Geographic access to specialty mental health care across high-and low-income US communities

JAMA Psychiatry

Volumn 74, Issue 5, 2017, Pages 476-484

  Cummings, Janet R ^a   Allen, Lindsay ^a   Clennon, Julie ^a   Ji, Xu ^a   Druss, Benjamin G ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FEMALE; HIGHEST INCOME GROUP; HOUSEHOLD INCOME; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; LOWEST INCOME GROUP; MALE; MENTAL HEALTH CARE; ODDS RATIO; OUTPATIENT; PHYSICIAN; POPULATION MODEL; PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; INCOME; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; POVERTY; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; UNITED STATES;

COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES; HEALTH SERVICES ACCESSIBILITY; HUMANS; INCOME; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES; POVERTY; UNITED STATES;

EID: 85018748717     PISSN: 2168622X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2017.0303     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Hedden SL, Kennet J, Lipari R, et al; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Behavioral health trends in the United States: results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-FRR1-2014/NSDUH-FRR1-2014.htm. Published September 2015. Accessed July 12, 2016.
2. Han B, Hedden SL, Lipari R, Copello EAP, Kroutil LA. Receipt of services for behavioral health problems: results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-DR-FRR3-2014/NSDUH-DR-FRR3-2014/NSDUH-DR-FRR3-2014.htm. Published September 2015. Accessed July 17, 2016.
3. Mueser KT, McGurk SR. Schizophrenia. Lancet. 2004;363(9426):2063-2072.
4. Mueller TI, Leon AC, Keller MB, et al. Recurrence after recovery from major depressive disorder during 15 years of observational follow-up. Am J Psychiatry. 1999;156(7):1000-1006.
5. Gitlin MJ, Swendsen J, Heller TL, Hammen C. Relapse and impairment in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(11):1635-1640.
6. Penchansky R, Thomas JW. The concept of access: definition and relationship to consumer satisfaction. Med Care. 1981;19(2):127-140.
7. Beronio K, Glied S, Frank R. How the Affordable Care Act and Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act greatly expand coverage of behavioral health care. J Behav Health Serv Res. 2014;41(4): 410-428.
8. Barry CL, Goldman HH, Huskamp HA. Federal parity in the evolving mental health and addiction care landscape. Health Aff (Millwood). 2016;35(6): 1009-1016.
9. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation; US Dept of Health and Human Services. Impacts of the Affordable Care Act's Medicaid expansion oninsurance coverage and access to care. https://aspe.hhs.gov/pdf-report/impacts-affordable-care-acts-medicaid-expansion-insurance-coverage-aand-access-care. Published June 21, 2016. Accessed January 7, 2017.
10. Garfield RL, Zuvekas SH, Lave JR, Donohue JM. The impact of national health care reform on adults with severe mental disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2011; 168(5):486-494.
11. Walker ER, Cummings JR, Hockenberry JM, Druss BG. Insurance status, use of mental health services, and unmet need for mental health care in the United States. Psychiatr Serv. 2015;66(6): 578-584.
12. Oberlander J. The endofObamacare. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(1):1-3.
13. Obama BH. Repealing the ACA without a replacement-the risks to American health care. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(4):297-299.
14. Pear R. Republicans' 4-step plan to repeal the Affordable Care Act. New York Times. January 4, 2017. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/04/us/affordable-care-act-congress-repeal-plan.html?-r=2. Accessed January 7, 2017.
15. Rosenbaum S, Schmucker S, Rothenberg S, Gunsalus R. What would block grants or limits on per capita spending mean for Medicaid? Issue Brief (Commonw Fund). 2016;39:1-10.
16. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. National Mental Health Services Survey (N-MHSS): 2010: dataon mental health treatment facilities. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NMHSS2010-Web/NMHSS2010-Web/NMHSS2010-Web.pdf. Published March 2014. Accessed July 18, 2016.
17. Smith K, Kuramoto-Crawford J, Lynch S. Availability of payment assistance for mental health services in US mental health treatment facilities. The CBHSQ Report. http://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/report-2123/ShortReport-2123.pdf. Published March 23, 2016. Accessed July 18, 2016.
18. Syed ST, Gerber BS, Sharp LK. Traveling towards disease: transportation barriers to health care access. J Community Health. 2013;38(5):976-993.
19. Bishop TF, Press MJ, Keyhani S, Pincus HA. Acceptance of insurance by psychiatrists and the implications for access to mental health care. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(2):176-181.
20. Cummings JR. Rates of psychiatrists' participation in health insurance networks. JAMA. 2015;313(2):190-191.
21. Kyanko KA, Busch SH. The out-of-network benefit: problems and policy solutions. Inquiry. 2012-2013;49(4):352-361.
22. Ellis AR, Konrad TR, Thomas KC, Morrissey JP. County-level estimates of mental health professional supply in the United States. Psychiatr Serv. 2009;60(10):1315-1322.
23. Cummings JR, Wen H, Ko M, Druss BG. Geography and the Medicaid mental health care infrastructure: implications for health care reform. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(10):1084-1090.
24. Quick Facts: United States. US Census Bureau website. http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/dashboard/LND110210/00. Accessed July 18, 2016.
25. Ricketts TC. Geography and disparity in health. 2002; https://www.nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Quality/NHDRGuidance/DisparitiesRicketts.pdf. Published March 13, 2002. Accessed July 18, 2016.
26. Fortney J, Rost K, Zhang M, Warren J. The impact of geographic accessibility on the intensity and quality of depression treatment. Med Care. 1999;37(9):884-893.
27. Behavioral Health Treatment Services Locator. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration website. https://findtreatment.samhsa.gov/. Accessed March 23, 2015.
28. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services. National Mental Health Services Survey (N-MHSS): 2012: data onmental health treatment facilities. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/2012-National-Mental-Health-Services-Survey.pdf. Published February 2016. Accessed January 7, 2017.
29. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, USDept ofHealth and Human Services. National Mental Health Services Survey (N-MHSS): 2014: data onmental health treatment facilities. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/2014-National-Mental-Health-Services-Survey.pdf. Published December 2016. Accessed January 7, 2017.
30. US Census Bureau. County business patterns (CBP). http://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/cbp.html. Accessed July 18, 2015.
31. US Census Bureau. County business patterns: data user guide. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/cbp/resources/2016 CBP User Guide.pdf. Updated August 16, 2016. Accessed September1, 2016.
32. North American industry classification system: frequently asked questions (FAQs). US Census Bureau website. https://www.census.gov/eos/www/naics/faqs/faqs.html#q2. Accessed July 18, 2016.
33. All about ZIP codes: 2010 supplement. Missouri Census Data Center website. http://mcdc.missouri.edu/allabout/zipcodes-2010supplement.shtml. Updated February 2, 2016. Accessed April 27, 2015.
34. Grubesic TH, Matisziw TC. On the use of ZIP codes and ZIP code tabulation areas (ZCTAs) for the spatial analysis of epidemiological data. Int J Health Geogr. 2006;5(1):58.
35. United States Zip Codes.org. About US ZIP codes. http://www.unitedstateszipcodes.org/. Accessed January9, 2017.
36. ZIP code tabulation areas (ZCTAs). US Census Bureau website. https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/zctas.html. Updated February 9, 0215. Accessed January 7, 2017.
37. United States Postal Service. How many ZIP codes are there? http://faq.usps.com/?articleId =219334. Accessed January 7, 2017.
38. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation; US Dept of Health &Human Services. Overview of community characteristics in areas with concentrated poverty: researchers most often define concentrated poverty as a significantly high proportion of areas residents living below the poverty level. https://aspe.hhs.gov/report/overview-community-characteristics-areas-concentrated-poverty/researchers-most-often-define-concentrated-poverty-significantly-high-proportion-areas-residents-living-below-poverty-level. Published May 1, 2014. Accessed January 7, 2017.
39. US Census Bureau. American Community Survey 5-year estimates. https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/programs.xhtml?program=acs. Accessed September 14, 2015.
40. US Census Bureau. Geographic identifiers: 2010 Census summary file 1. https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC-10-SF1-G001&prodType=table. Accessed November7, 2016.
41. US Census Bureau. Download 2010 ZIP Code Tabulation Area (ZCTA) relationship files. https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/zcta-rel-download.html. Accessed January 3, 2017.
42. Metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas main. United States Census Bureau website. http://www.census.gov/population/metro/. Updated April 27, 2016. Accessed July 18, 2016.
43. Konrad TR, Ellis AR, Thomas KC, Holzer CE, Morrissey JP. County-level estimates of need for mental health professionals in the United States. Psychiatr Serv. 2009;60(10):1307-1314.
44. Probst JC, Laditka SB, Wang JY, Johnson AO. Effects of residence and race on burden of travel for care: cross sectional analysis of the 2001 US National Household Travel Survey. BMC Health Serv Res. 2007;7:40.
45. Stata [computer program]. Version 13.1. College Station, TX: StataCorp; 2013.
46. Thomas KC, Ellis AR, Konrad TR, Holzer CE, Morrissey JP. County-level estimates of mental health professional shortage in the United States. Psychiatr Serv. 2009;60(10):1323-1328.
47. Newkirk V, Damico A. The affordable care act and insurance coverage in rural areas. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. http://kff.org/uninsured/issue-brief/the-affordable-care-act-and-insurance-coverage-in-rural-areas/. Accessed June 15, 2016.
48. Health Resources & Services Administration. HRSA awards $51.3 million in Affordable Care Act funding to support mental health and substance abuse treatment. https://www.hrsa.gov/about/news/pressreleases/141106behavioralhealth.html. Published November 6, 2014. Accessed August 1, 2016.
49. Cummings JR, Case BG, Ji X, Marcus SC. Availability of youth services in US mental health treatment facilities. Adm Policy Ment Health. 2016; 43(5):717-727.