Obesity and lower limb venous disease – The epidemic of phlebesity

Phlebology

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2017, Pages 227-233

  Davies, Huw OB ^a   Popplewell, Matthew ^a   Singhal, Rishi ^a   Smith, Neil ^a   Bradbury, Andrew W ^a  

^a BIRMINGHAM HEARTLANDS HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

DVT; Obesity; treatment; varicose veins; venous disease; venous thrombosis

Indexed keywords

APIXABAN; DABIGATRAN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; RIVAROXABAN; WARFARIN;

BODY MASS; CHRONIC VEIN INSUFFICIENCY; COMPRESSION STOCKING; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FEMORAL VEIN; GASTROCNEMIUS MUSCLE; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; IMMOBILITY; INTERMITTENT PNEUMATIC COMPRESSION DEVICE; LEG ULCER; LEG VARICOSIS; MUSCLE FUNCTION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; ROUX-EN-Y GASTRIC BYPASS; SCLEROTHERAPY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT FAILURE; VEIN BLOOD FLOW; VENOUS PRESSURE; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; X-RAY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; AGE; COMPLICATION; FEMALE; LOWER LIMB; MALE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; VARICOSE VEINS; VASCULARIZATION; VENOUS THROMBOSIS;

AGE FACTORS; FEMALE; HUMANS; LOWER EXTREMITY; MALE; OBESITY; RISK FACTORS; VARICOSE VEINS; VENOUS THROMBOSIS;

EID: 85018790309     PISSN: 02683555     EISSN: 14333031     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0268355516649333     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. Robertson LA, Evans CJ, Lee AJ. Incidence and risk factors for venous reflux in the general population: Edinburgh Vein Study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2014; 48: 208–214.
2. Beebe-Dimmer JL, Pfeifer JR, Engle JS. The epidemiology of chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins. Ann Epidemiol 2005; 15: 175–184.
3. WHO. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic, Geneva: WHO, 2000.
4. WHO. Global status report on noncommunicable diseases 2010, Geneva: WHO, 2011.
5. Finkelstein EA, Khavjou OA, Thompson H. Obesity and severe obesity forecasts through 2030. Am J Prev Med 2012; 42: 563–570.
6. Arfvidsson B, Eklof B, Balfour J. Iliofemoral venous pressure correlates with intraabdominal pressure in morbidly obese patients. Vasc Endovasc Surg 2005; 39: 505–509.
7. Sugerman H, Windsor A, Bessos M. Intra-abdominal pressure, sagittal abdominal diameter and obesity comorbidity. J Int Med 1997; 241: 71–79.
8. Willenberg T, Clemens R, Haegeli LM. The influence of abdominal pressure on lower extremity venous pressure and hemodynamics: a human in-vivo model simulating the effect of abdominal obesity. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011; 41: 849–855.
9. Iberti TJ, Kelly KM, Gentili DR. A simple technique to accurately determine intra-abdominal pressure. Crit Care Med 1987; 15: 1140–1142.
10. Iberti TJ, Lieber CE, Benjamin E. Determination of intra-abdominal pressure using a transurethral bladder catheter: clinical validation of the technique. Anesthesiology 1989; 70: 47–50.
11. Sobolewski AP, Deshmukh RM, Brunson BL. Venous hemodynamic changes during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. J Laparoendoscop Surg 1995; 5: 363–369.
12. Willenberg T, Schumacher A, Amann-Vesti B. Impact of obesity on venous hemodynamics of the lower limbs. J Vasc Surg 2010; 52: 664–668.
13. Danielsson G, Eklof B, Grandinetti A. The influence of obesity on chronic venous disease. Vasc Endovasc Surg 2002; 36: 271–276.
14. Wiewiora M, Piecuch J, Glück M. Impact of weight loss due to sleeve gastrectomy on shear stress of the femoral vein in morbid obesity. Obes Surg 2014; 24: 806–812.
15. Bergan JJ, Schmid-Schonbein GW, Smith PD. Chronic venous disease. New Eng J Med 2006; 355: 488–498.
16. van Rij AM, De Alwis CS, Jiang P. Obesity and impaired venous function. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2008; 35: 739–744.
17. Bradbury A, Evans CJ, Allan P. The relationship between lower limb symptoms and superficial and deep venous reflux on duplex ultrasonography: the Edinburgh Vein Study. J Vasc Surg 2000; 32: 921–931.
18. Padberg F, Jr Cerveira JJ, Lal BK. Does severe venous insufficiency have a different etiology in the morbidly obese? Is it venous? J Vasc Surg 2003; 37: 79–85.
19. Seidel AC, Mangolim AS, Rossetti LP. Prevalence of lower extremity superficial venous insufficiency in obese and non-obese patients. J Vasc Bras 2011; 10: 124–130.
20. Musil D, Kaletova M, Herman J. Age, body mass index and severity of primary chronic venous disease. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky, Olomouc, Czech 2011; 155: 367–371.
21. Vines L, Gemayel G, Christenson JT. The relationship between increased body mass index and primary venous disease severity and concomitant deep primary venous reflux. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2013; 1: 239–244.
22. Seidel A, Belczak C, Campos M. The impact of obesity on venous insufficiency. Phlebology 2014; 30: 475–480.
23. Vlajinac HD, Marinkovic JM, Maksimovic MZ. Body mass index and primary chronic venous disease – a cross-sectional study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2013; 45: 293–298.
24. Criqui MH, Denenberg JO, Bergan J. Risk factors for chronic venous disease: the San Diego Population Study. J Vasc Surg 2007; 46: 331–337.
25. Carruthers TN, Farber A, Rybin D. Interventions on the superficial venous system for chronic venous insufficiency by surgeons in the modern era: an analysis of ACS-NSQIP. Vasc Endovasc Surg 2014; 48: 482–490.
26. Felber JP, Golay A. Pathways from obesity to diabetes. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26(Suppl 2): S39–S45.
27. de Almeida Medeiros AB, de Queiroz Frazao CM, de Sa Tinoco JD. Venous ulcer: risk factors and the Nursing Outcomes Classification. Invest Educ Enferm 2014; 32: 252–259.
28. Marston WA, Carlin RE, Passman MA. Healing rates and cost efficacy of outpatient compression treatment for leg ulcers associated with venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg 1999; 30: 491–498.
29. Levi D, Goodman ER, Patel M. Critical care of the obese and bariatric surgical patient. Crit Care Clin 2003; 19: 11–32.
30. Davenport DL, Xenos ES, Hosokawa P. The influence of body mass index obesity status on vascular surgery 30-day morbidity and mortality. J Vasc Surg 2009; 49: 140–147.
31. Keller C. The obese patient as a surgical risk. Semin Perioper Nurs 1999; 8: 109–117.
32. Timperman PE. Prospective evaluation of higher energy great saphenous vein endovenous laser treatment. J Vasc Intervent Radiol 2005; 16: 791–794.
33. Van Den Bos RR, Neumann M, De Roos K-P. Endovenous laser ablation-induced complications: review of the literature and new cases. Dermatol Surg 2009; 35: 1206–1214.
34. Narvaes BL. Endovenous laser ablation: obesity and delivered LEED. In: International congress of the union internationale de phlebologie European chapter meeting, International Union of Phlebology Congress Proceedings2011, pp. 5–17.
35. Uchino IJ. Endovenous laser closure of the perforating vein of the leg. Phlebology 2007; 22: 80–82.
36. Zerweck C, von Hodenberg E, Knittel M. Endovenous laser ablation of varicose perforating veins with the 1470-nm diode laser using the radial fibre slim. Phlebology 2014; 29: 30–36.
37. Fernández CF, Roizental M, Carvallo J. Combined endovenous laser therapy and microphlebectomy in the treatment of varicose veins: efficacy and complications of a large single-center experience. J Vasc Surg 2008; 48: 947–952.
38. Merchant RF, Pichot O. Long-term outcomes of endovenous radiofrequency obliteration of saphenous reflux as a treatment for superficial venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg 2005; 42: 502–509; discussion 9.
39. Elmore FA, Lackey D. Effectiveness of endovenous laser treatment in eliminating superficial venous reflux. Phlebology 2008; 23: 21–31.
40. 2: a comparative analysis of 825 procedures. J Gastrointest Surg 2005; 9: 44–52; discussion 3.
41. Melissas J, Christodoulakis M, Schoretsanitis G. Obesity-associated disorders before and after weight reduction by vertical banded gastroplasty in morbidly vs super obese individuals. Obes Surg 2001; 11: 475–481.
42. Stein PD, Beemath A, Olson RE. Obesity as a risk factor in venous thromboembolism. Am J Med 2005; 118: 978–980.
43. Steinberg HO, Chaker H, Leaming R. Obesity/insulin resistance is associated with endothelial dysfunction. Implications for the syndrome of insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 1996; 97: 2601–2610.
44. Arcaro G, Zamboni M, Rossi L. Body fat distribution predicts the degree of endothelial dysfunction in uncomplicated obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1999; 23: 936–942.
45. Hashimoto M, Akishita M, Eto M. The impairment of flow-mediated vasodilatation in obese men with visceral fat accumulation. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998; 22: 477–484.
46. Darvall KA, Sam RC, Silverman SH. Obesity and thrombosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007; 33: 223–233.
47. Piazza G, Goldhaber SZ, Kroll A. Venous thromboembolism in patients with diabetes mellitus. Am J Med 2012; 125: 709–716.
48. Peverill RE, Teede HJ, Malan E. Relationship of waist and hip circumference with coagulation and fibrinolysis in postmenopausal women. Clin Sci 2007; 113: 383–391.
49. Tita-Nwa F, Bos A, Adjei A. Correlates of D-dimer in older persons. Aging Clin Exp Res 2010; 22: 20–23.
50. Uppot RN. Impact of obesity on radiology. Radiol Clin N Am 2007; 45: 231–246.
51. Garg K, Kemp JL, Wojcik D. Thromboembolic disease: comparison of combined CT pulmonary angiography and venography with bilateral leg sonography in 70 patients. Am J Roentgenol 2000; 175: 997–1001.
52. DiVittorio R, Bluth EI, Sullivan MA. Deep vein thrombosis: diagnosis of a comon clinical problem. Ochsner J 2002; 4: 14–17.
53. Freeman AL, Pendleton RC, Rondina MT. Prevention of venous thromboembolism in obesity. Exp Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2010; 8: 1711–1721.
54. Samama M, Vehille C, Carchy L. Relation between weight, obesity and frequency of deep vein thrombosis after enoxaprin in orthopedic surgery. Thromb Haemost 1995; 73: 977–977.
55. Hanley MJ, Abernethy DR, Greenblatt DJ. Effect of obesity on the pharmacokinetics of drugs in humans. Clin Pharmacokinet 2010; 49: 71–87.
56. Barletta JF, DeYoung JL, McAllen K. Limitations of a standardized weight-based nomogram for heparin dosing in patients with morbid obesity. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2008; 4: 748–753.
57. Patel JP, Roberts LN, Arya R. Anticoagulating obese patients in the modern era. Brit J Haematol 2011; 155: 137–149.
58. Routledge PA, Chapman PH, Davies DM. Factors affecting warfarin requirements. A prospective population study. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1979; 15: 319–322.
59. Hillis CM, Crowther MA. Acute phase treatment of VTE: Anticoagulation, including non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants. Thromb Haemost 2015; 113: 1193–1202.
60. Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen A. Oral apixaban for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 799–808.
61. Mekky S, Schilling RSF, Walford J. Varicose veins in women cotton workers. An Epidemiological Study in England and Egypt. Brit Med J 1969; 2: 591–595.
62. Abramson JH, Hopp C, Epstein LM. The epidemiology of varicose veins. A survey in western Jerusalem. J Epidemiol Com Health 1981; 35: 213–217.
63. Ducimetiere P, Richard JL, Pequignot G. Varicose veins: a risk factor for atherosclerotic disease in middle-aged men? Int J Epidemiol 1981; 10: 329–335.
64. Seidell JC, de Groot LC, van Sonsbeek JL. Associations of moderate and severe overweight with self-reported illness and medical care in Dutch adults. Am J Pub Health 1986; 76: 264–269.
65. Brand FN, Dannenberg AL, Abbott RD. The epidemiology of varicose veins: the Framingham Study. A J Prevent Med 1988; 4: 96–101.
66. van Noord PA, Seidell JC, den Tonkelaar I. The relationship between fat distribution and some chronic diseases in 11,825 women participating in the DOM-project. Int J Epidemiol 1990; 19: 564–570.
67. Stvrtinova V, Kolesar J, Wimmer G. Prevalence of varicose veins of the lower limbs in the women working at a department store. Int Angiol 1991; 10: 2–5.
68. Sadick NS. Predisposing factors of varicose and telangiectatic leg veins. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1992; 18: 883–886.
69. Sisto T, Reunanen A, Laurikka J. Prevalence and risk factors of varicose veins in lower extremities: mini-Finland health survey. Europ J Surg 1995; 161: 405–414.
70. Scott TE, LaMorte WW, Gorin DR. Risk factors for chronic venous insufficiency: a dual case-control study. J Vasc Surg 1995; 22: 622–628.
71. Canonico S, Gallo C, Paolisso G. Prevalence of varicose veins in an Italian elderly population. Angiol 1998; 49: 129–135.
72. Kontosic I, Vukelic M, Drescik I. Work conditions as risk factors for varicose veins of the lower extremities in certain professions of the working population of Rijeka. Acta Med Okayama 2000; 54: 33–38.
73. Iannuzzi A, Panico S, Ciardullo AV. Varicose veins of the lower limbs and venous capacitance in postmenopausal women: relationship with obesity. J Vasc Surg 2002; 36: 965–968.
74. Maurins U, Hoffmann BH, Lösch C. Distribution and prevalence of reflux in the superficial and deep venous system in the general population–results from the Bonn Vein Study, Germany. J Vasc Surg 2008; 48: 680–687.