메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2017, Pages

A comparative health risk assessment of electronic cigarettes and conventional cigarettes

Author keywords

Comparative risk; Electronic cigarettes; Risk assessment; Tobacco control; Toxicology

Indexed keywords

4 (METHYLNITROSAMINO) 1 (3 PYRIDYL) 1 BUTANONE; ACETALDEHYDE; ACROLEIN; CADMIUM; CIGARETTE SMOKE; COBALT; DIETHYLENE GLYCOL; FORMALDEHYDE; NICOTINE; NITROSONORNICOTINE; PROPYLENE GLYCOL;

EID: 85017269124     PISSN: 16617827     EISSN: 16604601     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14040382     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (57)

References (43)
  • 2
    • 84906272344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electronic nicotine delivery system (Electronic cigarette) awareness, use, reactions and beliefs: A systematic review
    • Pepper, J.K.; Brewer, N.T. Electronic nicotine delivery system (electronic cigarette) awareness, use, reactions and beliefs: A systematic review. Tob. Control 2014, 23, 375–384. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2014) Tob. Control , vol.23 , pp. 375-384
    • Pepper, J.K.1    Brewer, N.T.2
  • 3
    • 84947446046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: United States, 2015. Available online, accessed on 13 February
    • Schoenborn, C.A.; Gindi, R.M. Electronic Cigarette Use among Adults: United States 2014. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: United States, 2015. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db217.pdf (accessed on 13 February 2017).
    • (2017) Electronic Cigarette Use among Adults: United States 2014
    • Schoenborn, C.A.1    Gindi, R.M.2
  • 4
    • 85032818722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ASH: United Kingdom. 2016. Available online:, accessed on 13 February
    • Action on Smoking and Health. Use of Electronic Cigarettes (Vapourisers) among Adults in Great Britain. ASH: United Kingdom. 2016. Available online: http://ash.org.uk/information-and-resources/fact-sheets/use-of-electronic-cigarettes-vapourisers-among-adults-in-great-britain/(accessed on 13 February 2017).
    • (2017) Use of Electronic Cigarettes (Vapourisers) among Adults in Great Britain
  • 5
    • 85017273966 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed on 10 November
    • Electronic Cigarette Statistics. Available online: http://www.statisticbrain.com/electronic-cigarette-statistics/(accessed on 10 November 2016).
    • (2016)
  • 6
    • 84943320459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (A Report Commissioned by Public Health England). Available online, accessed on 5 January
    • McNeill, A.; Brose, L.S.; Calder, R.; Hitchman, S.C.; Hajek, P.; McRobbie, H. E-Cigarettes: An Evidence Update (A Report Commissioned by Public Health England). Available online: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/457102/Ecigarettes_an_evidence:update_A_report_commissioned_by_Public_Health_England_FINAL.pdf (accessed on 5 January 2016).
    • (2016) Cigarettes: An Evidence Update
    • McNeill, A.1    Brose, L.S.2    Calder, R.3    Hitchman, S.C.4    Hajek, P.5    McRobbie, H.E.6
  • 7
    • 85017276854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed on 5 January
    • E-Cigarettes: An Emerging Public Health Consensus. Available online: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/e-cigarettes-an-emerging-public-health-consensus (accessed on 5 January 2016).
    • (2016) An Emerging Public Health Consensus
  • 9
    • 85017212145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Important Considerations for Providers Regarding the Use of Electronic Cigarettes
    • accessed on 7 March 2017
    • England, L.; Lisko, J.G.; Pappas, R.S. Important Considerations for Providers Regarding the Use of Electronic Cigarettes. Available online: https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijrpm/international-journal-of-respiratory-and-pulmonary-medicine-ijrpm-2-035e.pdf (accessed on 7 March 2017).
    • Available Online
    • England, L.1    Lisko, J.G.2    Pappas, R.S.3
  • 10
    • 85017255748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed on 1 August
    • International Programme on Chemical Safety. IPCS Risk Assessment Terminology. Available online: http://www.who.int/ipcs/methods/harmonization/areas/ipcsterminologyparts1and2.pdf (accessed on 1 August 2015).
    • (2015) IPCS Risk Assessment Terminology
  • 11
    • 85017264772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed on 20 December
    • United States Environmental Protection Agency. Human Health Risk Assessment. Available online: http://www.epa.gov/riskassessment/health-risk.htm (accessed on 20 December 2015).
    • (2015) Human Health Risk Assessment
  • 13
    • 14644390892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoke composition and predicting relationships for international commercial cigarettes smoked with three machine-smoking conditions
    • Counts, M.E.; Morton, M.J.; Laffoon, S.W.; Cox, R.H.; Lipowicz, P.J. Smoke composition and predicting relationships for international commercial cigarettes smoked with three machine-smoking conditions. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2005, 41, 185–227. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2005) Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , vol.41 , pp. 185-227
    • Counts, M.E.1    Morton, M.J.2    Laffoon, S.W.3    Cox, R.H.4    Lipowicz, P.J.5
  • 14
    • 84890923851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxic metal concentrations in cigarettes obtained from U.S. smokers in 2009: Results from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) United States survey cohort
    • Caruso, R.V.; O’Connor, R.J.; Stephens, W.E.; Cummings, K.M.; Fong, G.T. Toxic metal concentrations in cigarettes obtained from U.S. smokers in 2009: Results from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) United States survey cohort. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 202–217. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2014) Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health , vol.11 , pp. 202-217
    • Caruso, R.V.1    O’Connor, R.J.2    Stephens, W.E.3    Cummings, K.M.4    Fong, G.T.5
  • 15
    • 85017205871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed on 5 January
    • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. ToxGuide for Carbon Monoxide. Available online: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxguides/toxguide-201.pdf (accessed on 5 January 2016).
    • (2016) Toxguide for Carbon Monoxide
  • 16
    • 85017268634 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed on 5 January
    • World Health Organisation. Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (Report by WHO). Available online: http://apps.who.int/gb/fctc/PDF/cop6/FCTC_COP6_10Rev1-en.pdf?ua=1 (accessed on 5 January 2016).
    • (2016) Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (Report by WHO).
  • 17
    • 85017224062 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed on 6 August
    • World Health Organisation. Fact Sheet on Ingredients in Tobacco Products. Available online: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/152661/1/WHO_NMH_PND_15.2_eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1 (accessed on 6 August 2015).
    • (2015) Fact Sheet on Ingredients in Tobacco Products
  • 18
    • 84946556789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed on 20 September
    • World Health Organisation. Air Quality Guidelines for Europe, 2nd ed. Available online: http://www.euro. who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/74732/E71922.pdf (accessed on 20 September 2015).
    • (2015) Air Quality Guidelines for Europe
  • 19
    • 85017229395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed on 20 September
    • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicology Curriculum for Communities Trainer’s Manual. Available online: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/training/toxmanual/pdf/module-2.pdf (accessed on 20 September 2015).
    • (2015) Toxicology Curriculum for Communities Trainer’s Manual
  • 20
    • 85017281463 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed on 1 October
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking. Available online: http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/health_effects/effects_cig_smoking/(accessed on 1 October 2015).
    • (2015)
  • 21
    • 84904109725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tobacco Use 2012/13, Available online, accessed on 4 October
    • New Zealand Ministry of Health. Tobacco Use 2012/13: New Zealand Health Survey. Available online: http://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/tobacco-use-2012-13-new-zealand-health-survey-dec14-v2.pdf (accessed on 4 October 2015).
    • (2015) New Zealand Health Survey
  • 22
    • 85017232124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed on 13 February
    • New Zealand Ministry of Health. Tobacco Returns 2013 Analysis Table. Available online: http://www.health. govt.nz/system/files/documents/pages/2013-tables-tobacco-team.xls (accessed on 13 February 2017).
    • (2017) Tobacco Returns 2013 Analysis Table
  • 23
    • 85017207934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed on 5 August 2015
    • Scientific Committee on Consumer Products. Opinion on Diethylene Glycol. Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General: 2008. Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_sccp/docs/sccp_o_139.pdf (accessed on 5 August 2015).
    • (2008)
  • 24
    • 85017249832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • accessed on 5 August
    • United States Environmental Protection Agency. Health and Environmental Effects Document for Propylene Glycol. Available online: http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/9100RGZI.PDF?Dockey=9100RGZI.PDF (accessed on 5 August 2015).
    • (2015)
  • 25
    • 85017202537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States Environmental Protection Agency Integrated Risk Information System. Chemical Assessment Summary—Cadmium. Available online: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/iris_documents/documents/subst/0141_summary.pdf (accessed on 29 July 2015).
    • (2015) Chemical Assessment Summary—Cadmium
  • 26
    • 85017211747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States Environmental Protection Agency Integrated Risk Information System. Chemical Assessment Summary—Nickel Refinery Dust. Available online: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/iris_documents/documents/subst/0272_summary.pdf (accessed on 29 July 2015).
    • (2015) Chemical Assessment Summary—Nickel Refinery Dust
  • 27
    • 85017219382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological Profile for Acrolein. Available online: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/ToxProfiles/tp124.pdf (accessed on 20 July 2015).
    • (2015)
  • 28
    • 85017264171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological Profile for Formaldehyde. Available online: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp111.pdf (accessed on 20 July 2016).
    • (2016)
  • 29
    • 85017249192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. ToxGuide for Arsenic. Available online: http://www. atsdr.cdc.gov/toxguides/toxguide-2.pdf (accessed on 21 July 2015).
    • (2015)
  • 30
    • 85017283174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. ToxGuide for Cadmium. Available online: http://www. atsdr.cdc.gov/toxguides/toxguide-5.pdf (accessed on 21 July 2015).
    • (2015)
  • 31
    • 85017255906 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Agency for Research on Cancer. Arsenic, Metals, Fibres, and Dusts. Available online: http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol100C/mono100C.pdf (accessed on 6 March 2017).
    • (2017)
  • 32
    • 85017257604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States Environmental Protection Agency Integrated Risk Information System. Chemical Assessment Summary—Acetaldehyde. Available online: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/iris_documents/documents/subst/0290_summary.pdf (accessed on 28 July 2015).
    • (2015)
  • 33
    • 85017264585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States Environmental Protection Agency Integrated Risk Information System. Chemical Assessment Summary—Acrolein. Available online: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/iris_documents/documents/subst/0364_summary.pdf (accessed on 28 July 2015).
    • (2015) Chemical Assessment Summary—Acrolein
  • 34
    • 85017236072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States Environmental Protection Agency Integrated Risk Information System. Chemical Assessment Summary—Formaldehyde. Available online: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/iris_documents/documents/subst/0419_summary.pdf (accessed on 28 July 2015).
    • (2015) Chemical Assessment Summary—Formaldehyde
  • 35
    • 85017229943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Minimal Risk Levels (MRLs). Available online: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/mrls/pdfs/atsdr_mrls.pdf (accessed on 5 August 2015).
    • (2015)
  • 36
    • 85017264433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States Environmental Protection Agency Integrated Risk Information System. Chemical Assessment Summary—Arsenic, Inorganic. Available online: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/iris_documents/documents/subst/0278_summary.pdf (accessed on 30 July 2015).
    • (2015) Chemical Assessment Summary—Arsenic, Inorganic
  • 37
    • 85017202537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States Environmental Protection Agency Integrated Risk Information System. Chemical Assessment Summary—Chromium (VI). Available online: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris/iris_documents/documents/subst/0144_summary.pdf (accessed on 30 July 2015).
    • (2015) Chemical Assessment Summary—Chromium (VI)
  • 39
    • 85054409371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organisation. The Scientific Basis of Tobacco Product Regulation. Available online: http://www.who.int/tobacco/global_interaction/tobreg/9789241209458.pdf (accessed on 15 August 2015).
    • (2015) The Scientific Basis of Tobacco Product Regulation
  • 40
    • 85017263425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • California Environmental Protection Agency Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Toxicity Criteria Database—OEHHA Cancer Potency Values. Available online: http://oehha.ca.gov/risk/pdf/tcdb072109alpha.pdf (accessed on 20 August 2015).
    • (2015) Toxicity Criteria Database—OEHHA Cancer Potency Values
  • 41
    • 85017274878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New Zealand Ministry for the Environment. Ambient Air Quality Guidelines—2002 Update. Available online: https://www.mfe.govt.nz/sites/default/files/ambient-guide-may02.pdf (accessed on 10 August 2015).
    • (2015) Ambient Air Quality Guidelines—2002 Update
  • 42
    • 85017275352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United States Food and Drug Administration. Testing of Glycerin for Diethylene Glycol. Available online: http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/…/Guidances/ucm070347.pdf (accessed on 5 January 2016).
    • (2016) Testing of Glycerin for Diethylene Glycol
  • 43
    • 84927691213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterisation of mainstream and passive vapours emitted by selected electronic cigarettes
    • Geiss, O.; Bianchi, I.; Barahona, F.; Barrero-Moreno, J. Characterisation of mainstream and passive vapours emitted by selected electronic cigarettes. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2015, 218, 169–180. [CrossRef] [PubMed]
    • (2015) Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health , vol.218 , pp. 169-180
    • Geiss, O.1    Bianchi, I.2    Barahona, F.3    Barrero-Moreno, J.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.