The human rights turn: ENGOs’ changing tactics in the quest for a more transparent, participatory and accountable CDM

Environmental Politics

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2017, Pages 648-668

  Kuchler, Magdalena ^a,b  

^a LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

activism; advocacy; CDM; climate governance; climate justice; ENGOs; legitimacy

Indexed keywords

ACCOUNTABILITY; ADVOCACY; CIVIL SOCIETY; CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM; ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE; GOVERNANCE APPROACH; HUMAN RIGHTS; NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION; PARTICIPATORY APPROACH; POLICY MAKING;

EID: 85017520685     PISSN: 09644016     EISSN: 17438934     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09644016.2017.1319018     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Arts, B., 1998. Political influence of global NGOs case studies on the climate and biodiversity conventions. Utrecht:International Books.
2. Bachram, H., 2004. Climate fraud and carbon colonialism:the new trade in greenhouse gases. Capitalism, Nature, Socialism, 15, 5–20. doi:10.1080/1045575042000287299
3. Bäckstrand, K., and Lövbrand, E., 2006. Planting trees to mitigate climate change:contested discourses of ecological modernization, green governmentality and civic environmentalism. Global Environmental Politics, 6 (1), 50–75. doi:10.1162/glep.2006.6.1.50
4. Bäckstrand, K., and Lövbrand, E., 2007. Climate governance beyond 2012:competing discourses of green governmentality, ecological modernization and civic environmentalism. In:M.E., Pettenger, ed. The social construction of climate change:power, knowledge, norms, discourses. Hampshire, UK:Ashgate, 123–147.
5. Bäckstrand, K., and Lövbrand, E., 2016. The road to Paris:contending climate governance discourses in the post-Copenhagen era. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 1–19. First online. doi:10.1080/1523908X.2016.1150777
6. Bernstein, S., 2001. The compromise of liberal environmentalism. New York, NY:Columbia University Press.
7. Bernstein, S., 2005. Legitimacy in global environmental governance. Journal of International Law and International Relations, 1 (1–2), 139–166.
8. Betsill, M., and Corell, E., eds., 2008. NGO diplomacy:the influence of nongovernmental organizations in international environmental negotiations. Cambridge, MA and London:MIT Press.
9. Böhm, S., and Dabhi, S., eds., 2009. Upsetting the offset:the political economy of carbon markets. London:MayFly.
10. Boyd, E., Corbera, E., and Estrada, M., 2008. UNFCCC negotiations (pre-Kyoto to COP-9):what the process says about the politics of CDM-sinks. International Environmental Agreements:Politics, Law and Economics, 8, 95–112. doi:10.1007/s10784-008-9070-x
11. CAN, 1998. Climate Action Network (CAN) recommendations to minsters at COP4—final (long) version. Available from:https://web.archive.org/web/20021127191318/http://climatenetwork.org/eco/cops/cop4/canlong.html [Accessed 9May 2016].
12. CAN, 1999a. COP5 in Bonn, 30 October 1999, ECO#5:“Incorrect Issue.” Available from:https://web.archive.org/web/20021129164013/http://climatenetwork.org/eco/cops/cop5/eco5_cop5.html [Accessed 9May 2016].
13. CAN, 1999b. COP5 recommendations to Ministers. Available from:https://web.archive.org/web/20020920112836/http://www.climnet.org/pubs/finalrecs.pdf [Accessed 9May 2016].
14. CAN, 2000a. COP6 CAN position on public participation in the CDM and JI. Available from:https://web.archive.org/web/20040715113512/http://www.climatenetwork.org/docs/CAN-COP6-PubPart.pdf [Accessed 20May 2016].
15. CAN, 2000b. COP6 in The Hague, 17 November 2000, ECO #5. Available from:https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/sci.environment/u09Q5PlnQNQ [Accessed 19May 2016].
16. CAN, 2000c. COP6 in The Hague, 24 November 2000, ECO #11. Available from:https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/sci.environment/rUgVW_6R_Ew [Accessed 19May 2016].
17. CAN, 2000d. SBI-12 in Bonn, 5 June 2000, ECO #1:“Groundhog Issue.” Available from:https://web.archive.org/web/20030115113304/http://www.climatenetwork.org/eco/sb/sb12/eco1_0600.html [accessed 18May 2016].
18. CAN, 2000e. SBI-12 in Bonn, 12 June 2000, ECO #4:“Hi Text Issue.” Available from:https://web.archive.org/web/20030115110617/http://www.climatenetwork.org/eco/sb/sb12/eco4_0600.html [Accessed 18May 2016].
19. CAN, 2000f. SBI-12 in Bonn, 14 June 2000, ECO #5:“Fried Egg Issue.” Available from:https://web.archive.org/web/20030115112510/http://www.climatenetwork.org/eco/sb/sb12/eco5_0600.html [Accessed 18May 2016].
20. CAN, 2000g. SBI-13 in Lyon, 6 September 2000, ECO #1:“Coeur de Lyon Issue.” Available from:https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/sci.environment/A5jnD13uql4 [Accessed 19May 2016].
21. CAN, 2000h. Side-event “CDM:closing the Loophole, raising the standard”—COP6 in The Hague, 2000. Available from:http://www.iisd.ca/climate/cop6/side/22_wednesday.html [Accessed 19May 2016].
22. CAN, 2001a. COP7 in Marrakech, 30 October 2001, ECO #2:“Mechanism Issue.” Available from:http://www.climatenetwork.org/sites/default/files/ECO2_0.pdf [Accessed 20May 2016].
23. CAN, 2001b. COP7 in Marrakech, 1 November 2001, ECO #4:“Cooperative Issue.” Available from:http://www.climatenetwork.org/sites/default/files/Eco_4.pdf [Accessed 20May 2016].
24. CAN, 2001c. COP7 in Marrakech, 2 November 2001, ECO #5:“Efficient Issue.” Available from:http://www.climatenetwork.org/sites/default/files/Eco5_0.pdf [Accessed 20May 2016].
25. CAN, 2001d. COP7 in Marrakech, 9 November 2001, ECO #11:“Final Issue.” The CAN Climate Negotiations Newsletter. Available from:http://www.climatenetwork.org/sites/default/files/Eco11.pdf [Accessed 18May 2016].
26. CAN, 2002. Elaborate, don’t renegotiate. ECO vol. CVIII:“Special CDM EB Edition” (June 10, 2002). Available from:https://web.archive.org/web/20020808005849/http://www.climatenetwork.org/eco/sb-16/ECO_Issue_EB.pdf [Accessed 06May 2016].
27. CAN, 2010. CAN comments:CDM appeals procedure, April 2010. Available from:http://cdm.unfccc.int/public_inputs/2010/cmp5_para42_43/cfi/KTDEUYD4LL4X9ZVNV62GFQMFLNEM2S [Accessed 20May 2016].
28. CAN, 2012. SBI-36 in Bonn, 15 May 2012, ECO #2:“Slice & Dice Issue.” Available from:http://www.climatenetwork.org/sites/default/files/ECO_2_-_Tue_15.pdf [Accessed 20May 2016].
29. CAN, 2013a. CAN Intervention in the COP19 CMP plenary on CDM, agenda item 4, 13 November, 2013. Available from:http://climatenetwork.org/publication/can-intervention-cop19-cmp-plenary-cdm-agenda-item-4-13-november-2013 [Accessed 6May 2016].
30. CAN, 2013b. SBI-38 in Bonn, 10 June 2013, ECO #7:“Project Issue.” Available from:http://www.climatenetwork.org/sites/default/files/eco-jun10.pdf [Accessed 20May 2016].
31. Carbon Market Watch, 2013a. Human rights:how lessons learnt from the CDM can inform the design of new market mechanisms. COP19 Side Event Summary Report, December 2013. Brussels:Carbon Market Watch. Available from:http://carbonmarketwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/summary-report_HR_final.pdf [Accessed 20May 2016].
32. Carbon Market Watch, 2013b. Watch This! #5, March 2013. Available from:http://carbonmarketwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/WatchThis_Issue5_English1.pdf [Accessed 20May 2016.
33. Carbon Market Watch, 2014. Side event at COP20:How lessons learned from the CDM can inform the design of climate finance. Available from:http://carbonmarketwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/How-lessons-learned-from-the-CDM-can-inform-the-design-of-climate-finance_side-event-report_pi.pdf [Accessed 23 May 2016].
34. Carbon Market Watch, 2015. NEWS:Review of the CDM rules at the Bonn intersessions. Available from:http://carbonmarketwatch.org/news-back-on-the-table-review-of-the-cdm-modalities-and-procedures-at-the-bonn-intersessions/ -[Accessed 23 May 2016].
35. CDM Policy Dialogue, 2012. Climate change, carbon markets and the CDM:A call to action, report of the high-level panel on the CDM policy dialogue, September 2012. Bonn, Germany:United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Secretariat.
36. CDM Watch, 2002. The CDM ten months after Marrakech:prompt start or false start? Available from:https://web.archive.org/web/20021010004913/http://www.cdmwatch.org/cdm-10-months.html [Accessed 19May 2016].
37. CDM Watch, 2009. CDM Watch Newsletter #5, November 2009. Available from:http://carbonmarketwatch.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/cdmwatch_newsletter_no5_nov2009.pdf [Accessed 19May 2016].
38. CDM Watch, 2010. CDM watch, earth justice and transparency international’s views on procedures for appeals in accordance with the CMP requests in paragraphs 42–43 of Decision 2/CMP.5. Available from:http://cdm.unfccc.int/public_inputs/2010/cmp5_para42_43/cfi/S71E746O1LKEWDX7VG76607DX8CBJ1 [Accessed 20May 2016].
39. CDM Watch, 2012. CDM Watch response to call for public inputs on issues to be addressed in the CDM Policy Dialogue. Available from:http://cdm.unfccc.int/public_inputs/2011/eb64_02/cfi/FBUK7MLJJ68PU78TKMPQJ8CX54I1KV [Accessed 20September 2016].
40. Checker, M., 2009. Double Jeopardy:pursuing the path of carbon offsets and human rights abuses. In:S., Böhm and S., Dabhi, eds. Upsetting the offset:the political economy of carbon markets. London:MayFly, 41–56.
41. CIEL, 2001. Center for International Environmental Law:2000–2001 annual report. Washington, DC:CIEL. Available from:http://www.ciel.org/Publications/AnnualReports/CIEL_Report_2001.pdf [Accessed 19May 2016].
42. CIEL, 2002. Center for International Environmental Law:2001–2002 annual report (Draft). Washington, DC:CIEL. Available from:http://www.ciel.org/Publications/AnnualReports/CIEL_Report_2002.pdf [Accessed 19May 2016].
43. CIEL, 2011. Opportunities for Parties to Consider and Address Non-Party Communications in the UNFCCC Framework, revised 3 June 2011. Human Rights and Climate Change Working Group. Washington, DC:CIEL. Available from:http://www.ciel.org/Publications/Grievance_Mech_Opportunities_3Jun11.pdf [Accessed 20May 2016].
44. Dryzek, J., 2013. The politics of the earth. Environmental discourses. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
45. Eddy, N., 1999. Design of the flexibility mechanisms:an NGO’s perspective. In:K.L., Brockmann and M., Stronzik, eds. Flexible mechanism for an efficient climate policy:cost saving policies and business opportunities. ZEW Economic Studies 11. Heidelberg and New York:Physica-Verlag, 31–38.
46. Fisher, D.R., 2010. COP-15 in Copenhagen:how the merging of movements left civil society out in the cold. Global Environmental Politics, 10 (2), 11–17. doi:10.1162/glep.2010.10.2.11
47. Fisher, D.R., and Green, J., 2004. Understanding disenfranchisement:civil society and developing countries’ influence and participation in global governance for sustainable development. Global Environmental Politics, 4 (3), 65–84. doi:10.1162/1526380041748047
48. Fogel, C., 2004. The local, the global, and the Kyoto protocol. In:S., Jasanoff and M.L., Martello, eds. Earthly politics:local and global in environmental governance. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 103–125.
49. Foucault, M., 1982. The subject and power. Critical Inquiry, 8, 777–795. doi:10.1086/448181
50. Foucault, M., 1997. Sex, power and the politics of identity. In:P., Rabinow, ed. Essential works of Foucault:ethics, subjectivity, truth (Vol. I). New York:The New Press, 163–173.
51. Gilbertson, T., 2009. How sustainable are small-scale biomass factories? A case study from Thailand. In:S., Böhm and S., Dabhi, eds. Upsetting the offset. London:MayFlyBooks, 57–71.
52. Goldberg, D.M., 1998. Carbon conservation:climate change, forests and the clean development mechanism. Washington, DC:Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL). Available from:http://ciel.org/Publications/CleanDevelopmentMechanismText.pdf. [Accessed 17 May 2016].
53. Gulbrandsen, L.H., and Andresen, S., 2004. NGO influence in the implementation of the Kyoto protocol:compliance, flexibility mechanisms, and sinks. Global Environmental Politics, 4 (4), 54–75. doi:10.1162/glep.2004.4.4.54
54. Hadden, J., 2014. Explaining variation in transnational climate change activism:the role of inter-movement spillover. Global Environmental Politics, 14 (2), 7–25. doi:10.1162/GLEP_a_00225
55. Hadden, J., 2015. Networks in contention:the divisive politics of climate change. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
56. Hajer, M.A., 1997. The politics of environmental discourse:ecological modernization and the policy process. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
57. Humphreys, D., 2004. Redefining the issues:NGO influence on international forest negotiations. Global Environmental Politics, 4 (2), 51–74. doi:10.1162/152638004323074192
58. Humphreys, D., 2008. NGO influence on international policy on forest conservation and trade in forest products. In:M., Betsill and E., Corell, eds. NGO diplomacy:the influence of nongovernmental organizations in international environmental negotiations. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press, 150–176.
59. Kasperson, R.E., 2006. Rerouting the stakeholder express. Global Environmental Change, 16 (4), 320–322. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.08.002
60. Keck, M.E., and Sikkink, K., 1998. Activists beyond borders:advocacy networks in international politics. Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press.
61. Kuchler, M., 2015. Stakeholding as sorting of actors into categories:implications for civil society participation in the CDM. International Environmental Agreements:Politics, Law and Economics, First online. doi:10.1007/s10784-015-9314-5
62. Kuchler, M., and Lövbrand, E., 2016. Simulative governance:on the collaborative narrative of civil society participation in the CDM stakeholder framework. Environmental Politics, 25 (3), 434–453. doi:10.1080/09644016.2015.1102352
63. Litfin, K., 1994. Ozone discourses. Science and politics in global environmental cooperation. New York, NY:Columbia University Press.
64. Lohmann, L., 2006. Carbon trading:a critical conversation on climate change, privatization and power. Uppsala:The Corner House.
65. Lövbrand, E., Rindefjäll, T., and Nordqvist, J., 2009. Closing the legitimacy gap in global environmental governance? Lessons from the emerging CDM market. Global Environmental Politics, 9 (2), 74–100. doi:10.1162/glep.2009.9.2.74
66. Mayer, B., 2016. Human rights in the paris agreement. Climate Law, 6, 109–117.
67. Nanz, P., and Steffek, J., 2004. Global governance, participation and the public sphere. Government and Opposition, 39 (2), 314–335. doi:10.1111/goop.2004.39.issue-2
68. Nasiritousi, N., Hjerpe, M., and Linnér, B.-O., 2016. The roles of non-state actors in climate change governance:understanding agency through governance profiles. International Environmental Agreements:Politics, Law and Economics, 16 (1), 109–126. doi:10.1007/s10784-014-9243-8
69. Newell, D., 2014a. Dialogue of the deaf? The CDM’s legitimation crisis. In:B., Stephan and R., Lane, eds. The politics of carbon markets. London:Routledge, 212–236.
70. Newell, P., 2000. Climate for change. Cambridge, UK:Cambridge University Press.
71. Newell, P., 2014b. The politics and political economy of the clean development mechanism in Argentina. Environmental Politics, 23 (2), 321–338. doi:10.1080/09644016.2013.821827
72. Newell, P., and Bumpus, A., 2012. The global political ecology of the clean development mechanism. Global Environmental Politics, 12 (4), 49–67. doi:10.1162/GLEP_a_00139
73. Nicholson, S., and Chong, D., 2011. Jumping on the human rights Bandwagon:how rights-based linkages can refocus climate politics. Global Environmental Politics, 11 (3), 121–136. doi:10.1162/GLEP_a_00072
74. Paterson, M., 2009. Resistance makes carbon markets. In:S., Böhm and S., Dabhi, eds. Upsetting the offset:the political economy of carbon markets. London:MayFly, 244–254.
75. Paterson, M., 2010. Legitimation and accumulation in climate change governance. New Political Economy, 15 (3), 345–368. doi:10.1080/13563460903288247
76. Streck, C., 2004. New partnerships in global environmental policy:the clean development mechanism. The Journal of Environment & Development, 13 (3), 295–322. doi:10.1177/1070496504268696
77. Streck, C., and Lin, J., 2008. Making markets work:a review of CDM performance and the need for reform. The European Journal of International Law, 19 (2), 409–442. doi:10.1093/ejil/chn014
78. UN, 1998. Kyoto protocol to the United Nations framework convention on climate change. New York:United Nations.
79. UNFCCC, 2002. Report of the Conference of the parties on its seventh session, held at Marrakesh from 29 October to 10 November 2001. FCCC/CP/2001/13/Add.2.
80. UNFCCC, 2010. Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on its fifth session, held in Copenhagen from 7 to 19 December 2009. FCCC/KP/CMP/2009/21/Add.1.
81. UNFCCC, 2011. Report of the Conference of the Parties on its sixteenth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010. FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1.
82. UNFCCC, 2016. Report of the Conference of the Parties on its twenty-first session, held in Paris from 30 November to 13 December 2015. FCCC/CP/2015/10/Add.1.