Johnson ML, Bennett NM, et al. Population-based trends in high-grade cervical lesions in the early human papillomavirus vaccine era in the United States. Cancer 2015;121:2775-81. Doi: 10. 1002/ cncr.29266
73. Garland SM, Kjaer SK, Muñoz N, et al. Impact and effectiveness of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine: a systematic review of 10 years of real-world experience. Clin Infect Dis 2016;63:519-27. Doi: 10. 1093/cid/ciw354
74. Bollerup S, Baldur-Felskov B, Blomberg M, et al. Significant reduction in the incidence of genital warts in young men 5 years into the Danish human papillomavirus vaccination program for girls and women. Sex Transm Dis 2016;43:238-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ OLQ.0000000000000418
75. Baldur-Felskov B, Dehlendorff C, Munk C, Kjaer SK. Early impact of human papillomavirus vaccination on cervical neoplasia-nationwide follow-up of young Danish women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014;106:djt460. Doi: 10. 1093/jnci/djt460
76. Baldur-Felskov B, Dehlendorff C, Junge J, Munk C, Kjaer SK. Incidence of cervical lesions in Danish women before and after implementation of a national HPV vaccination program. Cancer Causes Control 2014;25:915-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-014-0392-4
77. Blomberg M, Dehlendorff C, Munk C, Kjaer SK. Strongly decreased risk of genital warts after vaccination against human papillomavirus: nationwide follow-up of vaccinated and unvaccinated girls in Denmark. Clin Infect Dis 2013;57:929-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit436
78. Baandrup L, Blomberg M, Dehlendorff C, Sand C, Andersen KK, Kjaer SK. Significant decrease in the incidence of genital warts in young Danish women after implementation of a national human papillomavirus vaccination program. Sex Transm Dis 2013;40:130-5.
79. Jeyarajah J, Elam-Evans LD, Stokley S, Smith PJ, Singleton JA. Human papillomavirus vaccination coverage among girls before 13 years: a birth year cohort analysis of the National Immunization Survey-Teen, 2008-2013. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2016;55:904-14. http://dx.doi. org/10.1177/0009922815616245
80. Lu PJ, O'Halloran A, Williams WW, Lindley MC, Farrall S, Bridges CB. Racial and ethnic disparities in vaccination coverage among adult populations in the U.S. Am J Prev Med 2015;49(Suppl 4):S412-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.03.005
81. Singleton JA, Santibanez TA, Wortley PM. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination of adults aged = 65: racial/ethnic differences. Am J Prev Med 2005;29:412-20. 10.1016/j.amepre.2005.08.012 http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.amepre.2005.08.012
82. Lindley MC, Wortley PM, Winston CA, Bardenheier BH. The role of attitudes in understanding disparities in adult influenza vaccination. Am J Prev Med 2006;31:281-5 10.1016/j.amepre.2006.06.025. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2006.06.025
83. Bach PB, Pham HH, Schrag D, Tate RC, Hargraves JL. Primary care physicians who treat blacks and whites. N Engl J Med 2004;351:575-84. 10.1056/NEJMsa040609 http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa040609
84. Gemson DH, Elinson J, Messeri P. Differences in physician prevention practice patterns for white and minority patients. J Community Health 1988;13:53-64. 10.1007/BF01321480 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/ BF01321480
85. Schwartz KL, Neale AV, Northrup J, et al. Racial similarities in response to standardized offer of influenza vaccination. J Gen Intern Med 2006;21:346-51. 10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00401.x http://dx.doi. org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00401.x
86. Daniels NA, Gouveia S, Null D, Gildengorin GL, Winston CA. Acceptance of pneumococcal vaccine under standing orders by race and ethnicity. J Natl Med Assoc 2006;98:1089-94.
87. Humiston SG, Bennett NM, Long C, et al. Increasing inner-city adult influenza vaccination rates: a randomized controlled trial. Public Health Rep 2011;126(Suppl 2):39-47.
88. Bridges CB, Hurley LP, Williams WW, Ramakrishnan A, Dean AK, Groom AV. Meeting the challenges of immunizing adults. Am J Prev Med 2015;49(Suppl 4):S455-64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. amepre.2015.08.014
89. Joon Lee T, Hayes S, Cummings DM, et al. Herpes zoster knowledge, prevalence, and vaccination rate by race. J Am Board Fam Med 2013;26:45-51 10.3122/jabfm.2013.01.120154. http://dx.doi. org/10.3122/jabfm.2013.01.120154
90. Johnson DR, Nichol KL, Lipczynski K. Barriers to adult immunization. Am J Med 2008;121(Suppl 2):S28-35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. amjmed.2008.05.005
91. Armstrong K, Berlin M, Schwartz JS, Propert K, Ubel PA. Barriers to influenza immunization in a low-income urban population. Am J Prev Med 2001;20:21-5. 10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00263-4 http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00263-4
92. Winston CA, Wortley PM, Lees KA. Factors associated with vaccination of Medicare beneficiaries in five U.S. communities: results from the racial and ethnic adult disparities in immunization initiative survey, 2003. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006;54:303-10 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.00585.x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.00585.x
93. National Foundation for Infectious Diseases. Call to action: adult vaccination saves lives. Bethesda, MD: National Foundation for Infectious Diseases; 2012. http://www.adultvaccination.org/resources/ cta-adult.pdf
94. Lu PJ, O'Halloran A, Williams WW. Impact of health insurance status on vaccination coverage among adult populations. Am J Prev Med 2015;48:647-61 10.1016/j.amepre.2014.12.008. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.amepre.2014.12.008
95. Stewart AM, Lindley MC, Chang KH, Cox MA. Vaccination benefits and cost-sharing policy for non-institutionalized adult Medicaid enrollees in the United States. Vaccine 2014;32:618-23. 10.1016/j. vaccine.2013.11.050 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.050.
96. Hurley LP, Bridges CB, Harpaz R, et al. U.S. physicians' perspective of adult vaccine delivery. Ann Intern Med 2014;160:161-70. 10.7326/ M13-2332 http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/M13-2332
97. Cutrona SL, Sreedhara M, Goff SL, et al. Improving rates of influenza vaccination through electronic health record portal messages, interactive voice recognition calls and patient-enabled electronic health record updates: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2016;5:e56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/resprot.5478
98. Shultz CG, Malouin JM, Green LA, Plegue M, Greenberg GM. A systems approach to improving Tdap immunization within 5 community-based family practice settings: working differently (and better) by transforming the structure and process of care. Am J Public Health 2015;105:1990-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ AJPH.2015.302739
99. Powelson J. Learnings from a 7-group/6-state adult immunization collaborative, amid a shift from "volume to vale." American Medical Group Association. National Adult and Influenza Immunization Summit; May 10, 2016; Atlanta, GA. https://www.izsummitpartners. org/summit/2016-naiis
100. Johnson C. Successful use of population analytics to increase immunization in a learning collaborative. American Medical Group Association. National Adult and Influenza Immunization Summit; May 10, 2016; Atlanta, GA. https://www.izsummitpartners.org/ summit/2016-naiis
101. Wallis DH, Chin JL, Sur DKC, Lee MY. Increasing rates of influenza vaccination during pregnancy: a multisite interventional study. J Am Board Fam Med 2006;19:345-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3122/ jabfm.19.4.345
102. Moniz MH, Hasley S, Meyn LA, Beigi RH. Improving influenza vaccination rates in pregnancy through text messaging: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2013;121:734-40. http://dx.doi. org/10.1097/AOG.0b013e31828642b1
103. Wong VWY, Lok KYW, Tarrant M. Interventions to increase the uptake of seasonal influenza vaccination among pregnant women: a systematic review. Vaccine 2016;34:20-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. vaccine.2015.11.020
104. O'Leary ST, Pyrzanowski J, Brewer SE, Dickinson LM, Dempsey AF. Evidence-based vaccination strategies in obstetrics and gynecology settings: Current practices and methods for assessment. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016;12:866-71. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645515 .2015.1130194
105. Chamberlain AT, Seib K, Ault KA, et al. Improving influenza and Tdap vaccination during pregnancy: A cluster-randomized trial of a multicomponent antenatal vaccine promotion package in late influenza season. Vaccine 2015;33:3571-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. vaccine.2015.05.048
106. Sherman MJ, Raker CA, Phipps MG. Improving influenza vaccination rates in pregnant women. J Reprod Med 2012;57:371-6.
107. Thomas RE, Lorenzetti DL. Interventions to increase influenza vaccination rates of those 60 years and older in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014;(7):CD005188 10.1002/14651858. CD005188.pub3.
108. Lu PJ, O'Halloran A, Ding H, Williams WW, Bridges CB, Kennedy ED. National and state-specific estimates of place of influenza vaccination among adult populations-United States, 2011-12 influenza season. Vaccine 2014;32:3198-204. 10.1016/j. vaccine.2014.04.003 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.003
109. Goad JA, Taitel MS, Fensterheim LE, Cannon AE. Vaccinations administered during off-clinic hours at a national community pharmacy: implications for increasing patient access and convenience. Ann Fam Med 2013;11:429-36 10.1370/afm.1542. http://dx.doi. org/10.1370/afm.1542
110. MacDougall D, Halperin BA, Isenor J, et al. Routine immunization of adults by pharmacists: Attitudes and beliefs of the Canadian public and health care providers. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016;12:623-31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2015.1093714
111. Willis BC, Ndiaye SM, Hopkins DP, Shefer A; Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Improving influenza, pneumococcal polysaccharide, and hepatitis B vaccination coverage among adults aged <65 years at high risk: a report on recommendations of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services. MMWR Recomm Rep 2005;54(No. RR-5):1-11.
112. Rolnick SJ, Parker ED, Nordin JD, et al. Self-report compared to electronic medical record across eight adult vaccines: do results vary by demographic factors? Vaccine 2013;31:3928-35. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.041
113. Mac Donald R, Baken L, Nelson A, Nichol KL. Validation of self-report of influenza and pneumococcal vaccination status in elderly outpatients. Am J Prev Med 1999;16:173-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S0749-3797(98)00159-7
114. Mangtani P, Shah A, Roberts JA. Validation of influenza and pneumococcal vaccine status in adults based on self-report. Epidemiol Infect 2007;135:139-43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ S0950268806006479
115. Zimmerman RK, Raymund M, Janosky JE, Nowalk MP, Fine MJ. Sensitivity and specificity of patient self-report of influenza and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccinations among elderly outpatients in diverse patient care strata. Vaccine 2003;21:1486-91. http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00700-4
116. Poland GA, Shefer AM, McCauley M, Webster PS, Whitley-Williams PN, Peter G; National Vaccine Advisory Committee, Ad Hoc Working Group for the Development of Standards for Adult Immunization Practices. Standards for adult immunization practices. Am J Prev Med 2003;25:144-50. 10.1016/S0749-3797(03)00120-X http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/S0749-3797(03)00120-X
117. Lu PJ, Euler GL, Jumaan AO, Harpaz R. Herpes zoster vaccination among adults aged 60 years or older in the United States, 2007: uptake of the first new vaccine to target seniors. Vaccine 2009;27:882-7. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.077 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. vaccine.2008.11.077
118. CDC. Influenza vaccination among pregnant women, the 2011-12 season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012;61:758-63.
119. CDC. Influenza vaccination coverage among health-care personnel- the 2011-12 season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012;61:753-7.