The ionospheric wind dynamo: Effects of its coupling with different atmospheric regions

Geophysical Monograph Series

Volumn 87, Issue , 1995, Pages 49-65

  Richmond, A D ^a  

^a National Center for Atmoapheric Research ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85016668780     PISSN: 00658448     EISSN: 23288779     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1029/GM087p0049     Document Type: Chapter

References (171)

1. Akasofu, S.-I., and R. N. DeWitt, Dynamo action in the ionosphere and motions of the magnetospheric plasma, 3, The Pedersen conductivity, generalized to take account of acceleration of the neutral gas, Planet. Space Sci., 19, 737-744, 1965.
2. Anderson, D. N., and R. G. Roble, The effect of vertical E x B ionospheric drifts on F region neutral winds in the low-latitude thermosphere, J. Geophya. Res., 79, 5231-5236, 1974.
3. Axford, W. I., and C. O. Hines, A unifying theory of highlatitude geophysical phenomena and geomagnetic storms, Can. J. Phya., 99, 1433-1464, 1961.
4. Baker, W. G., and D. F. Martyn, Electric currents in the ionosphere, I, The conductivity, Phil. Trans. R. Soc., A.246, 281-294, 1953.
5. Banks, P. M., Magnetospheric processes and the behaviour of the neutral atmosphere, Space Rea., 12, 1051-1067, 1972.
6. Bartels, J., and H. F. Johnston, Geomagnetic tides in horizontal intensity at Huancayo, Terr. Magn. Atmoa. Elect., 45, 269-308, 1940.
7. Blanc, M., Midlatitude convection electric fields and their relation to ring current development, Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 203-206, 1978.
8. Blanc, M., and A. D. Richmond, The ionospheric disturbance dynamo, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 1669-1686, 1980.
9. Briggs, B. H., The variability of ionospheric dynamo currents, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 46, 419-429, 1984.
10. Brown, G. M., Sq variability and aeronomic structure, J. Atmoa. Terr. Phys., 97, 107-117, 1975.
11. Buonsanto, M. J., M. E. Hagan J.E. Salah, and B. G. Fejer, Solar cycle and seasonal variations in F region electrodynamics at Millstone Hill, J. Geophys. Res., in press, 1993.
12. Burrows, K., The day-to-day variability of the equatorial electrojet in Peru, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 1319-1323, 1970.
13. Butcher, E. C., Abnormal Sq behaviour, Pure Appl. Geophys., 191, 463-483, 1989.
14. Chapman, S., and J. Bartels, Geomagnetism, Clarendon, Oxford, 1940.
15. Chapman, S., and J. M. Stagg, On the variability of the quiet-day diurnal magnetic variation at Eskdalemuir and Greenwich, Proc. R. Soc., 129, 27-53, 1929.
16. Chapman, S., and J. M. Stagg, On the variability of the quiet-day diurnal magnetic variation, II, Proc. R. Soc., 190, 668-697, 1931.
17. Chapman, S., J. C. Gupta., and S. R. C. Malin, The sunspot cycle influence on the solar and lunar daily geomagnetic variations, Proc. Rofl. Soc., A924, 1-15, 1971.
18. Chen, P.-R., Two-da.y oscilla.tion of the equa.torial ioniza.tion a.nomaly, J. Geophfls. Res., 97, 6343-6357, 1992.
19. Clauer, C. R., R. L. McPherron, and M. G. Kivelson, Uncerta inty in ring current parameters due to the quiet magnetic field variability at mid-latitudes, J. GeophyS. Res., 85, 633-643, 1980.
20. Crain, D. J., R. A. Heelis, and G. J. Bailey, Effects of electrical coupling on equatorial ionospheric plasma. motions: When is the F region a. domina.nt driver in the low-latitude dynamo?, J. Geophfls. Res., 98, 6033-6037, 1993
21. Crain, D. J., R. A. Heelis, G. J. Bailey, and A. D. Richmond, Low-latitude plasma. drifts from a. simulation of the global atmospheric dynamo, J. GeophyS. Res., 98, 6039-6046, 1993.
22. Currie, R. G., The geoma.gnetic spectrum - 40 days to 5.5 years, J. Geophys. Rea., 71, 45-4598, 1966.
23. Currie, R. G., Geomagnetic line spectra. - 2 to 70 years, Aatrophys. Space Sci., 21, 425-438, 1973.
24. Deng, W., T. L. Killeen, A.G. Burns, and R. G. Roble, The flywheel effect: Ionospheric currents after a. geomagnetic storm, Geophys. Rea. Lett., 18, 1845-1848, 1991.
25. Deng, W., T. L. Killeen, A. G. Burns, R. G. Roble, J. A. Slavin, and L. E. Wharton, The effects of neutral inertia. on ionospheric currents in the high-latitude thermosphere following a. geomagnetic storm, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 7775-7790, 1993.
26. Dickinson, R. E., E. C. Ridley, and R. G. Roble, A three dimensional general circulation model of the thermosphere, J. Geophfls. Res., 86, 1499-1512, 1981.
27. Dougherty, J. P., On the influence of horizontal motion of the neutral air on the diffusion equa.tion of the F-region, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 20, 167-176, 1961.
28. Fambitakoye, O., Variabilité jour-à.-jour de la. variation journalière du champ magnetique terrestre dans la. région de I’électrojet equatorial, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 272, 637-640, 1971.
29. Fejer, B. G., Low latitude electrodynamic plasma. drifts: A review, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 59, 677-693, 1991.
30. Fejer, B. G., F-region plasma. drifts over Arecibo: Solar cycle, seasonal, and magnetic activity effects, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 13,645-13,652, 1993.
31. Fejer, B. G., M. F. Larsen, and D. T. Farley, Equatorial disturbance dynamo electric fields, Geophys. Res. Lett., 10, 537-540, 1983.
32. Fejer, B. G., R. W. Spiro, R. A. Wolf, and J. C. Foster, RICHMOND 61 Latitudinal variation of perturbation electric fields during magnetically disturbed periods: 1986 SUNDIAL observations and model results, Ann. Geophysicae, 8, 441-454, 1990.
33. Fejer, J. A., Semidiurnal currents and electron drifts in the ionosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 4, 184-203, 1953.
34. Fesen, C. G., R. E. Dickinson, and R. G. Roble, Simulation of thermospheric tides at equinox with the National Center for Atmospheric Research thermospheric general circula.tion model, J. Geophys. Res., 91, 4471-4489, 1986.
35. Fesen, C. G., R. G. Roble, and E. C. Ridley, Thermospheric tides at equinox: Simulations with coupled composition and auroral forcings, 2, Semidiurnal component, J. Geophy, Res., 96, 3663-3677, 1991.
36. Footitt, R. J., G. J. Bailey, and R. J. Moffett, Ion transport in the mid-latitude Fl-region, Planet. Space Sci., 91, 671-687, 1983.
37. Forbes, J. M., The equatorial electrojet, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 19, 469-504, 1981.
38. Forbes, J.M., and H.B. Garrett, Solar tidal wind structures and the E-region dynamo, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 91, 173-182. 1979.
39. Forbes, J. M., and M. Harel, Magnetosphere-thermosphere coupling: An experiment in interactive modeling, J. Geophy.,Res., 94, 2631-2644, 1989.
40. Forbes, J. M., and S. Leveroni, Quasi 16-day oscillation in the ionosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 981-984, 1992.
41. Forbes, J. M., and R. S. Lindzen, Atmospheric solar tides and their electrodynamic effects, I, The global Sq current system, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 98, 897-910, 1976.
42. Fuller-Rowell, T., and D. Rees, A three-dimensional timedependent global model of the thermosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 97, 2545-2567, 1980.
43. Fuller-Rowell, T. J., D. Rees, S. Quegan, G. J. Bailey, and R. J. Moffett, The effect of realistic conductivities on the high-latitude neutral thermospheric circulation, Planet. Space Sci., 92, 469-480, 1984.
44. Fuller-Rowell, T. J., S. Quegan, D. Rees, R. J. Moffett, and G. J. Bailey, Interactions between neutral thermospheric composition and the polar ionosphere using a. coupled ionosphere-thermosphere model, J. GeophyS. Res., 92, 7744-7748 and 7775-7777, 1987.
45. Fuller-Rowell, T. J., D. Rees, S. Quegan, R. J. Moffett, and G. J. Bailey, Simulations of the seasonal and universal time variations of the high-latitude thermosphere and ionosphere using a. coupled, three-dimensional model, Pure Appl. Geophys., 127, 189-217, 1988.
46. Fuller-Rowell, T. J., D. Rees, S. Quegan, and R. J. Moffett, Numerical simula.tions of the sub-auroral F-region trough, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 59, 529-540, 1991.
47. Ganguly, S., R. A. Behnke, and B. A. Emery, Average electric field behavior in the ionosphere above Arecibo, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 1199-1210, 1987.
48. Glushakov, M. L., V. N. Dul’kin, and A. I. lvanovskiy, Model of the daily variations of thermospheric characteristics, III, SeH-consistent method of accounting for the electrostatic field in the daily variations of thermospheric composition, Geomagn. Aeron., 20, 39-41, (Engl. trans.), 1980.
49. Glushakov, M. L., V. N. Dul’kin, and A. I. lvanovskiy, Model of diurnal variations in the variables of the thermosphere, IV, Results of calculations upon seH-consistent correction for the effect of the electrostatic polarization field, Geomagn. Aeron., 21, 629-631, (Engl. trans.), 1981.
50. Greener, J. G., and D. M. Schlapp, A study of day-to-day variability of Sq over Europe, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., -41, 217-223, 1979.
51. Gupta, J. C., Daily variability of the equatorial electrojet current system, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 92, 1159-1164, 1970.
52. Gupta, J.C., On solar and lunar equatorial electrojets, Ann. Geophys., 29, 49-60, 1973.
53. Gupta, J. C., Solar and lunar seasonal variations in the American sector, Ann. Geophya., 98, 255-265, 1982.
54. Haerendel, G., and J. V. Eccles, The role of the equatorial electrojet in the evening ionosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 1181-1192, 1992.
55. Haerendel, G., J. V. Eccles, and S. Qakir, Theory for modeling the equatorial evening ionosphere and the origin of the shear in the horizontal plasma flow, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 1209-1223, 1992.
56. Hanuise, C., C. Mazaudier, P. Vila, M. Blanc, and M. Crochet, Global dynamo simulation of ionospheric currents and their connection with the equatorial electrojet and counter electrojet: A case study, J. Geophys. Res., 88, 253-270, 1983.
57. Hays, P. B., and R. G. Roble, A quasi-static model of global atmospheric electricity, 1, The lower atmosphere, J.Geophys. Res., 8-4, 3291-3305, 1979.
58. Heelis, R. A., and W. R. Coley, East-west ion drifts at midlatitudes observed by Dynamics Explorer 2, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 19461-19469, 1992.
59. Heelis, R. A., P. C. Kendall, R. J. Moffett, D. W. Windle, and H. Rishbeth, Electrical coupling of the E-and Fregions and its effect on F-region drifts and winds, Planet. Space Sci., 22, 743-756, 1974.
60. Herrero, F. A., and H. G. Mayr, Tidal decomposition of zonal neutral and ion flows in the earth’s upper equatorial thermosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 359-362, 1986.
61. Hibberd, F. H., and R. E. Davidson, Global scale of the day-to-day variability of Sq, Geophys. J., 92, 315-321, 1988.
62. Hirono, M., and T. Kitamura, A dynamo theory in the ionosphere, J.Geomagn. Geoelectr., 8, 9-23, 1956.
63. Ito, R., S. Kato, and T. Tsuda, Consideration of an ionospheric wind dynamo driven by a planetary wave with a two-day period, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 48, 1-13, 1986.
64. Kane, R. P., Longitudinal spread of equatorial Sq variability, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 94, 1425-1430, 1972.
65. Kane, R. P., Geomagnetic field variations, Space Sci. Rev., 18, 413-540, 1976.
66. Kane, R. P., Sq variations at low latitudes during geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 5312-5314, 1978.
67. Kato, S., Horizontal wind systems in the ionospheric Eregion deduced from the dynamo theory of the geomagnetic Sq variations, II, Rotating earth, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 8, 24-37, 1956.
68. Kato, S., Horizontal wind systems in the ionospheric Eregion deduced from the dynamo theory of the geomagnetic Sq variations, IV, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 9, 107-115, 1957.
69. Kelley, M. C., The Earth’s Ionosphere: Plasma Phyaica and Electrodynamics, Academic Press, San Diego, 1989.
70. Kuznetsov, V. V., V. V. Plotkin, I. I. Nesterova, and N. I. lzraileva, Universal geomagnetic variation, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 44, 481-494, 1992.
71. London, J., and S. Matsushita, Periodicities of the geomagnetic variation field at Huancayo, Peru, Nature, 198, 374, 1963.
72. Lyons, L. R., T. L. Killeen, and R. L. Walterscheid, The neutral wind flywheel as a source of quiet-time polar-cap currents, Geophys. Res. Lett., 12, 101-104, 1985.
73. MacDougall, J., Equatorial electrojet and Sq current system: I, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 91, 341-357, 1979.
74. Maeda, H., Horizontal wind systems in the ionospheric Eregion deduced from the dynamo theory of the geomagnetic Sq variations, I, Non-rotating earth, J.Geomagn. Geoelectr., 7, 121-132, 1955.
75. Maeda, H., Horizontal wind systems in the ionospheric E-region deduced from the dynamo theory of the geomagnetic Sq variations, III, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 9, 86-93, 1957.
76. Maeda, H., and M. Fujiwara, Lunar ionospheric winds deduced from the dynamo theory of geomagnetic variations, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 29, 917-936, 1967.
77. Makino, M., and M. Takeda, Three-dimensional ionospheric currents and fields generated by the atmospheric global circuit current, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 46, 199-206, 1984.
78. Malin, S. R. C., Worldwide distribution of geomagnetic tides, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London, A274, 551-594, 1973.
79. Mann, R. J., and D. M. Schlapp, The effect of disturbance on the day-to-day variability of Sq, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., 80, 535-540, 1985.
80. Marriott, R. T., A. D. Richmond, and S. V. Venkateswaran, The quiet-time equatorial electrojet and counterelectrojet, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 31, 311-340, 1979.
81. Matsushita, S., Solar quiet and lunar daily variation fields, in Phusics of Geomagnetic Phenomena, edited by S. Matsushita and W. H. Campbell, pp. 301-427, Academic Press, NY, 1967.
82. Matsushita, S., Lunar tides in the ionosphere, Handbuch der Phusik, 49/2, pp. 547-602, Springer, Berlin, 1967b.
83. Matsushita, S., and W.-Y. Xu, Seasonal variations of L equivalent current systems, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 285-294, 1984.
84. Matuura, N., Electric fields deduced from the thermospheric model, J. Geophus. Res., 79, 4679-4689, 1974.
85. Mayaud, P.-N., Analyse morphologique de la variabilite jour-a-jour de la variation journaliere régulière SR du champ magnetique terrestre, I. -Le système de courants Cp (regions polaires et sub-polaires), Ann. Geophus., Rt, 369-401, 1965.
86. Mayaud, P. N., The equatorial counter-electrojet - a review of its geomagnetic aspects, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 39, 1055-1070, 1977.
87. Mayr, H. G., I. Harris, and F. A. Herrero, The dynamo of the diurnal tide and its effect on the thermospheric circulation, Planet. Space Sci., 38, 301-309, 1990.
88. Mazaudier, C., A. D. Richmond, and D. Brinkman, On thermospheric winds produced by auroral heating during magnetic storms and associated dynamo electric fields, Ann. Geophusicae, SA, 443-448, 1987.
89. Millward, G. H., S. Quegan, R. J. Moffett, R. J. FullerRowell, and D. Rees, A modelling study of the coupled ionospheric and thermospheric response to an enhanced high-latitude electric field event, Planet. Space Sci., 41, 45-56, 1993.
90. Mohlmann, D., Two wind systems causing the global ionospheric dynamo-electric field, Gerlands Beitr. Geophusik, 8S, 343-344, 1976.
91. Mohlmann, D., Ionospheric electrostatic fields, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 39, 1325-1332, 1977.
92. Murata, H., An estimation of the electric potential field generated by the diurnal atmospheric tide with the first negative mode excited in the lower ionosphere, Planet. Space Sci.,RR, 569-582, 1974.
93. Namgaladze, A. A., Yu. N. Koren’kov, V. V. Klimenko, I. V. Karpov, F. S. Bessarab, V. A. Surotkin, T. A. Glushchenko, and N. M. Naumova, A global model of the thermosphere-ionosphere-protonosphere system, Pure Appl. Geophus., 127, 219-254, 1988.
94. Namgaladze, A. A., Yu. N. Koren‘kov, V. V. Klimenko, I. V. Karpov, F. S. Bessarab, V. A. Surotkin, T. A. Glushchenko, and N. M. N aumova, Global numerica model of the thermosphere, ionosphere, and protonosphere of the earth, Geomagn. Aeron., 30, 515-521, (Engl. trans.), 1990.
95. Namgaladze, A. A., Yu. N. Koren’kov, V. V. Klimenko, I. V. Karpov, V. A. Surotkin, and N. M. Naumova, Numerical modelling of the thermosphere-ionosphere-protonosphere system, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., S3, 1113-1124, 1991.
96. Nastrom, G. D., and A. D. Belmont, The influence of longperiod dynamo region winds on the surface geomagnetic:field elements, J. Geophys. Rea., 81, 4800-4804, 1976.
97. Onwumechilli, A., Lunar effects on the diurnal variation of the geomagnetic horizontal field near the magnetic equator, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., RS, 55-70, 1963.
98. Onwumechilli, A., On the existence of days with extraordinary geomagnetic lunar tide, J. Atmos. Terr. Phya., R6, 729-748, 1964.
99. Parkinson, W. D., Bi-diurnal geomagnetic variations, Ann. Geophys., 38, 327-329, 1982.
100. Phillips, A., and B. H. Briggs, The day-to-day variability of upper atmosphere tidal winds and dynamo currents, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., S3, 39-47, 1991.
101. Piddington, J. H., The motion of ionized gas in combined magnetic electric and mechanical fields of force, Mon. Not. R. astr. Soc., 114, 651-663, 1954.
102. Raghavarao, R., L. E. Wharton, N. W. Spencer, H. G. Mayr, and L. H. Brace, An equatorial temperature and wind anomaly (ETWA), Geophus. Res. Lett., 18, 1193-1196, 1991.
103. Rastogi, R. G., The equatorial electrojet: Magnetic and ionospheric effects, in Geomagnetism, vol. 3, edited by J. A. Jacobs, pp. 461-525, Academic Press, San Diego, 1989.
104. Rastogi, R. G., and N. B. Trivedi, Luni-solar tides H at stations within the equatorial electrojet, Planet. Space Sci., 18, 367-377, 1970.
105. Reddy, C. A., The equatorial electrojet, Pure Appl. Geophus., 131, 485-508, 1989.
106. Rees, D., and T. J. Fuller-Rowell, The response of the thermosphere and ionosphere to magnetospheric forcing, Phil. Trana. R. Soc. London, A3R8, 139-171, 1989.
107. Rees, D., and T. J. Fuller-Rowell, Thermospheric response and feedback to auroral inputs, in Auroral Phusics, edited by C.-I. Meng, M. J. Rycroft, and L.A. Frank, pp. 51-65, Cambridge UP, 1991.
108. Rees, D., T. J. Fuller-Rowell, S. Quegan, R. J. Moffett, and G. J. Bailey, Simulations of the seasonal variations of the thermosphere and ionosphere using a coupled, threedimensional, global model, including variations of the interplanetary magnetic:field, J. Atmos. Terr. Phus., SO, 903-930, 1988.
109. Richmond, A. D., Modeling the ionospheric wind dynamo: A review, Pure Appl. Geophya., 191, 413-435, 1989.
110. Richmond, A. D., The ionospheric wind dynamo: Recent progress and remaining research problems, J. Geomagn., Geoelectr., 49, Suppl., 433-440, 1991.
111. Richmond, A. D., and R. G. Roble, Electrodynamic effects of thermospheric winds from the NCAR thermospheric general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 12365-12376, 1987.
112. Richmond, A. D., S. Matsushita, and J. D. Tarpley, On the production mechanism of electric currents and fields in the ionosphere, J. Geophys. Rea., 81, 547-555, 1976.
113. Richmond, A. D., M. Blanc, B. A. Emery, R. H. Wand, B. G. Fejer, R. F. Woodman, S. Ganguly, P. Amayenc, R. A. Behnke, C. Calderon, and J. V. Evans, An empirical model of quiet-day ionospheric electric fields at middle and low latitudes, J. Geophya. Rea., 85, 4658-4664, 1980.
114. Richmond, A. D., E. C. Ridley, and R. G. Roble, A thermosphere/ ionosphere general circulation model with coupled electrodynamics, Geophya. Rea. Lett., 19, 601-604, 1992.
115. Rishbeth, H., The F-layer dynamo, Planet. Space Sci., 19, 263-267, 1971a.
116. Rishbeth, H., Polarization fields produced by winds in the equatorial F-region, Planet. Space Sci., 19, 357-369, 1971.
117. Rishbeth, H., Ion-drag effects in the thermosphere, J. Atmoa. Terr. Phya., 41, 885-894, 1979.
118. Rishbeth, H., The F-region dynamo, J. Atmos. Terr. Phya., 49, 387-392, 1981.
119. Rishbeth, H., Further studies of directional E-layer currents, Planet. Space Sci., 91, 1177-1180, 1983.
120. Rishbeth, H., and J. C. G. Walker, Directional currents in nocturnal E-region layers, Planet. Space Sci., 90, 209-214, 1982.
121. Roble, R. G., On modeling component processes in the Earth’s global electric circuit, J. Atmoa. Terr. Phys., 59, 831-847, 1991.
122. Roble, R. G., and R. E. Dickinson, How will changes in carbon dioxide and methane modify the mean structure of the mesosphere and thermosphere?, Geophya. Rea. Lett., 16, 1441-1444, 1989.
123. Roble, R. G., and P. B. Hays, A quasi-static model of global atmospheric electricity, 2, Electrical coupling between the upper and lower atmosphere, J. Geophya. Res., 84, 7247-7256, 1979.
124. Roble, R. G., E. C. Ridley, A. D. Richmond, and R. E. Dickinson, A coupled thermosphere/ionosphere general circulation model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 1325-1328, 1988.
125. Sastri, J. H., Phase variability of Sq(H) on normal quiet days in the equatorial electrojet region, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., 71, 187-197, 1982.
126. Sastri, J. H., Equatorial electric fields of ionospheric disturbance dynamo origin, Ann. Geophyaicae, 6, 635-642, 1988.
127. Sastri, J. H., Response of equatorial electric field to polarity of interplanetary magnetic field, Planet. Space Sci., 97, 1403-1408, 1989.
128. Saveliev, V. L., and E. V. Zheleznjakov, Ohm’s law for multicomponent moving ionospheric plasma, conductivity tensors and their eigenvalues, Planet. Space Sci., 99, 1133-1137, 1991.
129. Schieldge, J. P., S. V. Venkateswaran, and A. D. Richmond, The ionospheric dynamo and equatorial magnetic variations, J. Atmos. Terr. Phya., 95, 1045-1061, 1973.
130. Schlapp, D. M., World-wide morphology of day-to-day variability of S9, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 90, 1761-1776, 1968.
131. Schlapp, D. M., and S. R. C. Malin, Some features of the seasonal variation of geomagnetic lunar tides, Geophy1. J. R. aatr. Soc., 59, 161-170, 1979.
132. Schlapp, D. M., and R. J. Mann, The spatial scale of correlation of the day to day variability of Sq, Geophys. J. R. aatr. Soc., 79, 671-673, 1983.
133. Shapiro, R., and F. Ward Possibility of a 26- or 27-month periodicity in the equatorial geomagnetic field, Nature, 201, 909, 1964.
134. Singhal, R. P., The effect of the electric field and neutral winds on E-region ion densities and conductivities at low latitudes, J. Atmos. Terr. Phya., 59, 949-957, 1991.
135. Spiro, R. W., R. A. Wolf, and B. G. Fejer, Penetration of high-latitude-electric-field effects to low latitudes during SUNDIAL 1984, Ann. Geophyaicae, 6, 39-50, 1988.
136. Stacey, F. D., and P. Wescott, Possibility of a 26- or 27-month periodicity in the equatorial geomagnetic field and its correlation with stratospheric winds, Nature, 196, 730-732, 1962.
137. Stening, R. J., An assessment of the contributions of various tidal winds to the Sq current system, Planet. Space Sci., 17, 889-908, 1969.
138. Stening, R. J., Problems of identifying lunar geomagnetic effects at Huancayo, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 27, 409-424, 1975.
139. Stening, R. J., Magnetic variations at other latitudes during reverse equatorial electrojet, J. Atmos. Terr. Phya., 99, 1071-1077, 1977.
140. Stening, R. J., Ionospheric dynamo calculations with semidiurnal winds, Planet. Space Sci., BS, 1075-1080, 1977.
141. Stening, R. J., A two-layer ionospheric dynamo calculation, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 3543-3550, 1981.
142. Stening, R. J., A calculation of ionospheric currents due to semidiurnal antisymmetric tides, J. Geophys. Rea., 94, 1525-1531, 1989.
143. Stening, R. J., A diurnal modulation of the lunar tide in the upper atmosphere, Geophya. Res. Lett., 16, 307-310, 1989.
144. Stening, R. J., and D. E. Winch, Seasonal changes in the global lunar geomagnetic variation, J. Atmoa. Terr. Phys., 41, 311-323, 1979.
145. Stewart, B., Terrestrial magnetism, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th ed., 16, 159-184, 1882.
146. Suzuki, A., Geomagnetic Sq field at successive universal times, J. Atmoa. Terr. Phys., 40, 449-463, 1978.
147. Takeda, M., Geomagnetic field variation and the equivalent current system generated by an ionospheric dynamo at the solstice, J. Atmoa. Terr. Phys., 52, 59-67, 1990.
148. Takeda, M., and H. Maeda, Three-dimensional structure of ionospheric currents, 1, Currents caused by diurnal tidal winds, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 6895-6899, 1980.
149. Takeda, M., and H. Maeda, Three-dimensional structure of ionospheric currents, 2, Currents caused by semidiurnal tidal winds, J. Geophys. Rea., 86, 5861-5867, 1981.
150. Takeda, M., and Y. Yamada, Simulation of ionospheric electric fields and geomagnetic field variation by the ionospheric dynamo for different solar activity, Ann. Geophysicae, 5A, 429-434, 1987.
151. Takeda, M., Y. Yamada, and T. Araki, Simulation of ionospheric currents and geomagnetic field variations of S9 for different solar activity, J. Atmoa. Terr. Phys., 48, 277-287, 1986.
152. Takeda, M., and Y. Yamada, Quasi two-day period of the geomagnetic field, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 41, 469-478, 1989.
153. Tarpley, J. D., The ionospheric wind dynamo, I, Lunar tide, Planet. Space Sci., 18, 1075-1090, 1970a.
154. Tarpley, J. D., The ionospheric wind dynamo, I, Solar tides, Planet. Space Sci., 18, 1091-1103, 1970b.
155. Thayer, J.P., and J. F. Vickrey, On the contribution of the thermospheric neutral wind to high-latitude energetics, Geophys. Rea. Lett., 19, 265-268, 1992.
156. van Sabben, D., North-south asymmetry of Sq, J. Atmos. Terr. Phya., 216, 1187-1195, 1964.
157. Volland, H., A note on the height of the geomagnetic Sq current, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 23, 117-121, 1971.
158. Volland, H., Coupling between the neutral wind and the ionospheric dynamo current, J. Geophya. Rea., 81, 1621-1628, 1976a.
159. Volland, H., The atmospheric dynamo, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 98, 869-877, 1976b.
160. Volland, H., Atmospheric Electrodynamics, Springer, Berlin, 1984.
161. Volland, H., and L. Grellmann, A hydromagnetic dynamo of the atmosphere, J. Geophya. Res., 89, 3699-3708, 1978.
162. Walker, G. O., and S. I. Kannangara, A study of quiet day magnetic field variations in East Asia at sunspot minimum, Ann. Geophya., 98, 271-282, 1982.
163. Walker, J. C. G., The mid-latitude thermosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 96, 1-10, 1988.
164. Wand, R. H., A model representation of the ionospheric electric field over Millstone Hill (A= 56°), J. Geophys. Rea., 86, 5801-5808, 1981.
165. Winch, D. E., Spherical harmonic analyses of geomagnetic tides, 1964-1965, Phil. Trana. R. Soc., A909, 1-104, 1981.
166. Wolf, R. A., G. A. Mantjoukis, and R. W. Spiro, Theoretical comments on the nature of the plasmapause, Adv. Space Res., 6, 177-186, 1986.
167. Wulf, O. R., A possible effect of atmospheric circulation in the daily variation of the earth’s magnetic field, Mon. Weather Rev., 91, 520-526, 1963.
168. Wulf, O. R., A possible effect of atmospheric circulation in the daily variation of the earth’s magnetic field, II, Mon. Weather Rev., 99, 127-132, 1965.
169. Wulf, O. R., On winds in the lower ionotphere and variations of the earth’s magnetic field, Mon. Weather Rev., 99, 655, 1965b.
170. Yacob, A., and B. N. Bhargava, On 26-month periodicity in quiet-day range of geomagnetic horizontal force and in sunspot number, J. Atmoa. Terr. Phya., 90, 1907-1911, 1968.
171. Yi, L., and P.-R. Chen, Long period oscillations in the equatorial ionization anomaly correlated with the neutral wind in the mesosphere, J. Atmoa. Terr. Phys., 55, 1317-1323, 1993.